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The Promise of Involvement: Asia in the Arctic

2013; Taylor & Francis; Volume: 37; Issue: 4 Linguagem: Inglês

10.1080/09700161.2013.802520

1754-0054

Olav Schram Stokke,

Arctic and Russian Policy Studies

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Acknowledgements I would like to thank Jo Inge Bekkevold, Arild Moe, Tom Røseth and Njord Wegge for very helpful comments on this article. Notes 1. See David Pugliese, ‘Polar Icebreaker Design Launched With Awarding of Contract to STX Canada’, Ottawa Citizen, February 8, 2012, at http://blogs.ottawacitizen.com/2012/02/08/polar-icebreaker-design-launched-with-awarding-of-contract-to-stx-canada/ (Accessed February 26, 2013). 2. On the International Northern Sea Route Programme, see Willy Østreng (Editor-in-Chief), The Natural and Societal Challenges of the Northern Sea Route: A Reference Work, Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht, 1999. 3. Iselin Stensdal, ‘Asian Arctic Research: Harder, Better, Faster, Stronger’, The Fridtjof Nansen Institute, Lysaker, forthcoming. 4. Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Norway, Meld. St. 7 (2011–12), ‘Nordområdene. Visjon og virkemidler’, Report to the Storting/White Paper, p. 49. 5. Rakesh Sharma, ‘ONGC in Talks with Rosneft, Novatek for Russia Energy Assets’, Wall Street Journal, December 14, 2011, at http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052970204026804577098203298699204.html (Accessed February 27, 2013); also Neil Gadihoke, ‘Arctic Melt: The Outlook for India’, Maritime Affairs, 8(1), 2012, pp. 1–12. 6. For an instructive analysis, see Michael Beckley ‘China's Century? Why America's Edge Will Endure’, International Security, 36(3), 2011/12, pp. 41–78. 7. According to the SIPRI Military Expenditure Database, China's military spending (in constant US dollars) rose by 70 per cent from 2006–2011, to a level that was roughly twice that of Russia; see http://milexdata.sipri.org (Accessed February 27, 2013). 8. Mikhail A. Alexseev and C. Richard Hofstetter, ‘Russia, China, and the Immigration Security Dilemma’, Political Science Quarterly, 121(1), 2006, pp. 1–32. 9. The first quote is from European Parliament, Doc. P6_TA (2008)0474, Resolution of October 09, 2008 on Arctic Governance,item 13, at http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?type=TA&reference=P6-TA-2008-0474&language=EN (Accessed February 26, 2013); the last two are from Scott Borgerson, ‘Arctic Meltdown: The Economic and Security Implications of Global Warming’, Foreign Affairs, 87(2), 2008, pp. 63–77, at pp. 73, 71. 10. Ilulissat Declaration, May 28, 2008 at http://oceanlaw.org/downloads/arctic/Ilulissat_Declaration.pdf (Accessed February 26, 2013). 11. For an in-depth discussion of Antarctic governance, including relationships between external (UN) interest and regional measures concerning science, resource management, tourism and environmental protection, see Olav Schram Stokke and Davor Vidas (eds.), Governing the Antarctic: The Effectiveness and Legitimacy of the Antarctic Treaty System, Cambridge University Press, 1996. 12. J. Juo, China News Service, March 5, 2010, translated and cited by Linda Jakobson and Jingchao Peng, ‘China's Arctic Aspirations’, SIPRI Policy Paper, 34, 2012, Stockholm, p. 15. 13. On those discourses, see Vijay Sakhuja, ‘India and the Changing Arctic’, presentation at the Arctic Frontiers conference in Tromsø, Norway, January 24, 2013, at http://arctic-frontiers.com/index.php?option=com_docman&task=cat_view&gid=299&Itemid=433&lang=en (Accessed February 26, 2013). 14. Uttam Sinha, ‘The Arctic: an Antithesis’, Strategic Analysis, 37(1), January–February 2013, pp. 34–39. 15. Guy Faulconbride, ‘Russian Navy Boss Warns of China's Race for Arctic’, Reuters, October 4, 2010, at http://www.reuters.com/article/2010/10/04/russia-arctic-idAFLDE6931GL20101004 (Accessed February 26, 2013). 16. See Olav Schram Stokke, ‘Regime Interplay in Arctic Shipping Governance: Explaining Regional Niche Selection’, International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics, 13(1), 2013, pp. 65–85. 17. Leigh Phillips, ‘Arctic Council Rejects EU's Observer Application’, EU Observer.com, April 30, 2009, at http://euobserver.com/885/28043 (Accessed February 26, 2013). 18. See for instance the discussion in Canada as an Arctic Power: Preparing for the Canadian Chairmanship of the Arctic Council. Walter and Duncan Gordon Foundation, 2012, at http://www.gordonfoundation.ca/publication/531 (Accessed February 26, 2013). 19. Arctic Council Rules of Procedure, 1998, Article 5, at www.arctic-council.org (Accessed February 26, 2013). 20. Ibid., Article 38.