Portal de Periódicos da CAPES

Regulation of glucose metabolism by sympathochromaffin catecholamines

1988; Wiley; Volume: 4; Issue: 1 Linguagem: Inglês

10.1002/dmr.5610040104

1099-0895

William E. Clutter, Robert A. Rizza, John E. Gerich, Philip E. Cryer,

Neuropeptides and Animal Physiology

Diabetes/Metabolism ReviewsVolume 4, Issue 1 p. 1-15 Hypoglycemia and Counterregulation Regulation of glucose metabolism by sympathochromaffin catecholamines William E. Clutter, William E. Clutter Metabolism Division, Department of Medicine, and General Clinical Research Center and Diabetes Research and Training Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MissouriSearch for more papers by this authorRobert A. Rizza, Robert A. Rizza Endocrine Research Unit, Department of Medicine and Physiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MinnesotaSearch for more papers by this authorJohn E. Gerich, John E. Gerich Endocrine Research Unit, Department of Medicine and Physiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MinnesotaSearch for more papers by this authorPhilip E. Cryer, Corresponding Author Philip E. Cryer Metabolism Division, Department of Medicine, and the General Research Center and Diabetes Research and Training Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MissouriMetabolism Division, Department of Medicine, and the General Research Center and Diabetes Research and Training Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MissouriSearch for more papers by this author William E. Clutter, William E. Clutter Metabolism Division, Department of Medicine, and General Clinical Research Center and Diabetes Research and Training Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MissouriSearch for more papers by this authorRobert A. Rizza, Robert A. Rizza Endocrine Research Unit, Department of Medicine and Physiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MinnesotaSearch for more papers by this authorJohn E. Gerich, John E. Gerich Endocrine Research Unit, Department of Medicine and Physiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MinnesotaSearch for more papers by this authorPhilip E. Cryer, Corresponding Author Philip E. Cryer Metabolism Division, Department of Medicine, and the General Research Center and Diabetes Research and Training Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MissouriMetabolism Division, Department of Medicine, and the General Research Center and Diabetes Research and Training Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MissouriSearch for more papers by this author First published: February 1988 https://doi.org/10.1002/dmr.5610040104Citations: 53AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat References 1 Bernard C: An Introduction to the Study of Experimental Medicine, 1865 (English translation by HC Greene, Macmillan and Co., Ltd., 1927; reprinted by Dover Publications, Inc., New York, 1957). Google Scholar 2 Feldberg W, Pyke D, and Stubbs WA: Hypergly-caemia: imitating Claude Bernard's piqure with drugs. J Auton Nerv Syst 14: 213–228, 1985. 10.1016/0165-1838(85)90111-0 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 3 Cori CF, and Buchwald KW: Effect of continuous intravenous injection of epinephrine on the carbohydrate metabolism, basal metabolism and vascular system of normal men. Am J Physiol 95: 71–78, 1930. 10.1152/ajplegacy.1930.95.1.71 CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar 4 Cryer PE: Catecholamines and metabolism. Am J Physiol 247: E1–E3, 1984. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 5 Shah SD, Tse TF, Clutter WE, and Cryer PE: The human sympathochromaffin system. Am J Physiol 247: E380–E384, 1984. 10.1152/ajpendo.1984.247.3.E380 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 6 Cryer PE: Diseases of the sympathochromaffin system. In Endocrinology and Metabolism, 2nd ed., edited by P Felig, J Baxter, A Broadus, L Frohman, McGraw-Hill, New York, in Press. Google Scholar 7 Cryer PE: Glucose homeostasis and hypoglycemia. In Williams Textbook of Endocrinology, 7th ed., edited by DW Foster, and JD Wilson, W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia, PA, 1985, pp 989–1017. Google Scholar 8 Macdonald IA, Bennett T, and Fellows IW: Catecholamines and the control of metabolism in man. Clin Sci 68: 613–619, 1985. 10.1042/cs0680613 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 9 Cryer PE, and Gerich JE: Glucose counterregulation, hypoglycemia, and intensive therapy of diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 313: 232–241, 1985. 