Portal de Periódicos da CAPES

An Uncertain Trumpet? India's Role in Southeast Asian Security

2013; Routledge; Volume: 12; Issue: 3 Linguagem: Inglês

10.1080/14736489.2013.820985

1557-3036

C. Raja Mohan,

International Relations and Foreign Policy

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Notes 1. “ASEAN Wants India's Help in China Disputes”, South China Morning Post, December 21, 2012, http://www.scmp.com/news/asia/article/1109717/asean-wants-indias-help-china-disputes. See also Vision Statement: ASEAN-India Commemorative Summit (New Delhi: ASEAN, December 20, 2012), http://www.asean.org/images/2012/news/documents/Final%20version%20of%20ASEAN-india%20vision%20statement.pdf. 2. Christopher Bayly and Tim Harper, Forgotten Wars: The End of Britain's Asian Empire (London: Allen Lane, 2007). 3. K.M. Panikkar, The Future of South-East Asia: An Indian View (New York: Macmillan, 1943), pp. 11–12. 4. See Christophe Jaffrelot, “India's Look East Policy: An Asianist Strategy in Perspective,” India Review Vol. 2, No. 2 (2003), pp. 35–68. 5. Stephen Hay, Asian Ideas of East and West: Tagore and his Critics in China and Japan (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1970); Rustom Bharucha, Another Asia: Rabindranath Tagore & Okakura Tenshin (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2006). 6. For a recent analysis, see, Susan Bayly, “Imagining ‘Greater India’: French and Indian Visions of Colonialism in the Indic Mode,” Modern Asian Studies Vol. 38, No. 3 (2004), pp. 703–744. 7. See H. Venkatasubbiah, “Prospects for an Asian Union,” India Quarterly Vol. 5 (April–June 1949), pp. 99–112 and pp. 212–228.; G. D. Deshingkar, “The Construction of Asia in India,” Asian Studies Review Vol. 23, No. 2 (1999), pp. 173–180. 8. For a recent scholarship on the issue, see See Seng Tan and Amitav Acharya, eds., Bandung Revisited: The Legacy of the 1955 Asian-African Conference for International Order (Singapore: NUS Press, 2008); Itty Abraham, “From Bandung to NAM: Non-Alignment and Indian Foreign Policy, 1947–65, “Commonwealth and Comparative Politics Vol. 46, No. 2 (April 2008), pp. 195–219. 9. For a discussion of Zhou's diplomacy in Bandung, see Guy Wint, “China and Asia,” China Quarterly Vol. 1 (1960), pp. 61–71. 10. T. A. Keenleyside, “Nationalist Indian Attitudes towards Asia: A Troublesome Legacy for Post-Independence Indian Foreign Policy,” Pacific Affairs Vol. 55, No. 2 (Summer 1982), pp. 210–30. 11. See Article III of the friendship treaty with Indonesia (dated March 3, 1951) and Article IV of the friendship treaty with Burma (dated July 7, 1951). 12. For a succinct historical analysis, see Kripa Sridharan, The ASEAN Region in India's Foreign Policy (Aldershot: Dartmouth Publishers, 1996). 13. For a review, see G. V. C. Naidu, The Indian Navy and Southeast Asia (New Delhi: Knowledge World, 2000). 14. Two examples are J. N. Dixit, My South Block Years (New Delhi: Konark, 1994) and C. Raja Mohan, Crossing the Rubicon: The Shaping of India's New Foreign Policy (New Delhi: Penguin, 2003) 15. Sandy Gordon and Stephen Henniggham, eds., India Looks East: An Emerging Power and its Asia-Pacific Neighbours (Canberra: Australian National University, 1995); Amitabh Mattoo and Frederic Grare, eds., India and Asean: The Politics of India's Look East Policy (New Delhi: Centre for Human Sciences, 2001); K. Raja Reddy, India and ASEAN: Foreign Policy Dimensions for the 21st Century (New Delhi: New Century, 2005). 