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A Novel Src Homology 3 Domain-containing Adaptor Protein, HIP-55, That Interacts with Hematopoietic Progenitor Kinase 1

1999; Elsevier BV; Volume: 274; Issue: 48 Linguagem: Inglês

10.1074/jbc.274.48.33945

ISSN

1083-351X

Autores

Diana Ensenat, Zhengbin Yao, Xuhong Sunny Wang, Rajashree Kori, Guisheng Zhou, Susan C. Lee, Tse‐Hua Tan,

Tópico(s)

NF-κB Signaling Pathways

Resumo

Hematopoietic progenitor kinase 1 (HPK1) is a member of the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase kinase (MAP4K) family and an upstream activator of the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling cascade. HPK1 interacts, through its proline-rich domains, with growth factor receptor-bound 2 (Grb2), CT10-regulated kinase (Crk), and Crk-like (CrkL) adaptor proteins. We identified a novel HPK1-interacting protein of 55 kDa (HIP-55), similar to the mouse SH3P7 protein, containing an N-terminal actin-binding domain and a C-terminal Src homology 3 domain. We found that HPK1 bound to HIP-55 both in vitro and in vivo. When co-transfected, HIP-55 increased HPK1's kinase activity as well as JNK1's kinase activity. A dominant-negative HPK1 mutant blocked activation of JNK1 by HIP-55 showing that HIP-55 activates the JNK1 signaling pathway via HPK1. Our results identify a novel protein, HIP-55, that binds to HPK1 and regulates the JNK1 signaling cascade. Hematopoietic progenitor kinase 1 (HPK1) is a member of the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase kinase (MAP4K) family and an upstream activator of the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling cascade. HPK1 interacts, through its proline-rich domains, with growth factor receptor-bound 2 (Grb2), CT10-regulated kinase (Crk), and Crk-like (CrkL) adaptor proteins. We identified a novel HPK1-interacting protein of 55 kDa (HIP-55), similar to the mouse SH3P7 protein, containing an N-terminal actin-binding domain and a C-terminal Src homology 3 domain. We found that HPK1 bound to HIP-55 both in vitro and in vivo. When co-transfected, HIP-55 increased HPK1's kinase activity as well as JNK1's kinase activity. A dominant-negative HPK1 mutant blocked activation of JNK1 by HIP-55 showing that HIP-55 activates the JNK1 signaling pathway via HPK1. Our results identify a novel protein, HIP-55, that binds to HPK1 and regulates the JNK1 signaling cascade. A novel Src homology 3 domain-containing adaptor protein, HIP-55, that interacts with hematopoietic progenitor kinase 1.Journal of Biological ChemistryVol. 275Issue 18PreviewIn our paper, we indicated that HIP-55 is likely to be the human ortholog of murine SH3P7. It has been brought to our attention that Larbolette et al. (Larbolette, O., Wollscheid, B., Schweikert, J., Nielsen, P. J., and Wienands, J. (1999)Mol. Cell. Biol. 19, 1539–1546) had previously reported the sequence of murine SH3P7 (GenBank™ accession number U58884 ) and a partial EST clone (GenBank™ accession number AA687496 ) encoding the human SH3P7 ortholog. The partial sequence of the human SH3P7 ortholog is identical to the N terminus (residues 1–144) of HIP-55 (430 amino acids total). Full-Text PDF Open Access mitogen-activated protein kinase HPK1-interacting protein of 55 kDa c-Jun N-terminal kinase extracellular signal-regulated kinase hematopoietic progenitor kinase 1 Src-homology domain 3 glutathione S-transferase polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis p21-activated kinases germinal center kinase GCK-like kinase HPK/GCK-like kinase MAPK kinase MAPK kinase kinase MAPK kinase kinase kinase MAPK/ERK kinase kinase mixed lineage kinase hemagglutinin expressed sequence tag polymerase chain reaction actin-depolymerizing factor Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs)1 play essential roles in relaying extracellular signals from the plasma membrane to the nucleus of a cell. These signals control the expression of specific genes, which direct the cell to proliferate, differentiate, or respond to stress signals. The subgroups of the MAPK superfamily include extracellular-regulated kinase (ERK), p38, and the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). While proliferation and differentiation signals activate ERK, both proliferation and cellular stress signals activate JNK and p38 (1Whitmarsh A.J. Davis R.J. J. Mol. Med. 1996; 74: 589-607Crossref PubMed Scopus (1389) Google Scholar). The JNK signaling pathway is activated by various stimuli including UV light, γ irradiation (2Chen Y.