10.1056/NEJM198507253130405 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 10 Cryer PE, White NH, and Santiago JV: The relevance of glucose counterregulatory systems to patients with insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. Endocr Rev 71: 131–139, 1986. 10.1210/edrv-7-2-131 Web of Science®Google Scholar 11 Hoelzer DR, Dalsky GP, Schwartz NS, Clutter WE, Shah SD, Holloszy JO, and Cryer PE: Epinephrine is not critical to prevention of hypoglycemia during exercise in humans. Am J Physiol 251: E104–E110, 1986. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 12 Goldstein DS, Zimlichman R, Stull R, Folio J, Levinson PD, Keiser HR, and Kopin JJ: Measurement of regional neuronal removal of norepinephrine in man. J Clin Invest 76: 15–21, 1985. 10.1172/JCI111939 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 13 Linares O, Zech L, Rosen S, Morrow L, and Halter J: Differential effects of desipramine on norepinephrine removal from vascular and extra-vascular compartments in humans. Abstract. Clin Res 34: 402A, 1986. Google Scholar 14 Christensen NJ, Galbo H, Gjerris A, Henriksen JH, Hilsted J, Kjaer M, and Ring-Larsen H: Whole body and regional clearances of noradrenaline and adrenaline in man. Acta Physiol Scand 527 (Suppl): 17–20, 1984. CASPubMedGoogle Scholar 15 Esler MD, Hasking GJ, Willett IR, Leonard PW, and Jennings GL: Noradrenaline release and sympathetic nervous system activity. J Hypertens 3: 117–129, 1985. 10.1097/00004872-198504000-00003 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 16 Halter JB, Pflug AE, and Tolas AG: Arterial-venous differences of plasma catecholamines in man. Metabolism 29: 9–12, 1980. 10.1016/0026-0495(80)90090-6 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 17 Hjemdahl P, Freychuss U, Juhlin-Dannfelt A, and Linde B: Differentiated sympathetic activation during mental stress evoked by Stroop test. Acta Physiol Scand 527 (Suppl): 25–29, 1984. CASPubMedGoogle Scholar 18 Young JB, Rosa RM, and Landsberg L: Dissociation of sympathetic nervous system and adrenal medullary responses. Am J Physiol 247: E35–E40, 1984. 10.1152/ajpendo.1984.247.1.E35 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 19 Weaver LC, Fry HK, and Meckler RL: Differential renal and splenic nerve responses to vagal and spinal afferent inputs. Am J Physiol 246: R78–R87, 1984. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 20 Vallbo AB, Hagborth KE, Torebjork HE, and Wallin BG: Somatosensory, proprioceptive and sympathetic activity in human peripheral nerves. Physiol Rev 59: 919–957, 1979. 10.1152/physrev.1979.59.4.919 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 21 Cryer PE: Physiology and pathophysiology of the human sympathoadrenal neuroendocrine system. N Engl J Med 303: 436–444, 1980. 10.1056/NEJM198008213030806 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 22 Santiago JV, Clarke WL, Shah SD, and Cryer PE: Epinephrine, norepinephrine, glucagon and growth hormone release in association with physiologic decrements in the plasma glucose concentration in normal and diabetic man. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 51: 877–883, 1980. 10.1210/jcem-51-4-877 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 23 Molinoff PB: α- and β-adrenergic receptor subtypes: properties, distribution and regulation. Drugs 28 (Suppl 2): 1–15, 1984. 10.2165/00003495-198400282-00002 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 24 Lefkowitz RJ, and Caron MG: Adrenergic receptors: molecular mechanisms of clinical relevant regulation. Clin Res 33: 395–406, 1985. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 25 Sibley DR, and Lefkowitz RJ: Molecular mechanisms of receptor desensitization using the β-adrenergic receptor-coupled adenylate cyclase system as a model. Nature 317: 124–129, 1985. 10.1038/317124a0 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 26 Gilman AG: Guanine nucleotide-binding regulatory proteins and dual control of adenylate cyclase. J Clin Invest 73: 1–4, 1984. 10.1172/JCI111179 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 27 Exton JH: Role of calcium and phosphoinositides in the actions of certain hormones and neurotransmitters. J Clin Invest 75: 1753–1757, 1985. 10.1172/JCI111886 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 28 Tohmeh JF, and Cryer PE: Biphasic adrenergic modulation of β-adrenergic receptors in man: agonist induced early increment and late decrement in β-adrenergic receptor number. J Clin Invest 65: 836–840, 1980. 