16. “India Consumed by Superpower Mania: Report,” Times of India (New Delhi), December 1, 2006, http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-12-01/india/27805425_1_global-superpower-superpower-status-report. For a downplaying of this by Congress leader Sonia Gandhi and Prime Minister Manmohan Singh at the Hindustan Times Summit in New Delhi at the end of 2006, see Namita Bhandare, ed., India: The Next Global Superpower (New Delhi: Eastern Book Corporation, 2007). 17. Constitution of India, Part IV, Article 51, Directive Principles of State Policy, http://www.constitution.org/cons/india/p04.html 18. For a balanced assessment of India's motivations in taking the Kashmir question to the UNSC, see Chandrasekhar Dasgupta, War and Diplomacy in Kashmir, 1947–48 (New Delhi: Sage, 2002). 19. See Arthur Rubinoff, “The Multilateral Imperative in India's Foreign Policy,” Round Table Vol. 80, No. 319 (July 1991), pp. 313–334. 20. See Alexander O. Ghebhardt, “The Soviet System of Collective Security in Asia,” Asian Survey Vo. 13, No. 12 (December 1973), pp. 1075–1091; See also Arnold Horelick, “The Soviet Union's Asian Collective Security Proposal: A Club in Search of Members,” Pacific Affairs Vol. 47, No. 3 (1974), pp. 269–285. See also, Elizabeth Wishnick, “Soviet Asian Collective Security Policy from Brezhnev to Gorbachev,” East Asia Vol. 7, No. 3 (September 1988), pp. 3–28. 21. For a recent review of the Indian attitudes, see, C. Raja Mohan, “India and the Asian Security Architecture,” in Michael J. Green and Bates Gill, eds., Asia's New Multilateralism: Cooperation, Competition, and the Search for Community (New York: Columbia University Press, 2009), pp. 128–153. 22. For an explication of this rationale on inviting India, see the speech by Singapore's Senior Minister Goh Chok Tong, “Constructing East Asia,” Speech by Goh Chok Tong, Asia Society, 15th Corporate Conference, Bangkok, June 9, 2005, http://sites.asiasociety.org/conference05/goh.html. 23. For example at the Seventh East Asia Summit in Phnom Penh, November 2012, Prime Minister Manmohan Singh urged the member states to “create an open, balanced, inclusive and rule-based architecture in the region for our collective security, stability and prosperity.” See Statement by Prime Minister Manmohan Singh accessible via http://www.mea.gov.in. 24. See Pranab Mukherjee, concluding address to the Seventh Asian Security Conference, Institute of Defense Studies and Analyses, New Delhi, January 29, 2005, http://www.idsa.in/node/1554; and Siddharth Varadarajan, “Asian Interests and the Myth of Balance,” The Hindu, December 13, 2005, http://www.hindu.com/2005/12/13/stories/2005121301771000.htm. 25. See for example the Prime Minister Manmohan Singh's statement that Tenth India-Asean Summit, Phnom Penh, November 2012: “We believe that ASEAN centrality is essential in the evolving regional architecture for peace, stability, development and prosperity.” Accessible via http://www.mea.gov.in. 26. See David Martin Jones and Michael L. R. Smith, “Constructing Communities: The Curious Case of East Asian Regionalism,” Review of International Studies Vol. 33, No. 1 (2007), pp. 165–186; for a more optimistic view of Asian regionalism led by the Asean, see Amitav Acharya, Constructing a Security Community in Southeast Asia: ASEAN and the Problem of Regional Order (London: Routledge, 2000). 27. Evelyn Goh, “Great Powers and Hierarchical Order in Southeast Asia: Analyzing Regional Security Strategies,” International Security Vol. 32, No. 3 (Winter 2007/2008), pp. 113–157. 28. Kishore Mahbubani, The New Asian Hemisphere: The Irresistible Shift of Global Power to the East (New York: Public Affairs, 2008), pp. 84–85. 