Portal de Periódicos da CAPES

Identity and resistance: The Islanders' League, the Aegean islands and the Hellenistic kings

2012; Taylor & Francis; Volume: 27; Issue: 1 Linguagem: Inglês

10.1080/09518967.2012.669147

1743-940X

Christy Constantakopoulou,

Archaeology and Historical Studies

Abstract This article explores the Islanders' League (koinon ton nesioton) of the late fourth and third centuries (BCE). Through an examination of the epigraphic evidence (primarily the Nicouria inscription IG XII.7 506), I suggest that, rather than interpreting this League as a top-down imposition on the world of the South Aegean islanders by the Hellenistic kings (first Antigonos and Demetrios, and then the Ptolemies), we should view the League as an expression of and contributor to a strong regional island identity. During the late fourth and third centuries, the League changed patronage; I argue that it was not the specific identity of the patrons that mattered, but rather the complex negotiation of power relations and identity in the region. Keywords: Aegean SeaIslanders' LeagueDelosinsularityidentity Acknowledgements I would like to thank Paola Ceccarelli, Serafina Cuomo, Maria Fragoulaki, Peter Liddel, Riet van Bremen and the two anonymous referees for insightful comments and suggestions. I am grateful to the participants in the workshop 'Water and Identity in the Ancient World' in March 2010 for stimulating remarks. I am also particularly grateful to Paola Ceccarelli for providing such a warm welcome and the setting for a fascinating discussion. Abbreviations Choix = Durrbach, Félix. Choix d'inscriptions de Délos. Paris: Leroux, 1921.ED = Segre, Mario. Iscrizioni di Cos. Roma: 'L'Erma' di Bretschneider, 1993.FGrH = Jacoby, Felix. Die Fragmente der Griechischen Historiker. Berlin and Leiden: 1923.ID = Durrbach, Félix, ed. Inscriptions de Délos. Paris: Leroux, 1923–1937.IG = Inscriptiones Gracae. Berlin: Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1873.OGIS = Dittenberger, Wilhelm. Orientis Graeci Inscriptiones Selectae. Leibzig: Hirzel, 1903–1905.RO = Rhodes, Peter J. and Robin Osborne, Greek Historical Inscriptions, 404-323 BC. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003.Syll.3 = Dittenberger, Wilhelm. Sylloge Inscriptionum Graecarum, 3rd ed. Lipsiae: apud S. Hirzelium, 1915–1923. Notes 1. See Constantakopoulou Constantakopoulou, Christy. 2005. Proud to Be an Islander: Island Identity in Multi-polis Islands in the Classical and Hellenistic Aegean. Mediterranean Historical Review, 20: 1–34. [Taylor & Francis Online] , [Google Scholar], 'Proud to Be an Islander', and Dance of the Islands. 2. Braudel Braudel, Fernand. 1972. The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II, London: Collins. [Google Scholar], Mediterranean, 150; see also Kolodny Kolodny, Emile. 1974. La population des îles de la Grèce: Essai de géographie insulaire en Mediterranée orientale, Aix-en-Provence: Édisud. [Google Scholar], Population des îles, 22. 3. IG XII.3 1259 = Rhodes and Osborne Rhodes, Peter J. and Osborne, Robin. 2003. Greek Historical Inscriptions, 404–323 BC, Oxford: Oxford University Press. [Google Scholar], Greek Historical Inscriptions, 82. See Constantakopoulou Constantakopoulou, Christy. 2007. The Dance of the Islands: Insularity, Networks, the Athenian Empire and the Aegean World, Oxford: Oxford University Press. [Google Scholar], Dance of the Islands, 199–200. 4. The dispute between Paros and Naxos, recorded in Archilochos, may be interpreted as essentially a dispute about fishing rights. Fishing rights of murex are an important economic activity for the Delian sanctuary: see the Delian accounts in IG XI.2 161A 36, and Chankowski Chankowski, Véronique. 