On the Myth of the Connection Between the Holocaust and the Creation of Israel
2008; Taylor & Francis; Volume: 14; Issue: 3 Linguagem: Inglês
10.1080/13537120802127721
ISSN1743-9086
Autores Tópico(s)Middle East Politics and Society
ResumoClick to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Notes 1. Chaim Arlosoroff, Yoman Yerushalayim (ed. Z e'ev Sherf), Tel Aviv, 1949, pp. 333–342 (Hebrew). 2. Chaim Weizmann, The Zionist Movement 1916–1931, London, 1931, p. 16. 3. For the text of the 1939 White Paper, see John N. Moore (ed.), The Arab–Israel Conflict, Vol. III (Documents), Princeton, NJ, 1974, pp. 210–221; Michael J. Cohen, Palestine: Retreat from the Mandate. The Making of British Policy, 1936–45, London, 1978, pp. 66–87. 4. Statement of the Jewish Agency, 17. May 1939, in Moore, The Arab–Israeli Conflict, pp. 222–224. 5. David Ben-Gurion, Bamaarakha, Vol. II, Tel Aviv, 1957, pp. 188–189 (Hebrew). For further expressions of the gradual radicalization of Ben-Gurion's position at that time see Yehuda Bauer, From Diplomacy to Resistance, A History of Jewish Palestine 1939–1945, New York, 1973, pp. 43–51. 6. Bauer, From Diplomacy to Resistance, pp. 231–233. 7. January 1942, see The Letters and Papers of Chaim Weizmann, Series B, Papers, Vol. II (1932–1952), New Brunswick, NJ and Jerusalem, 1984, pp. 448–462. 8. See Jehuda Reinharz, Zionism and the Great Powers: A Century of Foreign Policy, The Leo Baeck Memorial Lecture no. 38, New York 1994; Joseph Heller, The Birth of Israel 1945–1949: Ben-Gurion and His Critics, Gainesville, FL, et al., 2000, pp. 21–35. 9. Abraham Tulin (ed.), Book of Documents submitted to the General Assembly of the United Nations relating to the establishment of the National Home for the Jewish People, New York, May 1947, pp. 226–227. 10. Minutes of the Extraordinary Zionist Conference, Central Zionist Archives, Z5/3488-89-90. Ben-Gurion's speech was published in David Ben-Gurion, Rebirth and Destiny of Israel, New York, 1954, pp. 113–132. 11. See Yehuda Bauer, 'When Did They Know?', Midstream, April 1968, pp. 51–58; Tuvia Friling, Arrows in the Dark, David Ben-Gurion, the Yishuv Leadership and Rescue Attempts during the Holocaust, Vol. 1, Madison, WI, 2005, pp. 52–61. 12. See Yehuda Bauer, Jewish Reactions to the Holocaust, Tel Aviv, 1989; Henri Feingold, Bearing Witness: how America and the Jews responded to the Holocaust, Syracuse, NY, 1995. 13. See Wm. Roger Louis, 'British Imperialism and the End of the Palestine Mandate', in Wm. Roger Louis and Robert W. Stookey (eds.), The End of the Palestine Mandate, Austin, TX, 1986, especially p. 7. In general, see Michael J. Cohen, Palestine and the Great Powers 1945–1948, Princeton, NJ, 1982. 14. See Zvi Ganin, Truman, American Jewry, and Israel 1945–1948, New York, 1979, pp. 2–8; Heller, The Birth of Israel, pp. 113–148. 15. See Evyatar Friesel, 'Towards Partition: The Goldmann Mission in Washington, August 1946', in Mark A. Raider (ed.), Nahum Goldmann, Statesman without a State, New York, forthcoming in 2009. 16. See David Horowitz, State in the Making, New York, 1953, pp. 126–145. 17. See Tulin (ed.), Book of Documents, pp. 238–242, 304–308. 18. Besides Tulin also see The Jewish Agency for Palestine, The Jewish Case before the Anglo-American Commission of Inquiry on Palestine, Statements and Memoranda, Jerusalem, 1947; Jewish Agency for Palestine, The Jewish Plan for Palestine, Memoranda and Statements presented … to the United Nations Special Committee on Palestine, Jerusalem, 1947. 19. For a general background of the theme see chapter IV, 'Arab Nationalism, the United States and Post-war Imperialism', in: Wm. Robert Louis, The British Empire in the Middle East 1945–1951, Arab Nationalism, the United States and Post-war Imperialism, Oxford, 1984. 