Beijing's Great Game: Understanding Chinese Strategy in Central Eurasia
2006; Taylor & Francis; Volume: 28; Issue: 1 Linguagem: Inglês
10.1080/10803920600561374
ISSN1533-2128
Autores Tópico(s)China's Ethnic Minorities and Relations
ResumoA compelling case for concluding that China's interest in the Central Asia region goes back to the beginning of modern state building and represents an evolving frontier stabilization-cum-imperial project involving economic, military, and diplomatic components that continue to today. Notes 1. A notable exception in this regard is the comprehensive May 2005 report prepared for the National Committee on American Foreign Policy by the director of its Russia and Central Asia Project, Professor Michael Rywkin. See Michael Rywkin, Stability in Central Asia: Engaging Kazakhstan. A Report (with Policy Recommendations) on U.S. Interests in Central Asia and U.S.–Kazakh Relations (New York, 2005). 2. See, inter alia, Peter Hopkirk, The Great Game: The Struggle for Empire in Central Asia (1990; New York, 1992); Karl E. Meyer and Shareen Blair Brysac, Tournament of Shadows: The Great Game and the Race for Empire in Central Asia (New York, 1999). 3. One exception to this rule is a recently published 725-page volume—the first full-length study of the subject in English—by Professor Peter C. Perdue of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, China Marches West: The Qing Conquest of Central Eurasia (Cambridge, Mass., 2005). 4. Owen Lattimore, Studies in Frontier History: Collected Papers, 1928–1958 (New York, 1962), 58. 5. Ibid., 23. 6. Ibid., 117. 7. In discussing China's imperial expansion, it is useful to keep in mind a distinction made in Ross Terrill, The New Chinese Empire and What It Means for the United States (New York, 2004), 230: “The Chinese empire was never quite seen as an empire by Beijing. Because it was not ‘overseas,’ it could (and can) be seen as the buffer zone of China, just as Siberia and Manchuria [were] intended to be Russia's buffer zone. In such circumstances, there is a frontier, but few rational boundaries.” 8. A Chinese unit equivalent to approximately 1.2 troy ounces. 9. See Collected Materials on the Zunghars (Beijing, 1985), 134–137. 10. For an overview of the role of trade in inducing Central Asian peoples to accommodate themselves to Chinese imperial dominion, see Sechin Jagchid and Van Jay Symons, Peace, War, and Trade along the Great Wall: Nomadic-Chinese Interactions through Two Millennia (Bloomington, Indiana, 1989). 11. The treaties were negotiated in Latin by a French Jesuit missionary who accompanied the Kangxi emperor on his campaigns, Jean-François Gerbillon, and a Polish civil servant working for the Russians, Andrei Belobotsky. 12. Xing Guangcheng, “China and Central Asia,” edited by Roy Allison and Lena Johnson, Central Asian Security: The New International Context (London and Washington, 2001): 153. 13. See Department of Population, Social, Science and Technology Statistics, National Bureau of Statistics, and Department of Economic…Development, State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Tabulation on Nationalities of 2000 Population Census of China (Beijing, 2003). 14. See John Pomfret, “Asian Leaders Target Muslim Extremists,” The Washington Post, (July 16, 2001): A15. 15. For a useful survey of this material, see James Millward, Violent Separatism in Xinjiang: A Critical Assessment, Policy Studies 6 (Washington, 2004). 16. See People's Republic of China State Council, Information Office, “‘East Turkistan’ Terrorist Forces Cannot Get Away with Impunity” (January 21, 2002); available at http://www.china-un.ch/eng/xwdt/t88226.htm (last accessed November 10, 2005). 17. See Gaye Christoffersen, “Xinjiang and the Great Islamic Circle: The Impact of Transnational Forces on Chinese Regional Economic Planning,” China Quarterly 133, (March 1993): 137. 18. Li Peng, “China's Policy on Energy Resources,” Xinhua (May 28, 1997); available through FBIS, China (July 15, 1997). 19. Xing Guangcheng, “China's Foreign Policy Toward Kazakhstan,” edited by Robert Legvold, Thinking Strategically: The Major Powers, Kazakhstan, and the Central Asian Nexus, American Academy Studies in Global Security (Cambridge, Mass., 2003): 126. 20. See Zheng Bijian, “China's Peaceful Rise to Great Power Status,” Foreign Affairs, vol. 84, no. 5 (September/October 2005): 18–24. 21. See Zanny Minton Beddoes, “Energy Industry to Transform in Next Decade,” Economist (February 7, 1998): 7–12. 22. See Jason Singer, “CNPC Nears Kazakh Deal,” Wall Street Journal Europe, (October 14–16, 2005): M1, M5. 23. See World Factbook 2005, available at http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/index.html (last accessed November 10, 2005). 24. John J. Mearsheimer, The Tragedy of Great Power Politics (New York, 2001): 402. 25. “Sino-Russian Joint Statement” (April 23, 1997); available at http://www.nti.org/db/china/engdocs/chru0497.htm (last accessed November 10, 2005). 26. “Joint Statement of the People's Republic of China and the Russian Federation Regarding the International Order of the 21st Century” (July 1, 2005); available at http://www.politicalaffairs.net/article/view/1455/1/108 (last accessed November 10, 2005). 27. Ibid. 28. See “Country Briefing: China,” Jane's Defence Weekly (December 10, 1997): 28. 29. Henry Kissinger, “Moscow and Beijing: A Declaration of Independence,” The Washington Post (May 14, 1997): A15. 30. See Sherman Garnett, “The Russian Far East as a Factor in Russian-Chinese Relations,” SAIS Review, vol. 16, no. 2 (summer–fall 1996): 6–8. 31. Boris Rumer, “The Powers in Central Asia,” Survival, vol. 44, no. 3 (autumn 2002): 62. 32. Martha Brill Olcott, “Taking Stock of Central Asia,” Journal of International Affairs, vol. 56, no. 2 (spring 2003): 7. 33. Colin L. Powell, “Remarks at Joint Press Conference with President Islam Karimov” (December 8, 2001), available at http://www.state.gov/secretary/former/powell/remarks/2001/dec/6749.htm (last accessed November 10, 2005). 34. See International Crisis Group, Uzbekistan: The Andijon Uprising (Asia Briefing 38, May 25, 2005). 35. See Willy Lam, “Hu's Central Asian Gamble,” China Brief, vol. 5, no. 15 (July 5, 2005): 7–8. 36. Strobe Talbott, “A Farewell to Flashman: American Policy in the Caucasus and Central Asia” (July 21, 1997); available at http://www.treemedia.com/cfrlibrary/library/policy/talbott.html (last accessed November 10, 2005). 37. Xing Guangcheng, “China's Foreign Policy Toward Kazakhstan,” 110–111. 38. “Chinese, Russian First Joint Military Maneuvers Scheduled on Aug. 18–25,” Pravda, August 2, 2005, available at http://www.newsfromrussia.com/world/2005/08/02/60899.html (last accessed November 15, 2005). 39. See Svante E. Cornell, “The United States and Central Asia: In the Steppes to Stay?” Cambridge Review of International Affairs, vol. 17, no. 2 (July 2004): 239–254.
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