10.1172/JCI109735 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 29 Butler J, Kelly JG, O'Malley K, and Pidgeon F: β-Adrenoreceptor adaptation to acute exercise. J Physiol (London) 344: 113–117, 1983. 10.1113/jphysiol.1983.sp014927 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 30 Brodde O-E, Daul A, and O'Hara N: β-Adreno-receptor changes in human lymphocytes induced by dynamic exercise. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch Pharmacol 325: 190–192, 1984. 10.1007/BF00506201 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 31 Burman KD, Ferguson EW, Djuh Y-Y, Wartofsky L, and Latham K: Beta receptors in peripheral mononuclear cells increase acutely during exercise. Acta Endocrinol 109: 563–568, 1985. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 32 Ginsberg AM, Clutter WE, Shah SD, and Cryer PE: Triiodothyronine induced thyrotoxicosis mononuclear leukocyte β-adrenergic receptor density in man. J Clin Invest 67: 1785–1791, 1981. 10.1172/JCI110218 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 33 Clutter WE, Bier DM, Shah SD, and Cryer PE: Epinephrine plasma metabolic clearance rates and physiologic thresholds for metabolic and hemodynamic actions in man. J Clin Invest 66: 94–101, 1980. 10.1172/JCI109840 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 34 Silverberg AB, Shah SD, Haymond MW, and Cryer PE: Norepinephrine: hormone and neurotransmitter in man. Am J Physiol 234: E252–E256, 1978. 10.1152/ajpendo.1978.234.3.E252 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 35 Andersson OK, Hedner T, Rea RF, and Wallin BG: Baroreflex modulation of human sympathetic activity. Abstract. Clin Res 34: 628A, 1986. Google Scholar 36 Altszuler N, Steele R, Rathgeb I, and DeBodo RC: Glucose metabolism and plasma insulin level during epinephrine infusion in the dog. Am J Physiol 212: 677–682, 1967. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 37 Rizza RA, Haymond MW, Cryer PE, and Gerich JE: Differential effects of physiologic concentrations of epinephrine on glucose production and disposal in man. Am J Physiol 237: E356–E362, 1979. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 38 Rizza RA, Haymond MW, Miles JM, Verdonk CH, Cryer PE, and Gerich JE: Effect of α-adrenergic stimulation and its blockade on glucose turnover in man. Am J Physiol 238: E467–E472, 1980. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 39 Rizza RA, Cryer PE, Haymond MW, and Gerich JE: Adrenergic mechanisms for the effect of epinephrine on glucose production and clearance in man. J Clin Invest 65: 682–689, 1980. 10.1172/JCI109714 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 40 Galster AD, Clutter WE, Cryer PE, Collins JA, and Bier DM: Epinephrine plasma thresholds for lipolytic effects in man: measurements of fatty acid transport with [1–13C]palmitic acid. J Clin Invest 67: 1729–1738, 1981. 10.1172/JCI110211 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 41 Gray DE, Lickley HLA, and Vranic M: Physiologic effects of epinephrine on glucose turnover and plasma free fatty acid concentrations mediated independently of glucagon. Diabetes 29: 600–608, 1980. 10.2337/diab.29.8.600 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 42 Deibert DC, and DeFronzo RA: Epinephrine-induced insulin resistance in man. J Clin Invest 65: 717–721, 1980. 10.1172/JCI109718 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 43 Rosen SG, Clutter WE, Shah SD, Miller JP, Bier DM, and Cryer PE: Direct α-adrenergic stimulation of hepatic glucose production in postabsorptive human subjects. Am J Physiol 245: E616–E626, 1983. 10.1152/ajpendo.1983.245.6.E616 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 44 Berk MA, Clutter WE, Skor DA, Shah SD, Gingerich RP, Parvin CA, and Cryer PE: Enhanced glycemic responsiveness to epinephrine in insulin dependent diabetes mellitus is the result of the inability to secrete insulin. J Clin Invest 75: 1842–1851, 1985. 10.1172/JCI111898 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 45 Schuit FC, and Pipeleers DG: Differences in adrenergic recognition by pancreatic A and B cells. Science 232: 875–877, 1986. 10.1126/science.2871625 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 46 Waern AU, Berne C, Wibell L, and Lithell H: Short term influence of a postsynaptic α-adrenoceptor blocking drug (prazosin) on carbohydrate metabolism. Acta Med Scand 665 (Suppl): 75–77, 1982. CASPubMedGoogle Scholar 47 Struthers AD, Brown DC, Brown MJ, Schumer B, and Bloom SR: Selective α2 receptor blockade facilitates the insulin response to adrenaline but not to glucose in man. Clin Endocrinol 23: 539–546, 1985. 