Privatization of the Air Turns Lethal: “Pay to Pollute” Principle Kills South African Activist Sajida Khan
2007; Taylor & Francis; Volume: 18; Issue: 4 Linguagem: Inglês
10.1080/10455750701705054
ISSN1548-3290
Autores Tópico(s)Climate Change Policy and Economics
ResumoClick to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Notes 1Heidi Bachram, “Climate Fraud and Carbon Colonialism: The New Trade in Greenhouse Gases,” Capitalism Nature Socialism, Vol. 15, No. 4, 2004, pp. 5–20. 2Michael Dorsey, “Climate Knowledge and Power: Tales of Skeptic Tanks, Weather Gods and Sagas for Climate (In)Justice,” Capitalism Nature Socialism, Vol. 18, No. 2, 2007, pp. 7–21. 3Shankar Vedantam, “Kyoto Credits System Aids the Rich, Some Say,” The Washington Post, March 12, 2005. 4Graham Erion, “Low Hanging Fruit Always Rots First,” in Patrick Bond, Rehana Dada and Graham Erion (eds.), Climate Change, Carbon Trading and Civil Society: Negative Returns on South African Investments (Pietermaritzburg: UKZN Press, 2007), p. 88. 5British Broadcasting Corporation, “UN Summit Seeks Climate Solutions,” November 29, 2005, online at: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/4476998.stm. 6Gordon Brown, “Speech by the Rt. Hon. Gordon Brown MP, Chancellor of the Exchequer, to United Nations Ambassadors, New York, 20th April 2006,” online at: http://www.hm-treasury.gov.uk/newsroom_and_speeches/press/2006/press_31_06.cfm 7Marthinus van Schalkwyk, “Speech by the Minister of Environmental Affairs and Tourism, Marthinus van Schalkwyk, on the occasion of the opening of the final lead authors meeting of Working Group 2 of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)'s Fourth Assessment Report (AR4), Lord Charles Hotel, Somerset West,” online at: www.info.gov.za/speeches/2006/06091112451001.htm. 8British Broadcasting Corporation, “U.S. Continues to Resist Action at Climate Talks,” October 5, 2006. 9Oxford University Press, “Carbon Neutral: Oxford Word of the Year,” November 13, 2006, online at: http://blog.oup.com/2006/11/carbon_neutral_/. 10Marthinus van Schalkwyk, “Statement by Marthinus van Schalkwyk, Minister of Environmental Affairs and Tourism, following the Conclusion of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) COP12 and Kyoto (Conference of the Parties) COP/Meeting of the Parties (MOP2) in Nairobi, Kenya,” November 19, 2006, online at: www.info.gov.za/speeches/2006/06111916151001.htm. 11 Cape Times, “Top Academic Slams SA Environmental Policies,” December 4, 2006. 12Marthinus van Schalkwyk, “Statement by the office of the Minister of Environmental Affairs and Tourism, Marthinus van Schalkwyk,” December 6, 2006, online http://www.info.gov.za/speeches/2006/06120713451001.htm. 13World Bank, Global Economic Prospects: Managing the Environmental Risks to Growth, Washington, December 15, 2006, online at: www-wds.worldbank.org/…/IW3P/IB/2006/12/06/000112742_20061206155022/additional/GEP_141-166.pdf 14Steve Bloomfield, “Why Britain's G8 carbon offsetting pledge rings hollow in Cape Town,” Independent, January 27, 2007. 15Fred Pearce, “Look No Carbon Footprint!,” New Scientist, March 9, 2007, online at: http://www.science.org.au/nova/newscientist/054ns_001.htm. 16Marthinus van Schalkwyk, “Minister of Environmental Affairs and Tourism M. van Schalkwyk Spells Out SA's ‘Climate Roadmap’ for 2007 and Beyond,” Pretoria, March 14, 2007, online at: http://www.info.gov.za/speeches/2007/07031415451001.htm. 17Yolandi Groenewald, “SA Will Solve Climate Change,” Mail & Guardian, March 16, 2007. 18Matthew Hill, “World Bank, eThekwini Launch Landmark Clean-Power Project,” Engineering News, March 20, 2007. 19Ben Elgin, “Another Inconvenient Truth: Behind the Feel-Good Hype of Carbon Offsets, Some of the Deals Don't Deliver,” Business Week, March 26, 2007. 