2008. Athènes et Délos à l'époque classique: Recherches sur l'administration du sanctuaire d'Apollon délien, Athens: École Française d'Athènes. [Google Scholar], Athènes et Délos, 295–6. On fishing murex, see Bruneau Bruneau, Philippe. 1985. Deliaca V. Bulletin de Correspondance Hellénique, 109: 545–67. [Crossref] , [Google Scholar], 'Deliaca V', 545–6, and Lytle Lytle, Ephraim. 2007. The Delian Purple and the lex portus Asiae. Phoenix, 41: 249–67. [Google Scholar], 'Delian Purple'. 5. See http://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kρíση_των_Iμíων. 6. Constantakopoulou, Dance of the Islands. 7. Die Bildzeitung, 3 2010: 'Verkauft doch eure Inseln, ihr Pleite-Griechen … und die Akropolis gleich mit!', http://www.bild.de/BILD/politik/wirtschaft/2010/03/04/pleite-griechen/regierung-athen-sparen-verkauft-inseln-pleite-akropolis/html. British newspapers translated this as 'We give you cash, you give us Corfu, and the Acropolis too!' 8. As I have argued in Constantakopoulou, 'Proud to Be an Islander'. 9. Amorgos: dedication of Glaucias, son of Calliphanes, the 'Amorgian', to Sarapis, Isis and Anoubis in the early second century: IG XI.4 1220a. 'Amorgians' in Delian inventories: Aristophile, early fourth century, ID 103 l.12; Epiktetos, ID 422 l.23, Eucrates: ID 1432 Ab.II l.38 etc., from second century inventories, but only one person from the island-city of Aegiale, Alkimedon, son of Kritolaos, a proxenos, honoured by the Delians in an honorary decree of the early second century: IG XI.4 826. Myconos: 'Myconians' in inventories: Aristotle, IG XI.2 154 B44; dedications: Archippe, IG XI.4 52. Accounts of the hieropoioi: Apicles, IG XI.2 142 l. 44; honorary decrees of the Islanders' League, e.g., Teisias, IG XI.4 1040 l.28; and name in (probably) a proxeny decree, IG XI.4 521. 10. I subscribe to some of the criticisms on the usefulness of the concept of identity, especially in non-Western, twentieth century societies, put forward by Handler Handler, Richard. 1994. "Is Identity a Useful Cross-Cultural Concept?". In Commemorations: The Politics of National Identity, Edited by: Gillis, John R. 27–40. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. [Google Scholar], 'Is "Identity" a Useful Concept?'. A preoccupation with processes of identity construction and negotiation is indeed very much the result of a modern world, influenced by what Handler describes as 'a globally hegemonic nationalist ideology' (ibid., 28). At the same time, however, an attempt to reconstruct some of the processes through which some ancient Greeks viewed themselves can open our eyes to the variety of different forms of belonging in the ancient Greek world. We should not think of ancient Greece as simply the conglomeration of various city-states (where the big names dominate the narratives) or indeed as an empty space in which the Hellenistic kings played their hegemonic games. Rather, I would like to emphasize diversity and individuality, influenced by a large number of variants, including, I argue, the impact of the geographical landscape. 11. The Islanders' League reappears in the second century, when it comes under the control of the Rhodians, who place its headquarters on the island of Tenos. An examination of this 'second' Islanders' League is beyond the scope of this paper. See Berthold Berthold, Richard M. 1984. Rhodes in the Hellenistic Age, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. [Google Scholar], Rhodes, 97–9 and 142–4; Étienne Étienne, Roland. 1990. Ténos II: Ténos et les Cyclades du milieu du IVe siècle ac. J.-C. au milieu du IIIe siècle ap. J.-C, Athens: École Française d'Athènes. [Google Scholar], Ténos, 106–24; Gabrielsen Gabrielsen, Vincent. 