-R. Meyer C.F. Tan T.-H. J. Biol. Chem. 1996; 271: 631-634Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (460) Google Scholar), osmotic shock, oxidative stress, protein synthesis inhibitors, tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin-1, T-cell costimulatory signals, and mitogenic signals such as Ras (1Whitmarsh A.J. Davis R.J. J. Mol. Med. 1996; 74: 589-607Crossref PubMed Scopus (1389) Google Scholar). JNK activation leads to the phosphorylation of several transcription factors including c-Jun, ATF2, and Elk-1, which in turn increases their transcriptional activity (1Whitmarsh A.J. Davis R.J. J. Mol. Med. 1996; 74: 589-607Crossref PubMed Scopus (1389) Google Scholar). The JNK signaling pathway is a kinase cascade composed of different levels of MAPKs. Directly upstream of JNK, at the MAPK kinase (MAP2K) level, there are two dual specificity kinases that phosphorylate and activate JNK at serine and threonine residues. These kinases are MAPK kinase 4 (MKK4), and MKK7. These proteins are activated, in turn, by the upstream MAPK kinase kinase (MAP3K): MAPK/ERK kinase kinases (MEKKs), mixed lineage kinase (MLK), TGF-β-activated kinase 1 (TAK1), tumor progression locus 2 (Tpl-2), MAPK upstream kinase (MUK), and apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1) (3Fanger G.R. Gerwins P. Widmann C. Jarpe M.B. Johnson G.L. Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. 1997; 7: 67-74Crossref PubMed Scopus (297) Google Scholar). Recently, a group of MAP4Ks homologous to the Ste20 kinase (an upstream member of the MAPK cascade involved in the pheromone response pathway inSaccharomyces cerevisiae) were identified and characterized (4Kyriakis J.M. J. Biol. Chem. 1999; 274: 5259-5262Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (135) Google Scholar). These MAP4K proteins provide another level of regulation for the MAPK/JNK signaling cascade and perhaps a link to regulatory proteins that interact with or are located at the plasma membrane. The MAP4K group includes: hematopoietic progenitor kinase 1 (HPK1) (5Hu M.C.-T. Qiu W.R. Wang X. Meyer C.F. Tan T.-H. Genes Dev. 1996; 10: 2251-2264Crossref PubMed Scopus (194) Google Scholar,6Kiefer F. Tibbles L.A. Anafi M. Janssen A. Zanke B.W. Lassam N. Pawson T. Woodgett J.R. Iscove N.N. EMBO J. 1996; 15: 7013-7025Crossref PubMed Scopus (199) Google Scholar), germinal center kinase (GCK) (7Katz P. Whalen G. Kehrl J.H. J. Biol. Chem. 1994; 269: 16802-16809Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar, 8Pombo C.M. Kehrl J.H. Irma S. Woodgett J.R. Force T. Kyriakis J.M. Nature. 1995; 377: 750-754Crossref PubMed Scopus (204) Google Scholar), GCK-like kinase (GLK) (9Diener K. Wang X.S. Chen C. Meyer C.F. Keesler G. Zukowski M. Tan T.-H. Yao Z. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1997; 94: 9687-9692Crossref PubMed Scopus (118) Google Scholar), HPK/GCK-like kinase (HGK) (10Yao Z. Zhou G. Wang X.S. Brown A. Diener K. Gan H. Tan T.-H. J. Biol. Chem. 1999; 274: 2118-2125Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (135) Google Scholar), kinase homologous to Ste20/Sps1 (KHS)/GCK-related kinase (GCKR) (11Tung R.M. Blenis J. Oncogene. 