20Stephen Castle, “EU Carbon Trading Scheme Failing to Curb Emissions from Big Polluters,” The Independent, April 3, 2007. 21 Financial Times, “CO2 Needs a Price but Taxes are the Best Way to Get It,” April 26, 2007. 22Peter Aldhous, “Exclusive Global Warming Poll: The Buck Stops Here,” New Scientist, June 20, 2007. 23M. Bustillo, “Developing Countries to Seek Pay for Preservation of Forests,” Los Angeles Times, November 28, 2005. 24Larry Lohmann (ed.), Carbon Trading: A Critical Conversation on Climate Change, Privatization and Power, special issue of Development Dialogue, 48, September 2006. 25For a discussion see Patrick Bond, Against Global Apartheid: South Africa Meets the IMF, World Bank and International Finance (London: Zed Books and Pietermaritzburg: University of KwaZulu-Natal Press, 2003). 26Rosa Luxemburg, The Accumulation of Capital (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1968). 27David Harvey, The New Imperialism (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2003). 28Harold Wolpe, “Capitalism and Cheap Labor-Power in South Africa: From Segregation to Apartheid,” Economy and Society, Vol. 1, No. 4, 1972, pp. 425–56. 29For the full text of the Kyoto Protocol, see: www.unfccc. 30Lohmann, op. cit. 31George Monbiot, “The Trade in ‘Carbon Offsets’; is Based on Bogus Accounting,” The Guardian, January 17, 2006. 32Gar Lipow, “Carbon Trading,” PEN-L listserve post, January 19, 2006. 33Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism, National Climate Change Strategy, Pretoria, October 2004. 34Mark Jury, “Presentation to the Durban Group for Climate Justice,” Richards Bay, October 9, 2004. 35Mark Jury, “Presentation to the Durban Group for Climate Justice,” Richards Bay, October 9, 2004. 36Ben Fine and Zav Rustomjee, The Political Economy of South Africa: From Minerals-Energy Complex to Industrialization (London: Christopher Hirst and Johannesburg: Wits Press, 1996). 38David McDonald (ed.), Electric Capitalism (Cape Town: Human Sciences Research Council Press, 2007). 39James Clarke, Back to Earth: South Africa's Environmental Challenges (Johannesburg: Southern Book Publishers, 1991), p. 33. 40Glynnis Leslie, “Social Pricing of Electricity in Johannesburg,” Masters research report submitted to the Faculty of Management, University of the Witswatersrand, Johannesburg, 2000. 41A. Spalding-Fecher, “The Sustainable Energy Watch Indicators 2001,” Energy for Development Research Centre, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, November 2000. 42International Energy Agency, “CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion, 1971–1998,” Paris, 2000; International Energy Agency, “Key World Energy Statistics from the IEA,” Paris, 2000. 43Charles Anderson Associates, National Electricity Policy Synthesis Study, Vol. 1, report submitted to the Dept. of Mineral and Energy Affairs, August 12, 1994, pp. 12–13. 45Charles Anderson Associates, National Electricity Policy Synthesis Study, Vol. 1, report submitted to the Dept. of Mineral and Energy Affairs, August 12, 1994, pp. 15–17. 44Source: International Energy Agency data, with final column calculated by the author. Because Purchasing Power Parity estimates by the IEA are dubious (e.g., Zimbabwe's GDP is US$32.7 billion), the actual GDP figures are used. However, at the time, South Africa's was far less than $164 billion, so the ratios indicating South Africa's high carbon/GDP emissions are actually quite conservative. 46Department of Minerals and Energy, “Re-appraisal of the National Electrification Program and the Formulation of a National Electrification Strategy,” 1997, online at www.dme.gov.za/energy/RE-APPRAISAL.htm. 47National Electricity Regulator, Annual Report 2000/01, Johannesburg, 2001, p. 14. 