1997. The Naval Aristocracy of Hellenistic Rhodes, Aarhus: Aarhus University Press. [Google Scholar], Naval Aristocracy, 56–63; Reger Reger, Gary. 1992. Athens and Tenos in the early Hellenistic Age. Classical Quarterly, 42: 365–83. [Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar], 'Athens and Tenos'; Sheedy Sheedy, Kenneth A. 1996. The Origins of the Second Nesiotic League and the Defence of Kythnos. Historia, 45: 423–49. [Google Scholar], 'Origins'; Sippel Sippel, Donald V. 1986. Tenos and the Nesiotic League. Ancient World, 13: 41–6. [Google Scholar], 'Tenos'. 12. Notable exceptions are Bagnall Bagnall, Roger. 1976. The Administration of the Ptolemaic Possessions outside Egypt, Leiden: Brill. [Crossref] , [Google Scholar], Administration; Buraselis Buraselis, Kostas. 1982. Das hellenistische Makedonien und die Ägäis: Forschungen zur Politik des Kassandros und der drei ersten Antigoniden im Ägäischen Meer und in Westkleinasien, München: Beck. [Google Scholar], Hellenistische Makedonien, see esp. 180–7 for a collection of all the epigraphic testimonia; and Nigdelis, Πολíτϵυμα, 210–2. The decrees issued by the Islanders' League are collected in Rhodes and Lewis, Decrees, 297–8. 13. See for example comments in Tarn Tarn, William W. 1924. The Political Standing of Delos. Journal of Hellenic Studies, 44: 141–57. [Crossref] , [Google Scholar], 'Date of Milet', 446: 'I make no apology for returning to the matter, for one of the very few ways in which progress can be made with these difficult questions of third century history is by trying to establish an accurate chronology wherever there is any chance of this being done.' 14. For the battle of Cos and its date, see Buraselis, Hellenistische Makedonien, 119–51, suggesting the date 255/4, and Reger Reger, Gary. 1985. The Date of the Battle of Kos. American Journal of Ancient History, 10: 155–77. [Google Scholar], 'Battle of Kos', suggesting 261. The main piece of evidence is the dedication of a ship on Delos by Antigonos Gonatas to mark his victory at the battle of Cos, mentioned in Athenaeus 5.209e. The building that housed Gonatas' ship can no longer be identified with the so-called Monument des taureaux, on the basis of its date (provided by stylistic criteria and epigraphic attestations): see Bruneau and Ducat Bruneau, Philippe and Ducat, Jean. 2005. Guide de Délos, 4th ed., Paris: École Française d'Athènes. [Google Scholar], Guide, 193. 15. Constantakopoulou, Dance of the Islands, 99–136. 16. Braudel, Mediterranean, 149. 17. IG XI.4 1036 = Kotsidu Kotsidu, Haritini. 2000. TIMH KAI ΔOΞA: Ehrungen für hellenistische Herrscher im griechischen Mutterland und in Kleinasien unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der archäologischen Denkmäler, Berlin: Akademie Verlag. [Google Scholar], TIMH KAI ΔOΞA, 120 [E 1]. Date argued by Buraselis, Hellenistische Makedonien, 67, and followed by Reger Reger, Gary. 1994. Regionalism and Change in the Economy of Independent Delos, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. [Google Scholar], Regionalism, 31; Kotsidu, TIMH KAI ΔOΞA; Hauben Hauben, Hans. 2010. "Rhodes, the League of the Islanders and the Cult of Ptolemy I Soter". In Philathenaios: Studies in Honour of Michael J. Osborne, Edited by: Anastasios Tamis Mackie, C.J. and Byrne, Sean G. 103–21. Athens: Greek Epigraphic Society. [Google Scholar], 'Rhodes', 108. The introduction of the festival of the Antigoneia must have taken place in the period 314–11, while cult of Demetrios followed in 307. An alternative date for the decree and the introduction of the festival of Demetrieia may be 306, after Demetrios' victory at Salamis. The reference to Antigonos and Demetrios in the decree must imply Antigonos Monophthalmos and Demetrios Poliorketes, as opposed to any other combination of Antigonoi and Demetrioi, such as Antigonos Gonatas and Demetrios II. We have a reference to the festival of the Antigoneia in the inventory list of Delos of 296 (IG XI.2 154a l.42); the reasonable assumption is that the festival must predate 296. We should also distinguish between the Antigoneia festival on Delos founded by the Islanders' League and that founded by Antigonos Gonatas: Gonatas founded four festivals, one of which an Antigoneia, in 256. See Bruneau Bruneau, Philippe and Ducat, Jean. 2005. Guide de Délos, 4th ed., Paris: École Française d'Athènes. [Google Scholar], Cultes, 564–8. 