20. Cohen, Palestine and the Great Powers, pp. 119, 193–194. 21. Cohen, Palestine and the Great Powers, p. 225; Williams, 'British Imperialism', p. 225; Williams, 'British Imperialism', pp. 13–19. 22. Williams, 'British Imperialism', p. 13; letter of Nachum Goldmann to David Ben-Gurion, 18 September 1945, in Yehoshua Freundlich (ed.), Political Documents of the Jewish Agency, Vol. I (May 1945–December1946), Jerusalem, 1996, pp. 115–117. 23. Louis, The British Empire in the Middle East, pp. 464–494. 24. Cohen, Palestine and the Great Powers, p. 261; for the full text of Gromyko's declaration, see United Nations, Plenary Meetings of the General Assembly, Official Records, UN, First Special Session, 77 th Plenary meeting, Vol. 1, 14. May 1947, pp. 127–135. 25. British reactions are lucidly described in Louis, The British Empire in the Middle East, pp. 464–494. Detailed descriptions from the time are found in Jacob Robinson, Palestine and the United Nations, Washington 1947; Joseph J. Zasloff, Great Britain and Palestine—A Study of the Problem Before the United Nations, New York, 1952; Leonard L. Leonard, 'The United Nations and Palestine', International Conciliation, No. 454 (October 1949), pp. 603–786; Horowitz, State in the Making; Eliahu Elath, The Struggle for Statehood: Washington, 1945–1948, Vol. 2, Tel Aviv, 1979 (Hebrew). 26. Robinson, Palestine and the United Nations, p. 248. 27. On 8 May and 12 May 1947—see Meron Medzini (ed.), Israel's Foreign Relations. Selected Documents 1947–1974, Vol. I, Jerusalem, 1976, pp. 25–38. 28. United Nations, Official Records, Supplement 11, UNSCOP. Report to the General Assembly, Vol. III. Annex A: Oral Evidence Presented at Public Meetings, Lake Success, NY, 1947, p. 15. 29. For excerpts of the UNSCOP report see Moore, Arab–Israeli Conflict, III, pp. 259–312. Interesting descriptions of the Zionists and their contacts with UNSCOP are found in David Horowitz, State in Making, New York, 1953; Eliahu Elath, The Struggle for Statehood: Washington, 1945–1948, Vol. 3, Tel Aviv, 1979 (Hebrew). 30. UNSCOP, Suppl. 11. The oral evidence runs for 240 large-type pages. 31. UNSCOP, Suppl. 11. The oral evidence runs for 240 large-type pages, p. 132. 32. Report to the General Assembly by the United Nations Special Committee on Palestine, Geneva, Switzerland, 31 August 1947, London, 1947, pp. 71–72. See also the arguments of Jorge Garcia-Granados (Guatemala) and Enrico R. Fabregat (Uruguay), who voted against principle XII—ibid., pp. 23–24, 48–49. 33. Statement of the Jewish Agency Executive, 13 November 1945, in Political Documents of the Jewish Agency, Vol. I, p. 202, see also pp. 203–215; Heller, The Birth of Israel, p. 117. 34. There is a large literature describing the positions of the diverse delegations and the efforts from different sides to influence the final vote. See the copious material from October–November 1947 in Political Documents of the Jewish Agency, vol. II, January—November 1947, Nana Sagi (ed.), Jerusalem, 1998; Hurewitz, Palestine, pp. 253–312; John Snetsinger, Truman, the Jewish Vote and the Creation of Israel, Stanford, CA, 1974, pp. 66–72; Ganin, Truman, American Jewry, and Israel, chapter IX; Wm. Roger Louis, The British Empire, pp. 485–487; Edward B. Glick, Latin America and the Palestine Problem, New York, 1958, pp. 78–122; Raanan Rein, Argentina, Israel, and the Jews. From the Partition of Palestine to the Eichmann Affair, Tel Aviv, 2002, pp. 17–44. 35. Louis, The British Empire in the Middle East, p. 395. 36. October 1947, The Letters and Papers of Chaim Weizmann, Series A, Letters, Vol. XXIII, Jerusalem, 1980, p. 23. 