48Harold Winkler and J. Mavhungu, “Green Power, Public Benefits and Electricity Industry Restructuring,” report prepared for the Sustainable Energy and Climate Change Partnership, EDRC, Cape Town, 2001, p. 6. 49Department of Minerals and Energy, White Paper on the Energy Policy of the Republic of South Africa, Pretoria, 1998, Part Three. 50Creamer's Engineering News, “Eskom Will Seek to Cancel Commodity-Linked Tariff Deals,” June 29, 2005. 51Steve Bailey, “Alcan Will Probably Build $2.5 Bln Smelter, IDC Says,” Bloomberg News, July 13, 2005. 52Department of Minerals and Energy, South African Energy Policy Document, Pretoria, 1995, pp. 66, 96. 53Another reason for low consumption is that people may not be able to afford the cost of appliances required to increase electricity use. A suggestion that has some support from electricity suppliers is the provision of a “starter pack” when households are connected, providing the household with a hot plate or a kettle for free. See Leslie, op. cit., p. 69. The Johannesburg council never followed up on such proposals. 54Mike Sutcliffe, “South Africa Cannot Afford to Waste Energy,” The Mercury, February 27, 2003. 55L. Mahlangu, “Most South Africans Receive Free Water, Electricity,” SAPA, March 17, 2005. 56SABC News, November 1, 2004. Mlambo-Ngcuka partly blamed the “universal” entitlement which meant that in some cases, all municipal residents received their first block free. Yet this was not only good public policy in view of the consistent failure of means tests, but conforms to her own party's 2000 campaign promise: “ANC-led local government will provide all residents with a free basic amount of water, electricity and other municipal services, so as to help the poor. Those who use more than the basic amounts will pay for the extra they use.” 57 http://www.irinnews.org/report.asp?ReportID=39413&SelectRegion=Southern_Africa&SelectCountry=south%20africa. 58Reaching the same conclusion, various mid- and late-1990s studies are reviewed in Jo Beall, Owen Crankshaw and Sue Parnell, Uniting a Divided City: Governance and Social Exclusion in Johannesburg (London: Earthscan, 2002), Chapter Nine. 59David McDonald, “The Bell Tolls for Thee: Cost Recovery, Cutoffs and the Affordability of Municipal Services in South Africa,” Municipal Services Project Special Report, 2002, online at: http://qsilver.queensu.ca/∼mspadmin/pages/Project_Publications/Reports/bell.htm. The government initially contested these figures as wild exaggerations, but by mid-2004 the country's lead water official, Mike Muller, admitted in the Mail & Guardian (June 24, 2004) that in fact, according to a new government survey, 275,000 households were disconnected during 2003, which equates to 1.5 million people—so the MSP estimates were 50 percent “wrong”—but too generous to government. 60Statistics South Africa, South Africa in Transition: Selected Findings from the October Household Survey of 1999 and Changes that have Occurred between 1995 and 1999, Pretoria, 2001, pp. 78–90. 61Joan Martinez-Alier, “Ecological Debt—External Debt,” Quito, Acción Ecológica, 1998, online at: http://www.cosmovisiones.com/DeudaEcologica/a_alier01in.html; J.K. Parikh, “Joint Implementation and the North and South Cooperation for Climate Change, International Environmental Affairs, Vol. 7, No. 1, 1995. 62Marthinus van Schalkwyk, “Speech by the Minister of Environmental Affairs and Tourism, Marthinus van Schalkwyk, on the occasion of the opening of the final lead authors meeting of Working Group 2 of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)'s Fourth Assessment Report (AR4), Lord Charles Hotel, Somerset West,“ online at: http://www.info.gov.za/speeches/2006/06091112451001.htm
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