18. IG XI.4 1036 l. 6 refers to a synodos and l. 7 synedrous. 19. ll. 39–41: καὶ σκέψασθαι ὅθεν ἔσται πα[ρέχεσθαι τὸ] ἀργύριον ἀφ' οὗ τὰ Δημητρίεια ποιή[σουσι τὸν ὕσ]τερον χρόνον. 20. Diod. 19.62.9: [Antigonos] τῶν δ ᾽ ἄλλων ναυάρχων καταστήσας Διοσκουρίδην τὸν ἀδελφιδοῦν προσέταξε περιπλεῖν τοῖς τε συμμάχοις παρεχόμενον τὴν ἀσφάλειαν καὶ τῶν νήσων τὰς μήπω μετεχούσας τῆς συμμαχίας προσαγόμενον ( = [Antigonos] ordered Dioscourides to make a circuit of the sea, guaranteeing the safety of the allies and winning the support of the islands that had not yet joined the alliance). For the incident and a discussion of the date see Vial, Délos, 1–3, Buraselis, Hellenistische Makedonien, 41–2, Billows Billows, Richard Andrew. 1990. Antigonos the One-Eyed and the Creation of the Hellenistic State, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. [Google Scholar], Antigonos, 117–8 with n. 45. 21. For the concept of freedom (eleutheria) as an appropriate vehicle of international affairs in the Hellenistic period, see Gruen Gruen, Erich S. 1984. The Hellenistic World and the Coming of Rome, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. [Google Scholar], Hellenistic World, 134–43. 22. We can witness similar expressions of gratitude in the bestowing of divine honours on Antigonos Monophthalmos and Demetrios Poliorketes in Athens: see Plut. Demetrios 10, and Douris FGrH 76 F 13 = Ath. 6.253d–f. See Habicht Habicht, Christian. 1970. Gottmenschentum und griechisch Städte, Munich: Beck. [Google Scholar], Gottmenschentum, and more recently Chaniotis Chaniotis, Angelos. 2003. "The Divinity of Hellenistic Rulers". In A Companion to the Hellenistic World, Edited by: Erskine, Andrew. 431–45. Oxford: Blackwell. [Google Scholar], 'Divinity', for an interpretation of the practice of bestowing divine honours on Hellenistic rulers within the context of Hellenistic relations and traditions. 23. Geagan Geagan, Daniel J. 1968. Inscriptions from Nemea. Hesperia, 37: 381–5. [Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar] 'Inscriptions from Nemea', number 1. 24. Geagan, 'Inscriptions from Nemea'. For Antigonid activities in the Peloponnese, see Diod. 19.74.1: Telesphoros' campaign to the Peloponnese; Diod. 19.60.1: Aristodemos sent to the Peloponnese and recruited troops. 25. I have adopted Davies' Davies, John K. 2002. "The Interpenetration of Hellenistic Sovereignties". In The Hellenistic World: New Perspectives, Edited by: Ogden, Daniel. 1–21. London: Duckworth and the Classical Press of Wales. [Google Scholar], 'Interpenetration', terminology of different approaches to Hellenistic kingship rule. 26. IG XII.7 506 = Kotsidu, TIMH KAI ΔOΞA, 131 [E 1]. 27. IG XII.7 506 ll. 11–6: ἐπειδὴ ὁ [β]ασιλεὺς καὶ σωτὴρ Πτολεμαῖος πολλῶνκαὶ μεγάλων ἀγαθῶν αἴτιος ἐγένετο τοῖς [τ]ε νησιώταις καὶ τοῖς ἄλλοις Ἕλλησιν, τάς τε π[όλ]εις ἐλευθερώσας καὶ τοὺς νόμους ἀποδοὺς [κ]αὶ τὴμ πάτριομ πολιτείαμ πᾶσιγ καταστήσα[ς κ]αὶ τῶν εἰσφορῶγ κουφίσας. I understand κουφίσας as 'remitting' taxes, rather than making taxes lighter for the members of the League. 28. IG XII. 7 506 ll. 61–2. I accept Paschidis' suggestion, Between City and King, 419, that the theoros from Naxos must be Kallias, attested in another inscription as a theoros to Alexandria in roughly the same period: see IG XI.4 1037. 