29. Donald E. Weatherbee, “Three Minus ASEAN: The Dazaifu Summit”, in PAC Net Newsletter No. 2 (Honolulu, Hawaii: CSIS Pacific Forum, January 9, 2009). See also Joint Study Report for an FTA Among China, Japan and Korea, December 2011, http://www.mofa.go.jp. 30. The full text of the Rudd Speech is at Asia Society, Sydney, June 4, 2008, http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au. See also Rudd's Singapore lecture, Building on ASEAN's Success—Towards an Asia Pacific Century, August 12, 2008, http://www.pm.gov.au. 31. Jusuf Wanandi, “Indonesia's Foreign Policy and the Meaning of ASEAN”, PacNet No. 27 (May 15, 2008), http://csis.org/files/media/csis/pubs/pac0827.pdf 32. Sebastian Strangio, “Cambodia as divide and rule pawn”, Asia Times Online, July 18, 2012, http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Southeast_Asia/NG18Ae03.html 33. For the unfolding debate within the Asean on its central role, see Benjamin Ho, Asean's Centrality in a Rising Asia (Singapore: RSIS Working Paper, No. 249, September 2012). 34. C. Raja Mohan, “India and the Balance of Power,” Foreign Affairs Vol. 85, No. 4 (July/August 2006), pp. 17–32. 35. For a good overview, see John Garver, Protracted Contest: Sino-Indian Rivalry in the 20th Century (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2002) 36. For an assessment of the recent positive evolution of Sino-Indian relations, see C. V. Ranganathan, ed., Panchsheel and the Future: Perspectives on India-China Relations (New Delhi: Samskriti, 2005). 37. For a review of recent developments in Sino-Indian relations, see Amardeep Athwal, China-India Relations: Contemporary Dynamics (London: Routledge, 2007); and David Scott, “Sino-Indian Security Predicaments for the Twenty First Century,” Asian Security Vol. 4, No. 3 (2008), pp. 244–270. See also Jonathan Holslag, “China, India and the Military Security Dilemma,” BICCS Background Papers Vol. 3, No. 5 (2008), http://www.vub.ac.be/biccs/documents/APaper_BICCS_2008_China%20India%20Security%20Dilemma.pdf 38. C. Raja Mohan, Impossible Allies: Nuclear India, United States and the Global Order (New Delhi: India Research Press, 2006). See also P. R. Chari, ed., Indo-U.S. Nuclear Deal: A Case Study in Indo-US Relations (New Delhi: Routledge, 2009). 39. Robert Blackwill, who played a key role shaping U.S. policy towards India under Bush underlined the importance of the China factor in Washington's calculus. See his Future of U.S.-India Relations (New Delhi: Confederation of Indian Industry, May 5, 2009), an edited text of which is available on the webpages of the Financial Times, http://www.ft.com. 40. C. Raja Mohan, “President Barack Obama, the United States and the Sino-Indian Balance,” ISAS Insights No. 46 (2009), http://www.isas.nus.edu.sg/Attachments/PublisherAttachment/ISAS_Insights_47_21102009213409.pdf 41. See for example, Sunil Khilnani, Rajiv Kumar, Pratap Bhanu Mehta, Lt. Gen. (Retd.) Prakash Menon, Nandan Nilekani, Srinath Raghavan, Shyam Saran, and Siddharth Varadarajan, Non-Alignment 2.0: A Foreign and Strategic Policy for India in the Twenty First Century (India: Centre for Policy Research, 2012), http://www.cprindia.org/sites/default/files/NonAlignment%202.0_1.pdf 42. For a summary of the Indian response see C. Raja Mohan, “India: Between ‘Strategic Autonomy’ and ‘Geopolitical Opportunity,’” Asia Policy No. 15 (January 2013), pp. 21–25. 43. For a recent review, see, N. S. Sisodia and G. V. C. Naidu, eds., India-Japan Relations: Partnership for Peace and Security in Asia (New Delhi: Institute for Defense Studies and Analyses, 2006). 