37. Cohen, Palestine and the Great Powers, p. 261; also UN, Official Records: Second Special Session, Ad Hoc Committee on the Palestine Question, 13 October 1947, pp. 69–71; 125th plenary meeting, 26 November 1947, pp. 1360–1361. 38. Adam B. Ulam, Expansion and Coexistence: The History of Soviet Foreign Policy 1917–1967, New York, 1968, p. 584. That view, expressed in the 1960s, has remained the consensus among researchers. See, among others, Yaacov Ro'i, 'Soviet–Israeli Relations, 1947–1954', in Michael Confino and Shimon Shamir (eds.), The USSR and the Middle East, Jerusalem, 1973, pp. 123–146; Oles M. Smolansky, 'The Soviet Role in the Emergence of Israel', in Louis and Stookey (eds.), The End of the Palestine Mandate, pp. 61–78; Gabriel Gorodetsky, 'The Soviet Union's Role in the Creation of the State of Israel', The Journal of Israeli History, Vol. 22, No. 1 (Spring 2003), pp. 4–20. Nevertheless, the Americans did not believe that the Soviet Union would support partition. See FRUS, 1947, Vol. V, 15 September 1947, p. 1148; 30 September 1947, p. 1169, point 9. 39. See, among many other works, Peter L. Hahn, Caught in the Middle East, U.S. Policy toward the Arab–Israeli Conflict, 1945–61, Chapel Hill, NC and London, 2004; Ganin, Truman, American Jewry, and Israel; Louis, The British Empire in the Middle East, part IV. 40. See Benjamin Shwadran, The Middle East, Oil and the Great Powers, New York, 1973, pp. 318–347. 41. 'Ambivalence: Truman's Policy toward Palestine, 1945–1947', is the title of the pertinent chapter in Hahn's, Caught in the Middle East. 42. See Ganin, Truman, American Jewry, and Israel, pp. 49–79; Cohen, Palestine and the Great Powers, chapters 5–6. 43. Robinson, Palestine and the United Nations, p. v. 44. See Williams, The British Empire, pp. 478–485; see the discussion of the American delegation on the Palestine question, 15 September 1947, Foreign Relations of the United States 1947, Vol. V, Washington DC, 1971, pp. 1147–1151; internal memorandum, 22 September 1947, ibid., pp. 1153–1158; Memorandum of Dept. of State, 30 September 1947, ibid., pp. 1166–1170; see also ibid., pp. 1202–1207; for President Truman's position, see 24 November 1947, ibid., pp. 1283–1284. 45. For the 29 November 1947 resolution of the United Nations (Res. 181 (II)), see Moore, The Arab–Israel Conflict, III, pp. 313–319. 46. Ben Halpern, The Idea of the Jewish State, Cambridge, MA, 1961, p. 375. 47. FRUS 1948, vol. 5, part 2, pp. 545–554; also pp. 631–632. 48. 'America's Retreat from Partition', is the name of the pertinent chapter (chapter X) in Ganin's Truman, American Jewry, and Israel. 49. Besides Ganin's detailed analysis, see also Peter Grose, 'The President versus the Diplomats', in Louis and Stookey (eds.), The End of the Palestine Mandate, pp. 32–60; FRUS, 1948, Washington 1976, pp. 744–746, 753, 776–777. 50. For instance, Secretary of State George Marshall had seemingly only hazy knowledge about Jewish Palestine. On 12 May 1948, during a deliberation with President Truman and others, Marshall stated with regard to David Ben-Gurion (this three days before the independence of Israel): 'I did not even know that such a person existed'. See FRUS, 1948, Vol. V, part 2, p. 974. One is tempted to ask, what did the American Secretary of State actually know about Palestine? 51. See the correspondence between the Israeli government and Bernadotte during July 1948, in Folke Bernadotte of Wisborg, To Jerusalem, London, 1951, pp. 149–158; also Joseph Heller, 'The Failure of a Mission: Bernadotte and Palestine 1948', Journal of Contemporary History, Vol. 14, No. 3 (1979), pp. 513–534. 52. Walter Eytan, The First Ten Years: A Diplomatic History of Israel, New York, 1958, pp. 1–2.
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