29. The bibliography on Ptolemy's festival and cult is enormous; I will therefore restrict myself to a handful of references, mostly recent ones: Walbank Walbank, Frank W. 1996. Two Hellenistic Processions: A Matter of Self-Definition. Scripta Classica Israelica, 15: 119–30. [Google Scholar], 'Two Hellenistic Processions', stresses that the festival and great procession of the Ptolemaieia acted as a celebration of Macedonian heritage, while also incorporating native elements into the festivities; Hazzard Hazzard, Richard A. 2000. Imagination of a Monarchy: Studies in Ptolemaic Propaganda, Toronto: University of Toronto Press. [Google Scholar], Imagination of a Monarchy, proposes a new date for the Ptolemaieia festival and the date of the procession (but see criticism in Chaniotis Chaniotis, Angelos. 2007. Review of R.A. Hazzard. Imagination of a Monarchy. Studies in Ptolemaic Propaganda. Classical World, 100: 175–6. [Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar], Review); Thompson Thompson, Dorothy J. 2000. "Philadelphus' Procession: Dynastic Power in a Mediterranean Context". In Politics, Administration and Society in the Hellenistic and Roman World, Edited by: Mooren, Leon. 365–88. Leuven: Peeters. [Google Scholar], 'Philadelphus' Procession', emphasizes the Mediterranean aspect of the festival of the Ptolemaieia; Wikander Wikander, Charlotte. 2005. "The Practicalities of Ruler Cult". In Greek Sacrificial Ritual. Olympian and Chthonian, Edited by: Hägg, Robin and Alroth, Brite. 113–20. Stockholm: Svenska Institutet i Athen. [Google Scholar], 'Practicalities of Ruler Cult', includes an analysis of the inscription within the context of ruler cult; Hauben, 'Rhodes', stresses the local initiative for the cult of Ptolemy I. 30. See IG XII.7 506 l. 14. 31. That the new festival of the Ptolemaieia on Delos replaced the previous Antigoneia and Demetrieia festivals is argued by Bruneau, Cultes, 532–3, 565–6, followed by Hauben 'Rhodes', 111. 32. l. 27–9: προ[σήκ]ει πᾶσι τοῖς νησιώταις τετιμηκόσιμ πρ[ότερον τ]ὸν σωτῆρα Πτολεμαῖον ἰσοθέοις τιμαῖ[ς]. I have accepted here the generally agreed restoration of proteron for the honours awarded to Ptolemy. For a discussion of whether we should accept protois instead, see Hauben, 'Rhodes'. The difference between the two readings is substantial. As Hauben argues, 'Rhodes', 114, the difference between an omicron in proteron and an omega in protois would mean either that 'the Islanders [were] the 'first' to worship Ptolemy as Soter or that their local cult only 'preceded' the imperial one organized in Alexandria'. 33. ll. 48–9: καὶ [στῆσαι ἐν] Δήλωι παρὰ τὸν βωμὸν τοῦ σωτῆρος [Πτ]ολε[μαίου. This altar has not been identified. 34. See below, n. 68. 35. The Ptolemaieia referred to in the decree, which take place in Alexandria, need to be distinguished from the other three Ptolemaieia festivals known during the third century in Delos. These were established by Ptolemy II and III in 286, 249, and 246: see Bruneau, Cultes, 519–25. To these three Ptolemaieia festivals we should also add another Ptolemaieia festival, regulated by the Islanders' League, for which see IG XI.4 1038 = Kotsidu, TIMH KAI ΔOΞA, 131 [E 2]. For the consequences of a possible confusion between the various references to Ptolemaieia festivals, see Criscuolo Criscuolo, Lucia. 2003. Agoni e politica alla corte di Alessandria: Riflessioni su alcuni epigrammi di Posidippo. Chiron, 3: 311–32. [Google Scholar], 'Agoni e politica', 320–1. 36. Slater Slater, William. 2007. "Deconstructing Festivals". In The Greek Theatre and Festivals: Documentary Studies, Edited by: Wilson, Peter. 21–47. Oxford: Oxford University Press. [Google Scholar], 'Deconstructing Festivals', 27. 