1997; 14: 653-659Crossref PubMed Scopus (66) Google Scholar). The murine ortholog of HGK is called Nck-interacting kinase (NIK) (12Su Y.C. Han J. Xu S. Cobb M. Skolnik E.Y. EMBO J. 1997; 16: 1279-1290Crossref PubMed Scopus (218) Google Scholar). Unlike other members of MAP4K group including NIK, HGK does not contain the proline-rich regions. In addition to MAP4K, the p21-activated kinases (PAKs) are another subgroup of the Ste20-like kinases (13Sells M.A. Chernoff J. Trends Cell Biol. 1997; 7: 162-167Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (265) Google Scholar). These mammalian Ste20-like kinases all share homology in their kinase domain (3Fanger G.R. Gerwins P. Widmann C. Jarpe M.B. Johnson G.L. Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. 1997; 7: 67-74Crossref PubMed Scopus (297) Google Scholar). The PAK kinases contain a Cdc42/Rac1-interactive binding (CRIB) domain that allows them to bind to the small GTPases Rac and Cdc42 (13Sells M.A. Chernoff J. Trends Cell Biol. 1997; 7: 162-167Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (265) Google Scholar). This binding leads to an increase in the autophosphorylation and, therefore, activation of the PAK kinases (14Benner G.E. Dennis P.B. Masaracchia R.A. J. Biol. Chem. 1995; 270: 21121-21128Crossref PubMed Scopus (62) Google Scholar). However, proteins in the MAP4K subfamily (HPK1, GCK, GLK, HGK/NIK, and KHS/GCKR) do not contain a CRIB domain and consequently fail to bind to these regulatory proteins. In particular, the members of the MAP4K subfamily contain a conserved N-terminal kinase domain, a conserved C-terminal tail, and several proline-rich regions in the center of the protein documented to be involved in the association with adaptor proteins. Hematopoeitic progenitor kinase 1 (HPK1) was cloned from a subtractive cDNA library screen between two different progenitor cell libraries (5Hu M.C.-T. Qiu W.R. Wang X. Meyer C.F. Tan T.-H. Genes Dev. 1996; 10: 2251-2264Crossref PubMed Scopus (194) Google Scholar, 6Kiefer F. Tibbles L.A. Anafi M. Janssen A. Zanke B.W. Lassam N. Pawson T. Woodgett J.R. Iscove N.N. EMBO J. 1996; 15: 7013-7025Crossref PubMed Scopus (199) Google Scholar). HPK1 is a 97-kDa serine/threonine kinase belonging to the HPK1/GCK subfamily of protein kinases. HPK1's expression is restricted to adult hematopoietic tissues, and HPK1 protein is also found in hematopoietic cell lines. HPK1 is upstream of MEKK1 (5Hu M.C.-T. Qiu W.R. Wang X. Meyer C.F. Tan T.-H. Genes Dev. 1996; 10: 2251-2264Crossref PubMed Scopus (194) Google Scholar) and TGF-β activated kinase 1 (TAK1) (15Zhou G. Lee S.C. Yao Z. Tan T.-H. J. Biol. Chem. 1999; 274: 13133-13138Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (73) Google Scholar, 16Wang W. Zhou G. Hu M.C.-T. Yao Z. Tan T.-H. J. Biol. Chem. 1997; 272: 22771-22775Crossref PubMed Scopus (164) Google Scholar) in the JNK kinase cascade. HPK1 associates with adaptor proteins such as Crk, CrkL, Grb2, and Nck through binding to the Src-homology domain 3 (SH3) of these proteins (17Ling P. Yao Z. Meyer C.F. Wang X.S. Oehrl W. Feller S.M. Tan T.-H. Mol. Cell. Biol. 1999; 19: 1359-1368Crossref PubMed Scopus (78) Google Scholar, 18Oehrl W. Kardinal C. Ruf S. Adermann K. Groffen J. Feng G.S. Blenis J. Tan T.-H. Feller S.M. Oncogene. 1998; 17: 1893-1901Crossref PubMed Scopus (52) Google Scholar, 19Anafi M. Kiefer F. Gish G.D. Mbamalu G. Iscove N.N. Pawson T. J. Biol. Chem. 1997; 272: 27804-27811Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (70) Google Scholar). Furthermore, association of HPK1 with these proteins increases HPK1's kinase activity and its association with the epidermal growth factor receptor (17Ling P. Yao Z. Meyer C.F. Wang X.S. Oehrl W. Feller S.M. Tan T.