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Energy security and regional cooperation in South-East Europe

2009; Routledge; Volume: 11; Issue: 3 Linguagem: Inglês

10.1080/19448950903152151

1944-8961

Diana Bozhilova,

Global Energy Security and Policy

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Notes 1 Fossil fuels provide around 66 per cent of the world's total electrical power and 95 per cent of the world's total energy demands (including heating, transport, electricity generation, etc.) (Conseil Mondial de l'Energie, 2008). 2 John Robst, Solomon Polachek and Yuan-Ching Chang, ‘Geographic proximity, trade and international conflict/cooperation’, IZA DP, No. 1988, February 2006. 3 Keith C. Brown, ‘Reserves and reserve production ratios in imperfect markets’, The Energy Journal, 10(2), 1989, pp. 177–186. 4 Franz Hubert and Svetlana Ikonnikova, ‘Investment options and bargaining power, the Eurasian supply chain for natural gas’, HU, December 2007. 5 David I. Stern and Cutler J. Cleveland, ‘Energy and economic growth’, Rensselaer Working Papers in Economics, No. 0410, March 2004, pp. 8–10. 6 Ben Gales, Astrid Kander, Paolo Malanima and Mar Rubio, ‘North versus south: energy transition and energy intensity in Europe over 200 years’, European Review of Economic History, II, 2007, pp. 219–253. 7 Lluis Navarro, ‘Industrial policy in the economic literature. Recent theoretical developments and implication for EU policy’, European Commission, Enterprise DG, Brussels, Enterprise Paper No. 12/2003. 8 Stephen Woolcock and Helen Wallace, ‘European Community regulation and national enterprise’, in Jack Hayward (ed.), Industrial Enterprise and European Integration—From National to International Champions in Western Europe, Nuffield European Studies, Oxford University Press, 1995, pp. 273–304. 9 Aiden R. Vining and Anthony E. Boardman, ‘Ownership versus competition: efficiency in public enterprise’, Public Choice, 73(2), 1992. 10 Svein S. Andersen, ‘EU energy policy: interest interaction and supranational authority’, Arena WP 00/5, 2000. 11 Jonathan P. Stern, ‘Third party access in European gas industries. Regulation driven or market-led?’, Royal Institute of International Affairs, London, 1992. 12 Paul K. Lyons, ‘Energy policies of the European Union’, EC Inform, London, 1994. 13 David Levi-Faur, ‘The governance of competition: the interplay of technology, economics, and politics in European Union electricity and telecom regimes’, Journal of Public Policy, 19(2), 1999, pp. 175–207. 14 Routes through the Ukraine supply c.80 per cent of OAO Gazprom gas to the EU and c.40 per cent of total EU gas supplies at the moment (Inogate). 15 Franz Hubert and Svetlana Ikonnikova, op. cit. 16 European Investment Bank, 2007. 17 European Investment Bank, 2007 18 International Energy Agency, 2006. 19 Estimated at 19,710 petajoule (PJ), or 505 billion cubic metres (bcm), or 424 million tons of oil equivalent (Mtoe), Eurogas, 2008. 20 A total of 65.3 per cent of proven oil reserves lie in the Middle East (BP Amoco Statistical Review of World Energy, June 2001, p. 4); over 70 per cent of proven gas reserves lie in Eurasia (Russia, the CIS and Middle East), Statistical Yearbook 2007/8, DG Energy and Transport.