37. The Ptolemaieia festival in Alexandria included musical and athletic competitions: see ll. 21–2 of the decree. 38. Thompson, 'Philadelphus' Procession', 369. 39. See for example, Ma Ma, John. 2000. Antiochos III and the Cities of Western Asia Minor, Oxford: Oxford University Press. [Google Scholar], Antiochos III. See Davies Davies, John K. 2002. "The Interpenetration of Hellenistic Sovereignties". In The Hellenistic World: New Perspectives, Edited by: Ogden, Daniel. 1–21. London: Duckworth and the Classical Press of Wales. [Google Scholar], 'Interpenetration', 1–2, for the observation that the nature of evidence from the cities of western Asia Minor encourages modern interpretations of reciprocity. 40. See, for example, comments in Berthold, Rhodes, 97, n. 47, where the League is presented as a 'convenient mechanism of control' for the Hellenistic kings. 41. For a date in 280, see Fraser, Alexandria, 1: 231, Will Will, Édouard. 1979–82. Histoire politique du monde hellénistique. 323–30 av. J.-C, Vol. 2, Nancy: Presses Universitaires de Nancy. [Google Scholar], Histoire Politique, 1: 202, Buraselis, Hellenistische Makedonien, 180, Kotsidu, TIMH KAI ΔOΞA, 131 [E 1], 206, Thompson, 'Philadelphus' Procession', Hauben Hauben, Hans. 2004. A Phoenician King in the Service of the Ptolemies: Philocles of Sidon Revisited. Ancient Society, 34: 27–44. [Crossref] , [Google Scholar], 'Phoenician King', Paschidis Paschidis, Paschalis. 2008. Between City and King: Prosopographical Studies on the Intermediaries between the Cities of the Greek Mainland and the Aegean and the Royal Courts in the Hellenistic Period (322–190 BC), Athens: Research Centre for Greek and Roman Antiquity. [Google Scholar], Between City and King, 393 with n.1. The argument is that the proclamation of the festival must come after 281 and the battle of Couropedion, which placed Samos, which is the location for the gathering of the synedroi in the decree, under Ptolemaic influence: see Hauben, 'Phoenician King', 39–40 with n. 73. Recently, Hazzard, Imagination of a Monarchy, suggested 263 for the decree (with 262 for the celebration of the festival), but his argument is not convincing. In other words, I accept that the decree presupposes that Ptolemy II had recently assumed power (283) and this is really about the establishment of the festival in order to honour his dead father, not a reform of an already existing festival (this latter is argued by Hazzard). 42. See Thompson, 'Philadelphus' Procession', summarizing the evidence. There is the additional problem of attaching the description of the festival's procession, by Callixeinos of Rhodes (FGrH 627 F2), preserved in Athenaeus 5.197c–203b, to a specific celebration of the Ptolemaieia. I accept Walbank, 'Two Hellenistic Processions', and Thompson's, 'Philadelphus' Procession', convincing arguments that Athenaeus' passage can only make sense as a description of the original Ptolemaieia, against Foertmeyer Foertmeyer, Victoria. 1988. The Dating of the Pompe of Ptolemy II Philadelphus. Historia, 37: 90–104. [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar], 'Dating of the Pompe'. 43. IG II2 650 = Syll. 3 367. Discussed in Shear, Kallias of Sphettos, 20–1, Merker Merker, Irwin L. 1970. The Ptolemaic Officials and the League of the Islanders. Historia, 19: 140–60. [Google Scholar], 'Ptolemaic Officials', 150, and Buraselis, Hellenistische Makedonien, 185. 44. IG XII.5 1004 = OGIS 773. See l. 5: περὶ τῶν ἀνδραπόδων τῶν ἀποδρά̣ντων ἐξ Ἴου ἐπὶ τῶν πλοίων τῶν ἀφράκτων. 45. 'Left behind' is the translation for kataleiftheis in l. 2: ἐπειδὴ Ζήνων ὁ καταλειφθεὶς ὑπὸ Βάχχωνος τοῦ νησίαρ[χου]. See Merker, 'Ptolemaic Officials', 150. 46. See Bagnall, Administration, 146–8. 