-H. Mol. Cell. Biol. 1999; 19: 1359-1368Crossref PubMed Scopus (78) Google Scholar, 19Anafi M. Kiefer F. Gish G.D. Mbamalu G. Iscove N.N. Pawson T. J. Biol. Chem. 1997; 272: 27804-27811Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (70) Google Scholar). It has been demonstrated that the HPK1 proline-rich domains are important for its association with adaptor proteins and its relocation to the plasma membrane where its activity may be regulated. In this study we describe the cloning of a novel HPK1-interacting protein of 55 kDa (HIP-55), which binds to HPK1. Wild-type HIP-55 showed strong binding to HPK1 in vitro through the second proline-rich domain of HPK1 and in vivo after co-expression. However, a point mutation in HIP-55's SH3 domain abolished this binding to HPK1. Wild-type HIP-55 increased HPK1's kinase activity in co-transfected 293T cells, but the SH3 mutant of HIP-55 did not. The wild-type, but not mutant, form of HIP-55 also increased JNK's kinase activity, a phenomenon that could be specifically blocked by a dominant-negative HPK1 mutant. Collectively, we have identified a novel protein that activates the JNK signaling pathway through HPK1. Full-length GLK cDNA (9Diener K. Wang X.S. Chen C. Meyer C.F. Keesler G. Zukowski M. Tan T.-H. Yao Z. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1997; 94: 9687-9692Crossref PubMed Scopus (118) Google Scholar) was subcloned into yeast plasmid pGBT9 (CLONTECH) to create an in-frame fusion with GAL4 DNA-binding domain gene. The pGBT9-GLK was transformed into yeast strain HF7c using the lithium acetate procedure and plated onto synthetic complete (SC) media lacking tryptophan. Plasmid DNA from human HeLa cell cDNA library (CLONTECH) was then transformed into the yeast strain containing the GLK bait plasmid and plated on SC medium minus tryptophan, leucine, and histidine and grown at 30 °C for 3–5 days. Transformants were assayed for β-galactosidase activity. Library plasmid DNA was recovered by transformation into DH10B cells and sequenced on both strands. Full-length HIP-55 was cloned into mammalian expression vectors PCR3.1 (Invitrogen, San Diego, CA) by PCR using two oligonucleotide primers. The oligonucleotides used were the following: 5′-TACGCTGTCGACATGGCGGCGAACCTGAGCCGGAAC-3′ and 5′-AGCTGCGCGGCCGCCCTCAGCCTCACTCAATGAGCTC-3′. PCR products were cut with SalI and NotI and cloned into pME vector with an in-frame hemagglutinin (HA)-epitope sequence at the 5′ end. For construction of glutathione S-transferase (GST)-HIP-55 protein, HIP-55 was subcloned into pGEX4T-3 vector. A tryptophan mutant in the SH3 domain was generated by replacing residue 408 with a lysine residue by site-directed mutagenesis using the overlapping PCR method as described (20Ho S.N. Hunt H.D. Horton R.M. Pullen J.K. Pease L.R. Gene. 1989; 77: 51-59Crossref PubMed Scopus (6833) Google Scholar). A synthetic peptide, NH2-(GC)KRVGKDSFWAKAEKEE-COOH corresponding to the peptide sequence 172–187 of HIP-55 was synthesized. A cysteine residue was added to the NH2proceeded by a glycine. The cysteines' sulfide bond is used for the conjugation of peptide to carrier and used to immunize rabbits. Serum was collected, and IgG was purified using a protein A-Sepharose column. Multi-tissue poly(A+) blots with 2 μg/lane RNA from 16 different human tissues were obtained fromCLONTECH (Palo Alto, CA). The probe used was a full-length HIP-55 cDNA of ∼1.3 kilobases obtained by restriction digestion of the HA-HIP-55 plasmid with XhoI andNotI. The cDNA probe was radiolabeled with [α-32P]dCTP (300 Ci/mmol; ICN Pharmaceuticals, Costa Mesa, CA) by random priming, using the Prime-It random primer labeling kit (Stratagene, La Jolla, CA) and following the manufacturer's directions. The hybridizing and washing conditions followed were as described in the manual provided with ExpressHyb hybridization solution (CLONTECH) with the modification that hybridization was carried out for 12–18 h at 68 °C in a shaking water bath. In brief, the day after hybridization, the blots were washed first in 2× sodium citrate buffer (SSC) and 0.5% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) buffer for 30 min at room temperature, followed by two or three washes with 0.1× SSC and 0.1% SDS buffer solutions with gentle agitation at 50–60 °C. The damp membrane was exposed to x-ray film (Kodak BioMax MR) for 24–48 h at −80 °C. 293T cells were cultured as described previously (10Yao Z. Zhou G. Wang X.S. Brown A. Diener K. Gan H. Tan T.-H. J. Biol. Chem. 1999; 274: 2118-2125Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (135) Google Scholar). 