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Checklists of the Parasites of Dolphin, Coryphaena hippurus , and Pompano Dolphin, C. equiselis with New Records, Corrections, and Comments on the Literature

2009; Taylor & Francis; Volume: 18; Issue: 1 Linguagem: Inglês

10.1080/10641260903295909

1547-6553

Ernest H. Williams, Lucy Bunkley-Williams,

Turtle Biology and Conservation

Abstract We report 125 parasites and associates of Dolphin, Coryphaena hippurus, and 28 of Pompano Dolphin, Coryphaena equiselis, including 8 new host records. We correct and explain problems in the literature in updating these checklists, including 64 confusions, 63 synonyms used, 51 omissions, 14 errors, 13 stomach contents called parasites, 9 incorrect species, 7 nomen nudums used, 7 incorrect higher classifications, 6 false hosts, and resolve the old controversy of Bathycotyle branchialis/B. coryphaenae preferred location in the gills, but not of its identity, the identity of Benedenia hendorffii, nor the mysterious rarity of Echinophallus lonchinobothrium and Plicocestus janickii. Most of the known parasites of dolphins actually rarely occur on these hosts. Dinurus hippurus, D. ivanosi, Floriceps saccatus, Metabronema magna, and Pennella sp. occur in limited geographic areas. However, 14 species of parasites occur commonly in the Dolphin and 5 in the Pompano Dolphin around the world. Charopinopsis quaternia is almost host specific and a characteristic parasite; Hysterothylacium pelagicum is genus specific and characteristic; Dinurus barbatus, D. breviductus, D. hippurus, D. longisinus, and D. tornatus are characteristic; Caligus quadratus, Hirudinella ventricosa, and Tetrochetus coryphaenae are primary parasites; Bathycotyle branchialis (or B. coryphaenae), Benedenia hendorffii, and Stephanostomum coryphaenae are host specific to the Dolphin; Pennella sp. is genus specific to dolphins. The Dolphin is the preferred host of Euryphorus nordmanni, a preferred host of Lernaeenicus longiventris, and dolphins are preferred hosts of Caligus coryphaenae. Rhadinorhynchus pristis is a secondary parasite. Caligus quadratus and Kudoa thyrsites may, and Neobenedenia melleni and M. pargueraensis will cause problems in Dolphin aquaculture. Only nine species of parasites have been shown to harm the Dolphin in nature, but this area is largely unknown. More dolphin parasites are known from the NW Atlantic, but this is study bias, not reality. Dolphins appear to be parasitologically isolated from other families of fishes. The distributions of some Dolphin parasites suggest this worldwide host may be separated into populations that have little communication. Keywords: Coryphaena hippurus Coryphaena equiselis Dolphinparasite synopsischecklist correctionsparasite characterizations ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank Roman Kuchta, Institute of Parasitology, Biological Centre of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, for information concerning Plicocestus janickii, searching some early cestode literature for dolphin records, and for Figure 1; William N. Eschmeyer, Department of Ichthyology, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, California, for information concerning Coryphaena apus; Goeffrey A. Boxshall, The Natural History Museum, London, Roman Kuchta, and Ian Whittington School of Earth and Environmental Sciences at The University of Adelaide, Australia, for reprints of their papers. Notes *Adult and larval Hysterothylacium sp. occurred, which makes the total one more than the actual number of species (N = 125) listed in Table 3. 