47. We get a tantalizing glimpse of an even earlier date for the transition to Ptolemaic patronage for the League in the references to Apollodoros, son of Apollonios, of Kyzikos, a Nesiarch. In the Delian accounts, Apollodoros appears as a debtor of the temple, paying 10 drachmas interest a year on a loan, beginning at the end of the fourth century, at about 308–306 (IG XI.2 142 l. 14), until 274. After that, he is carried as an unpaying debtor. He is also a donor to the temple, and voted proxenos by the demos of the Delians in IG XI.4 562. For a full list of references to Apollodoros on Delos, see Tréheux Tréheux, Jacques. 1992. Inscriptions de Délos. Index: Les Etrangers, à l'éxclusion des Athéniens de la clérouchie et des Romains, Paris: Diffusion de Boccard. [Google Scholar], Index, s.v. Ἀπολλόδωρος Ἀπολλωνίου Κυζικηνός, and Paschidis, Between City and King, 532–4. Apollodoros is called a Nesiarch in an inscription from Kyzikos that refers to a statue of him that the Parians set up for him, which, however, cannot be dated with any certainty: Michel Michel, Charles. 1900–1927. Recueil d'inscriptions grecques, Paris: Leroux. [Google Scholar], Recueil 534. Merker, 'Ptolemaic Officials', 152–3, followed by Bagnall, Administration, 137–8, argued that he could not have been an active Ptolemaic official in the region and cease his payments to the Delian temple while remaining in his position. And as we can be certain that Bacchon was Nesiarch in the period between 286 and 280, for which see below, the implication is that Apollodoros was Nesiarch before 286. The date of transition, therefore, must be before 286. Recently, however, Paschidis, Between City and King, 423–4 and 532–4 has argued that Apollodoros served as a Nesiarch after Bacchon; in fact, Apollodoros the Nesiarch should not necessarily be identified with the Apollodoros in the Delian accounts. Paschidis' argument is very persuasive, but does not change the fact that, even if Apollodoros is placed chronologically after Bacchon, the date of transition in the early 280s, or more precisely 288, remains unchanged. Reger, Regionalism, 32 argues that Apollodoros was the first Nesiarch of the League, and that he was appointed by the Antigonids, but this depends on a dating of his honorary inscription in the fourth century. For a date of transition in 288: see Billows, Antigonos, 221; Reger Reger, Gary. 1994. The Political History of the Kyklades 260–200 BC. Historia, 43: 32–69. [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar], 'Political History', 32 and 34; Paschidis, Between City and King, 419 with n.4; Hauben, 'Rhodes', 109. 48. Honorific inscriptions on the statues of Bacchon on Delos: IG XI.4 1125 and 1126. Full list of references in Tréheux, Index, s.v. Βάκχων Νικήτου Βοιώτιος. For the dedications of Bacchon on Delos, see Rigsby Rigsby, Kent J. 1980. Bacchon the Nesiarch on Delos. American Journal of Philology, 101: 194–6. [Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar], 'Bacchon'. 49. For Apollodoros, son of Apollonios, of Kyzikos see n. 47 above. We also know of a third Nesiarch, Hermias, possibly from Halicarnassos: see honorary decree by the demos of the Delians for Hermias from Halicarnassos in IG XI.4 565. This must be the same Hermias as Hermias the Nesiarch: there is a reference to Hermias the Nesiarch in the accounts of 179: ID 442 B71. He first appears in 268, setting up the festival of Philadelpheia in honour of Arsinoe Philadelphos: see IG XI.2 287 B 112–9. For a list of references to Hermias, see Tréheux, Index, s.v. Ἑρμίας ὁ νησίαρχος, Ἁλικαρνασσεύς. For the festival of Philadelpheia founded by Hermias, see Bruneau, Cultes, 529–30. 50. For Bacchon and his career, see Merker, 'Ptolemaic Officials', Bagnall, Administration, 153, Hauben, 'Phoenician King', 41–3. 