293T cells (1 × 105 cells/well) were co-transfected with plasmids as indicated by calcium phosphate precipitation (Specialty Media, Inc.). 12–16 h after transfection, the medium was replaced with fresh medium. 36 h after transfection, the cells were harvested and lysed in lysis buffer (150 mm NaCl, 20 mm HEPES, pH 7.4, 2 mm EGTA, 50 mmβ-glycerophosphate, 1% Triton X-100, 0.5% Nonidet P-40, 10% glycerol, 0.5 μm phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, 5 μg/ml leupeptin, 3 μg/ml aprotinin). Kinase assays for FLAG-HPK1 (encoding human HPK1) and HA-JNK1 (encoding human JNK1β1) have been described previously (17Ling P. Yao Z. Meyer C.F. Wang X.S. Oehrl W. Feller S.M. Tan T.-H. Mol. Cell. Biol. 1999; 19: 1359-1368Crossref PubMed Scopus (78) Google Scholar). GST-HIP-55 protein was purified as recommended by manufacturer (CLONTECH) and used in a binding assay as described previously (17Ling P. Yao Z. Meyer C.F. Wang X.S. Oehrl W. Feller S.M. Tan T.-H. Mol. Cell. Biol. 1999; 19: 1359-1368Crossref PubMed Scopus (78) Google Scholar). Briefly, 293T transfected cell lysate was incubated with the GST-HIP-55 protein for 3 h at 4 °C. The beads were washed three times in lysis buffer (150 mm NaCl, 20 mm HEPES, pH 7.4, 2 mm EGTA, 50 mm β-glycerophosphate, 1% Triton X-100, 0.5% Nonidet P-40, 10% glycerol, 0.5 μm phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, 5 μg/ml leupeptin, 3 μg/ml aprotinin) and two times in LiCl buffer (500 mm LiCl, 100 mm Tris-Cl, pH 7.6, 0.1% Triton X-100). Proteins were separated by SDS-PAGE as described previously (10Yao Z. Zhou G. Wang X.S. Brown A. Diener K. Gan H. Tan T.-H. J. Biol. Chem. 1999; 274: 2118-2125Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (135) Google Scholar) and immunoblotted using an anti-FLAG antibody (M2) (Eastman Kodak Co.), and visualized by chemiluminescence (ECL, Amersham Pharmacia Biotech). For co-immunoprecipitation, 500 μg of transfected 293T lysate was used with 3 μl of an anti-HA monoclonal antibody (12CA5, Roche Molecular Biochemicals) as described previously (17Ling P. Yao Z. Meyer C.F. Wang X.S. Oehrl W. Feller S.M. Tan T.-H. Mol. Cell. Biol. 1999; 19: 1359-1368Crossref PubMed Scopus (78) Google Scholar). [35S]Methionine-labeled HPK1 protein was generated by in vitro transcription and translation (Promega Biotech, Inc.) following manufacturer's instructions. For the peptide competition assay, 1 mm peptides (previously described in Ref. 17Ling P. Yao Z. Meyer C.F. Wang X.S. Oehrl W. Feller S.M. Tan T.-H. Mol. Cell. Biol. 1999; 19: 1359-1368Crossref PubMed Scopus (78) Google Scholar) corresponding to HPK1's proline-rich domains were used in the same GST-HIP-55 in vitro binding conditions as described previously except for the presence of [35S]methionine-labeled HPK1 instead of cell lysate. The protein complexes were washed and separated on SDS-PAGE, and the radiolabeled protein was visualized by autoradiography. The yeast two-hybrid system was used to identify proteins that interact with GLK. Several clones were identified and sequenced. Two clones (F1 and F2) appeared to contain novel cDNA sequences and were derived from the same gene. The cDNA was then transformed into yeast strain HF7c along with either GLK or HPK1 bait plasmids or several other bait plasmids. F1 and F2 were found specifically to interact with HPK1 and GLK but not with other kinases such as MKK6 or MAPKKK5 (data not shown). To isolate a full-length cDNA clone of F1 and F2, we searched the EST data base with F1 and F2 sequences for additional 5′ end sequence. Overlapping fragments were identified that contained an initiation codon followed by stop codons. These EST clones were obtained and sequenced on both strands. Primers were then synthesized based on the EST sequence and 3′ end sequence of the F1 and F2 clones and used to amplify the full-length cDNA. The complete nucleotide sequence of the cDNA predicted an open reading frame of 430 amino acids with a predicted molecular mass of 48 kDa (Fig.1 A). Further characterization of this protein showed an apparent molecular mass of 55 kDa by SDS-PAGE. We therefore designated the novel molecule as HIP-55, HPK1-interacting protein of 55 kDa. Data base searches found that the N-terminal of HIP-55 contains a putative actin-binding domain that is found in drebrins (21Shirao T. Kojima N. Kato Y. Obata K. Brain Res. 1988; 464: 71-74Crossref PubMed Scopus (52) Google Scholar), actin-binding protein 1 (Abp1) (22Drubin D.G. Mulholland J. Zhu Z.M. Botstein D. Nature. 