44. For a review of the changing India-Japan partnership, see Madhuchanda Ghosh, “India and Japan's Growing Synergy: From a Political to a Strategic Focus,” Asian Survey Vol. 48 No. 2 (2008), pp. 282–302; see also Purnendra Jain, “Westward Ho! Japan Eyes India Strategically,” Japanese Studies Vol. 28, No. 1 (May 2008), pp. 15–30; Joshy M. Paul, “India and Japan: Reluctant Idealism to Practical Realism,” South Asian Survey Vol. 15, No. 1 (2008), pp. 99–119; and Joshy M Paul, “India-Japan Security Cooperation: A New Era of Partnership in Asia”, Maritime Affairs Vol. 8, No. 1 (2012), pp. 31–50. 45. See Joint Statement on Prime Minister's Visit to Japan (New Delhi: Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India, May 29, 2013), http://www.mea.gov.in. 46. For a former Indian official's perspective on the security dimensions of India's Look East policy, see, Sudhir Devare, India and Southeast Asia: Towards Security Convergence (Singapore: Institute for Southeast Asian Studies, 2006). 47. See, Udai Bhanu Singh, “India and Southeast Asia: Enhanced Defense and Strategic Ties,” in N. S. Sisodia and Sreeradha Datta, eds., Changing Security Dynamics in Southeast Asia (New Delhi: Magnum, 2008), pp. 329–345. 48. See Pankaj Kumar Jha, “India's Defence Diplomacy in Southeast Asia,” Journal of Defence Studies Vol. 5, No. 1 (January 2011), pp. 47–63. 49. Christian Caryl, “Asia's Dangerous Divide: Beijing and Washington Are Building New Alliances Throughout the Continent,” Newsweek International, September 10, 2007, http://www.thedailybeast.com/newsweek/2007/09/09/asia-s-dangerous-divide.html; Praful Bidwai, “Five Nation Drill Presages Asian NATO,” InterPress Service, September 10, 2007, http://www.ipsnews.net/2007/09/politics-five-nation-naval-drill-presages-39asian-nato39/ 50. See Gurpreet Khurana, “Indian Ocean Naval Symposium: Where From … Whither Bound?”, IDSA Strategic Comments, February 22, 2008, http://www.idsa.in. 51. See, for example, Vijay Sakhuja, ed., Reinvigorating IOR-ARC (New Delhi: Pentagon Press, 2012). 52. For a broad discussion of India's security politics in East and Southeast Asia, see David Scott, “Strategic Imperatives of India as an Emerging Player in Pacific Asia,” International Studies Vol. 44, No. 2 (April/June 2007), pp. 121–140. See also Harsh Pant, “India in the Asia-Pacific: Rising Ambitions with an Eye on Rising China,” Asia Pacific Review Vol. 14, No. 1 (2007), pp. 54–71; and Sudha Ramachandran, “Indian Navy pumps up eastern muscle,” Asia Times Online, August 20, 2011, http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/MH20Df02.html 53. See David Brewster, “India's Strategic Partnership with Vietnam: The Search for a Diamond on the South China Sea?” Asian Security Vol. 5, No. 1 (January 2009), pp. 24–44. 54. See Vinay Kumar, “We'll Send Force to Protect Our Interests in South China Sea, Says Navy Chief,” Hindu, December 4, 2012, http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/well-send-force-to-protect-our-interests-in-south-china-sea-says-navy-chief/article4160784.ece; Ananth Krishnan, “Media Needs to ‘More Accurately Reflect Ties,’ Says Menon After Navy Chief's Comment,” Hindu, December 6, 2012; Indrani Bagchi, “ASEAN Nations Lap Up Navy Chief's South China Sea Comment,” Times of India, December 18, 2012, http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-18/india/35889449_1_south-china-sea-dai-bingguo-president-aquino 55. James R. Holmes, “Inside, Outside: India's Exterior Lines in the South China Sea,” Strategic Analysis Vol. 36, No. 3 (2012), pp. 358–363; see also Arun Prakash, “Where Are Our Ships Bound,” Indian Express, October 1, 2011, http://www.indianexpress.com/news/where-are-our-ships-bound-/854100/ 56. David Brewster, India as an Asia Pacific Power (London: Routledge, 2012), pp. 163–164.