51. IG XII.6 5–6 = Kotsidu, TIMH KAI ΔOΞA, 131 [E 1] ll. 2–4. 52. IG XII.5 1004 = OGIS 773. 53. IG XI.4 559 = Durrbach Durrbach, Félix. 1921. Choix d'inscriptions de Délos, Paris: Leroux. [Google Scholar], Choix, 18 = Migeotte Migeotte, Léopold. 1984. L'emprunt public dans les cités grecques: Recueil des documents et analyse critique, Quebec: Les Éditions du Sphinx. [Google Scholar], L'emprunt public, 47. Migeotte rightly highlights the ambiguity of the term 'Delians' in line 6 of this inscription: περὶ τῶν χρημάτων ὧν [ὤφει]λον οἱ νησιῶται Δηλίοις: it must mean the sanctuary and its administration, rather than the demos. 54. Unfortunately, there is a similar reference to Bacchon in an honorary inscription of the Islanders' League to Sostratos, son of Dexiphanes, from Cnidos: see IG XI.4 1038 = Kotsidu, TIMH KAI ΔOΞA, 131 [E 2]. 55. Migeotte, L'emprunt public, 163. 56. IG XII.5 1065. For a reconstruction of the historical context for this decree see Bagnall, Administration, 144. 57. The relationship between Philocles and Bacchon and indeed the position of Philocles, king of the Sidonians, within the Ptolemaic hierarchy of officials are clearly problematic issues, but beyond the scope of this paper, as it does not appear anywhere that Philocles was an official of the Islanders' League (contrary to the position of the Nesiarch, indicated by the use of nomenclature). For a discussion on Philocles and his role as a Ptolemaic official, see Merker, 'Ptolemaic Officials', Reger, Regionalism, 32–3, and Hauben, 'Philocles', and 'Phoenician King'. 58. ED 129 = IG XII.4 135 = SEG 49.1106. See now Crowther Crowther, Charles V. 1999. Aus der Arbeit der "Inscriptiones Graecae" IV. Koan Decrees for Foreign Judges. Chiron, 29: 251–319. [Google Scholar], 'Koan Decrees', 257–66. 59. IG XII Suppl. 169 l. 4: ἀποσυνιστὰς οἰκονόμον τῶν νήσων Θρασυκλῆν Ἱππα[-. 60. See Bagnall, Administration, 146–7, basing his argument on the evidence of the Iean decree, which includes as part of the title the clause 'by King Ptolemy': IG XII Suppl. 169 ll. 2–3: ἐπειδὴ Θρασυ[-------- ὁ τεταγμένος ὑπὸ τοῦ βασιλ]έως Πτολεμαίου. Bagnall's interpretation is followed by Buraselis, Hellenistische Makedonien, 186–7, and Paschidis, Between City and King, 420–1, n. 8. 61. IG XI.4 1043 = Kotsidu, TIMH KAI ΔOΞA, 131 [E 3]. The language used is quite generic. 62. IG XII.7 506 = Kotsidu, TIMH KAI ΔOΞA, 131 [E 1] ll. 4–6: ὅπως ἂν ἀπο[στ]εί[λ]ωσιν συνέδρους εἰς Σάμον, οἵτινες [χρημ]ατιοῦσιν ὑπὲρ τῆς θυσίας καὶ τῶν θεω[ρῶ]ν καὶ τοῦ ἀγῶνος. 63. The decrees issued by the League reveal the mechanism of decision making: for a collection of the evidence and a short commentary, see Rhodes and Lewis Rhodes, Peter J. and Lewis, David M. 1997. The Decrees of the Greek States, Oxford: Oxford University Press. [Google Scholar], Decrees, 297–8. 64. IG XII.7 506 ll. 5–6 and 53–62, and IG XI.4 1037. 65. IG XI.4 1038 = Kotsidu, TIMH KAI ΔOΞA, 131 [E 2]. 66. Fraser Fraser, Peter M. 1972. Ptolemaic Alexandria, 2 vols, Oxford: Oxford University Press. [Google Scholar], Ptolemaic Alexandria, I 18–20, followed by Bagnall, Administration, 139 with n. 80. See also Marquaille Marquaille, Céline. 2008. "The Foreign Policy of Ptolemy II". In Ptolemy II Philadelphus and his World, Edited by: McKechnie, Paul and Guillaume, Philippe. 39–64. Leiden: Brill. [Crossref] , [Google Scholar], 'Foreign Policy', 60–1 with n. 94. 67. Marquaille, 'Foreign Policy', rightly stresses the importance of the creation of a 'human network' for the success of Philadelphus' rule. 68. For the local festival of Ptolemaieia established by the League, see Bruneau, Cultes, 531–3 and above n. 31 and 32. The honorary decree for Sostratos mentions that the honours and the crowning will be announced during the first Ptolemaieia festival o