1990; 343: 288-290Crossref PubMed Scopus (205) Google Scholar), and coactosin (23de Hostos E.L. Bradtke B. Lottspeich F. Gerisch G. Cell Motil. Cytoskel. 1993; 26: 181-191Crossref PubMed Scopus (63) Google Scholar) (Fig. 1, B and C). The C-terminal region of HIP-55 contains an SH3 domain (Fig. 1 C). HA-HIP-55 plasmids were transfected into 293T cells to detect the cDNA translated product by SDS-PAGE. The cDNA translated product was detected by an anti-HA antibody (Fig.2 A) and an anti-HIP-55 antibody (Fig. 2 B). To examine the endogenous HIP-55 protein expression, we used various cell lysates from 293T, HeLa, HL-60, and Jurkat (data not shown) cell lines (Fig. 2 B). Protein lysates from these cells were resolved by SDS-PAGE, transferred to polyvinylidene difluoride membrane, and blotted with a purified anti-HIP-55 antibody. The HIP-55 proteins were expressed in all of the cell lines tested, and the expression levels appear to be high and similar between the various cell lines (Fig. 2 B). As mentioned previously, the HIP-55 protein had an apparent molecular mass of 55 kDa, and was accordingly named HIP-55. Northern blot analysis of HIP-55 showed a single transcript of ∼2.3 kilobases in all the tissues studied, indicating that HIP-55 mRNA is ubiquitously expressed (Fig. 2 C). The level of HIP-55 mRNA expression appeared to be higher in the spleen and peripheral blood leukocytes when compared with other tissues. In order to confirm the binding results from the yeast two-hybrid system, we examined the in vitro binding of HIP-55 to HPK1. We chose to focus on HPK1, rather than GLK, since more is known about HPK1 and its interactions with other adaptor proteins including Grb2, Crk, CrkL, and Nck (17Ling P. Yao Z. Meyer C.F. Wang X.S. Oehrl W. Feller S.M. Tan T.-H. Mol. Cell. Biol. 1999; 19: 1359-1368Crossref PubMed Scopus (78) Google Scholar). GST-HIP-55 was constructed and expressed in Escherichia coli. The expressed proteins were then affinity-purified by glutathione-Sepharose beads. Lysate from 293T cells transfected with FLAG-HPK1 was incubated with the immobilized GST-HIP-55 protein. The protein complex was washed extensively, separated by SDS-PAGE, and transferred to a polyvinylidene difluoride membrane, and the membrane was blotted using anti-FLAG antibody. Transfected HPK1 associated with GST-HIP-55, but not with the GST protein. In addition, no unspecific associations with GST-HIP-55 were detected in the vector-transfected lane (Fig. 3 A). To analyze the in vivo binding of HPK1 and HIP-55, we co-transfected these two plasmids or HPK1 and the HIP-55 SH3 mutant (W408K) into 293T cells. The cells were lysed 36 h after transfection, and HIP-55 was immunoprecipitated, using an anti-HA antibody. The protein complexes were separated by SDS-PAGE and transferred to a polyvinylidene difluoride membrane that was subsequently blotted with an anti-FLAG antibody to detect FLAG-HPK1. HPK1 protein co-immunoprecipitated with the wild-type HIP-55 protein but failed to bind to the HIP-55 SH3 mutant (Fig. 3 B). This indicates that HIP-55 interacts with HPK1 in vivo, and this interaction is mediated through HIP-55's SH3 domain. We further analyzed HPK1's proline-rich domains to identify the one(s) involved in this binding. We performed the in vitro binding assays of GST-HIP-55 and HPK1 using [35S]methioninein vitro translated and labeled HPK1 protein. To compete for binding to HPK1, we also included synthetic