1As Accacladium nematulum 2A number of authors have reported Hirudinella sp., but these represent Hirudinella ventricosa (CitationWilliams and Bunkley-Williams, 1996) 3 CitationCable and Nahhas (1952) found the barnacle Lepas sp. was the second intermediate host of Monilicaecum sp. and then found both these barnacles and worms in the stomachs of Dolphin 4 CitationWilliams and Bunkley-Williams (1996) overlooked the Gulf of Mexico record (CitationNikolaeva and Parukhin, 1968) and did not treat this parasite in detail (see discussion above). CitationLangdon (1991b) reported Benedenia sp., but Whittington et al. (1991) suggested this was B. seriolae 5 CitationColorni (1994) had reported it on Dolphins in aquaculture 6As Neobenedenia melleni 7Hayward and Rohde (2004) synomized Neothroacocotyle coryphaena with N. acanthocybii 8As Otobothrium crenacolle 9 CitationWilliams and Bunkley-Williams (1996) misspelled this species as Bothriocephalus janikii [= B. janickii]. Five specimens were collected from the stomach of an unidentified dolphin (Coryphaena sp.) during the Discovery Cruise in the south central Atlantic (BMNH 1970.7.30.51–55) (CitationMarkowski, 1971) and this worm was reported again in the intestine of a Dolphin from the Bay of Bengal off India (CitationDevi, 1975). The Dolphin remains an uncertain host since this parasite has not been reported again. Kuchta et al. (2008) placed this species in a new genus, Plicocestus janickii (CitationMarkowski, 1971) Kuchta et al. (2008) 10 CitationBrissette and Campbell (1994) distinguished Pterobothrium acanthotruncatum from P. heteracanthum, but CitationPalm (1995) synonomized them, and then CitationCampbell and Beveridge (1996) again considered them separate species 11 CitationWilliams and Bunkley-Williams (1996) called these unidentifiable cestodes larvae "tetraphyllid plerocercoids," Scolex pleuronectis Mueller is a group name for them 12The Florida Marine Research Institute investigated and reported fish kills in Florida from 1972 (Anonymous, 1972–present). They recovered Dolphin with tumors from 2 kills and sent them to undisclosed labs for histopathological analysis; a skeletal abnormality in 1 Dolphin; and various, unidentified parasites. A red nematode between the skin and flesh of a Dolphin sounds like Philometra sp. They also found Dolphin dead from hypoxia (in inshore cages), red tides, and unexplained kills 13As Lernaeenicus nordicornis. Named from an undetermined dolphin, Coryphaena sp 14Noted previously on an unidentified dolphin in Australia (CitationWilliams and Bunkley-Williams, 1996) 15 CitationBrünnich (1783). The identity of the fish host, Coryphœna apus, could not be determined (until now, CitationWilliams and Bunkley-Williams, 2009) 16 Nerocila excisa was reported on the fin of a Dolphin, but this was an accidental infection from a prey species 17Attached to P. filose 18 CitationDammann (1969) reported ciguatera from Dolphin in the Virgin Islands, but CitationWilliams and Bunkley-Williams (1996) did not list this condition for Dolphin. CitationStinn et al. (2000) found "dolphin fish" implicated in 4.6% of the ciguatera outbreaks in the "tropical western Atlantic Region" [= tropical western North Atlantic (everyone forgets about Brazil)]. However, reports from individual fishermen (who probably better know the fish species) did not list Dolphin as a common culprit. This could suggest that some of the reports of Dolphin could have been jacks or some other fishes being fraudulently sold as Dolphin. A number of popular articles suggest Dolphin is safe from ciguatera even in the Virgin Islands (e.g., CitationAnonymous, 2009) as do some more technical ones (e.g., CitationBanner 1961; CitationWithers, 1982; CitationPottier and Vernoux, 2003). There appears to be some controversy if Dolphin are frequently dangerous or completely safe 19 CitationBoroughs et al. (1956) found strontium radionucleotides ingested by Dolphins were excreted within a few hours 20Also called "Caudal Fin Necrosis" or "tail rot" is the primary disease problem of nursery Dolphin and begins as a primary, opportunistic bacterial infection (Vibrio spp.) caused by tail nipping and progresses to a myxobacterial infection (CitationOstrowski, 1995; 21Also still sometimes called a synonym (Enterobacter agglomerans) 22 CitationHewitt (1977) called this "bacterial infections" in injured Dolphin, but this was most likely Vibrio spp 1Six specimens of this worm were collected in 1 of 3 specimens of small dolphin in the Gulf of Mexico off Florida. The host could have been a Dolphin 2 CitationAquacop et al. (1989) called their losses in culture "necrosis," but this was probably caused by Vibrio spp