peptides corresponding to HPK1's four proline-rich domains (PR1–PR4) (Fig. 3 C). The protein complexes were washed and separated by SDS-PAGE, and the presence of radioactive HPK1 was determined by autoradiography. Only the addition of a peptide corresponding to HPK1's second proline-rich domain (PR2) weakened the interaction between HPK1 and GST-HIP-55 (Fig.3 C). None of the other peptides appeared to diminish the binding between HIP-55 and HPK1. These results suggest that HPK1 binds to HIP-55 through a proline-rich domain/SH3 interaction that involves HPK1's second proline-rich domain. More detailed analysis of the HPK1 and HIP-55 binding was carried out using immunodepletion studies. The total percentage of HIP-55 bound to HPK1 could not be studied owing to the co-migration of HIP-55 with the immunoglobin heavy chain during immunoprecipitation. However, about 58% of HIP-55 was in the free or unbound form following HPK1 depletion from the lysate (Fig. 4 A), suggesting that the remaining 42% was bound to HPK1. Furthermore, 22% of total HPK1 bound to HIP-55 and the remaining 78% was in the free or unbound form (Fig. 4 B). To determine the effect of HIP-55 binding to HPK1, we analyzed HPK1's kinase activity from cells co-transfected with HIP-55. 293T cells were transfected with FLAG-HPK1 and HA-HIP-55 plasmids alone or in combination. HPK1 was immunoprecipitated from the cell lysates and incubated in a kinase reaction with myelin basic protein as a substrate. Co-transfection of HIP-55 with HPK1 resulted in an increase in HPK1's kinase activityin vitro (Fig. 5 A). These results suggest that HIP-55 not only binds to HPK1 but may also be involved in the regulation of HPK1's kinase activity. Since wild-type HIP-55 bound to and activated HPK1, an upstream regulator of the JNK1 signaling pathway, we analyzed whether HIP-55 could activate JNK. 293T cells were transiently transfected with HIP-55 wild-type or the SH3 mutant in addition to HA-JNK1. JNK1 kinase assays showed that the wild-type HIP-55 could activate the MAPK while the SH3 mutant failed to do so (Fig. 5 B). To examine if HPK1 was mediating the activation of JNK1 by HIP-55, we added a dominant-negative mutant of HPK1, HPK1-M46 (5Hu M.C.-T. Qiu W.R. Wang X. Meyer C.F. Tan T.-H. Genes Dev. 1996; 10: 2251-2264Crossref PubMed Scopus (194) Google Scholar), to the transfections. The presence of the HPK1 mutant completely blocked activation of JNK1 by HIP-55, indicating that HPK1 kinase mediates the activation of JNK1 by HIP-55 (Fig.5 B). Furthermore, HGK-KE (10Yao Z. Zhou G. Wang X.S. Brown A. Diener K. Gan H. Tan T.-H. J. Biol. Chem. 1999; 274: 2118-2125Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (135) Google Scholar), a dominant-negative HGK mutant, did not block HIP-55 induced JNK1 activation. Additionalin vitro binding assays using GST-HIP-55 showed that it did not bind to the HGK protein, which lacks the proline-rich domains (data not shown). These results indicate that HIP-55 activates JNK1 through HPK1 and this is mediated by binding of HPK1 to HIP-55. We have cloned a novel protein, HIP-55, that bound to HPK1. From the two-hybrid system and the in vitro competition binding assays, we found that HPK1 bound to HIP-55 through its second proline-rich domain. We also show that HPK1 and HIP-55 are capable of interacting with each other in 293T cells. Our studies show that the presence of HIP-55 in HPK1-transfected lysate increases HPK1's kinase activity, suggesting that the interaction between these two proteins is functionally relevant in cells. We detected a reproducible increase in HPK1 protein levels when co-transfected with wild type HIP-55. This increase in HPK1 protein levels was not seen in co-transfection assays with a SH3 mutant of HIP-55, indicating that interaction with HPK1 is required for the increase in protein levels, and hence HPK1 kinase activity. In comparison, HPK-KD protein levels (and kinase activity) did not change when co-transfected with HIP-55 (data not shown). HPK-KD is in the same vector as wild type HPK1, thus eliminating any effect of HIP-55 on transcriptional up-regulation of the cytomegalovirus promoter-driven HPK1 expression. Furthermore, HPK-KD does not contain the proline-rich domains found on wild type HPK1. This emphasizes the importance of binding of HPK1 to HIP-55 for increases in HPK1 kinase activity and protein levels. We also found that p38 protein levels did not increase when co-transfected with HIP-55 (data not shown), indicating that the increase in protein levels is not a general effect of HIP-55. Our observations suggest that HIP-55 specifically activates HPK1 and this is in part through increasing HPK1 protein levels. We are currently pursuing the mechanisms by which HIP-55 may lead to increases in HPK1 protein levels. HIP-55 increases JNK1's kinase activity, and the activation of JNK1 is mediated by HPK1 since it can be blocked by a dominant-negative HPK1 mutant. Therefore, HIP-55 acts as an upstream activator of HPK1 and the JNK1 signaling pathway. We also showed that HIP-55's SH3 domain is critical for its effect on kinase activity of HPK1 and JNK1 since mutated HIP-55 failed to bind to HPK1 and also failed to activate HPK1 and JNK1. This result suggests that binding of the HIP-55 SH3 domain to HPK1 is required for the increase on HPK1's kinase activity. We are actively studying the detailed mechanism by which HIP-55 leads to HPK1 activation. HIP-55 homology searches (BLAST, FASTA) identified several proteins that shared homology to HIP-55. Three actin-binding proteins were identified: drebrin, an actin-binding protein expressed in brain tissue and neurons (21Shirao T. Kojima N. Kato Y. Obata K. Brain Res. 1988; 464: 71-74Crossref PubMed Scopus (52) Google Scholar); actin-binding protein 1 (Abp1), an S. cerevisiae protein involved in spatial organization of cell surface growth (22Drubin D.G. Mulholland J. Zhu Z.M. Botstein D. Nature. 1990; 343: 288-290Crossref PubMed Scopus (205) Google Scholar), and coactosin, a Dictyostelium discoideum protein known to bind actin filaments (23de Hostos E.L. Bradtke B. Lottspeich F. Gerisch G. Cell Motil. Cytoskel. 1993; 26: 181-191Crossref PubMed Scopus (63) Google Scholar). More detailed analysis of these proteins showed that the actin-binding regions of drebrin, Abp1, and coactosin were homologous (36%, 36%, and 21%, respectively) with the N terminus of HIP-55 (Fig.1 B). In addition to our homology search results, we found a mouse clone named SH3P7 that was isolated in a screen conducted to identify SH3 domain-containing proteins (24Sparks A.B. Hoffman N.G. McConnell S.J. Fowlkes D.M. Kay B.K. Nature Biotech. 1996; 14: 741-744Crossref PubMed Scopus (215) Google Scholar). SH3P7 is 85% identical to HIP-55 at the amino acid level. We therefore suspect SH3P7 may be the mouse ortholog of HIP-55. Interestingly, SH3P7 was recently classified as an actin-binding protein containing an actin-depolymerizing factor (ADF) domain and grouped with drebrin and Abp1 (25Lappalainen P. Kessels M.M. Cope M.J. Drubin D.G. Mol. Biol. Cell. 1998; 9: 1951-1959Crossref PubMed Scopus (162) Google Scholar, 26Schultz J. Milpetz F. Bork P. Ponting C.P. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1998; 95: 5857-5864Crossref PubMed Scopus (3019) Google Scholar). HIP-55 (and SH3P7) retains all of the residues shown important for actin binding in yeast cofilin as well as the secondary structural elements (as derived from models) of the ADF domain. Furthermore, SH3P7 is capable of binding to actin filaments (25Lappalainen P. Kessels M.M. Cope M.J. Drubin D.G. Mol. Biol. Cell. 1998; 9: 1951-1959Crossref PubMed Scopus (162) Google Scholar). It is very likely, therefore, that HIP-55 protein will also bind to actin filaments. This possibility suggests a novel mechanism for the regulation of MAP4Ks through interaction with HIP-55 and the cytoskeleton. However, this prospect remains to be explored.

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