10.1111/j.1365-2265.1985.tb01114.x CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 48 Gerich JE, Lorenzi M, Tsalikian E, and Karam JH: Studies on the mechanism of epinephrine-induced hyperglycemia in man. Diabetes 25: 65–71, 1976. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 49 Saccá L, Morrone G, Cicala M, Corso G, and Ungaro B: Influence of epinephrine, norepinephrine and isoproterenol on glucose homeostasis in normal man. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 50: 680–684, 1980. 10.1210/jcem-50-4-680 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 50 Rizza RA, Mandarino L, and Gerich JE: Dose-response characteristics for the effects of insulin on production and utilization of glucose in man. Am J Physiol 240: 630–639, 1981. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 51 Shamoon H, Hendler R, and Sherwin RS: Altered responsiveness to cortisol, epinephrine and glucagon in insulin-infused juvenil-onset diabetics. Diabetes 29: 284–291, 1980. 10.2337/diab.29.4.284 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 52 Perez G, Kemmer FW, Lickley HLA, and Vranic M: Importance of glucagon in mediating epinephrine-induced hyperglycemia in alloxan-diabetic dogs. Am J Physiol 241: E328–E335, 1981. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 53 Best JD, Ward WK, Pfeiffer MA, and Halter JB: Lack of a direct alpha-adrenergic effect of epinephrine on glucose metabolism in human subjects. Am J Physiol 246: E271–E276, 1984. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 54 Sherline P, Lynch A, and Glinsmann WH: Cyclic AMP and adrenergic receptor control of rat liver glycogen metabolism. Endocrinology 91: 680–690, 1972. 10.1210/endo-91-3-680 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 55 Morgan NG, Blackmore PF, and Exton JH: Age-related changes in the control of hepatic cyclic AMP levels by α1- and β2-adrenergic receptors in male rats. J Biol Chem 258: 5103–5109, 1983. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 56 Ishac EJN, and Kunos G: An arachidonate metabolite is involved in the conversion from α1- to β-adrenergic glycogenolysis in isolated rat liver cell. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 83: 53–57, 1986. 10.1073/pnas.83.1.53 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 57 Yorek MA, Rufo GA Jr., and Ray PD: Gluconeogenesis in rabbit liver. III. The influences of glucagon, epinephrine and α- and β-adrenergic agents on gluconeogenesis in isolated hepatocytes. Biochem Biophys Acta 632: 517–526, 1980. 10.1016/0304-4165(80)90328-1 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 58 Lum BKB, Lau Y-S, Buesa R, Lockwood RH, and Kuo S-H: Studies on the hyperglycemia and hepatic glycogenolysis produced by alpha and beta adrenergic agonists in the cat. Life Sci 26: 1195–1202, 1980. 10.1016/0024-3205(80)90063-6 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 59 Garceau D, Yamaguchi N, and Goyer R: Hepatic adrenoceptors involved in the glycogenolytic response to exogenous (-)norepinephrine in the dog liver in vivo. Life Sci 37: 1963–1970, 1985. 10.1016/0024-3205(85)90027-X CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 60 Steiner KE, Stevenson RW, Green DR, and Cherrington AD: Mechanism of epinephrine's glycogenolytic effect in isolated canine hepatocytes. Metabolism 34: 1020–1023, 1985. 10.1016/0026-0495(85)90073-3 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 61 Kawai Y, Powell A, and Arinze IJ: Adrenergic receptors in human liver plasma membranes: predominance of β2- and α1-receptor subtypes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 62: 827–832, 1986. 10.1210/jcem-62-5-827 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 62 Cherrington AD, Fuchs H, Stevenson RW, Williams PE, Alberti KGMM, and Steiner KE: Effect of epinephrine on glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis in conscious overnight-fasted dogs. Am J Physiol 247: E137–E144, 1984. 10.1152/ajpendo.1984.247.2.E137 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 63 Saccá L, Vigorito C, Cicala M, Corso G, and Sherwin RS: Role of gluconeogenesis in epinephrine-stimulated hepatic glucose production in humans. Am J Physiol 245: E294–E302, 1983. 10.1152/ajpendo.1983.245.3.E294 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 64 Saccá L, Vigorito C, Cicala M, Ungaro B, and Sherwin RS: Mechanisms of epinephrine-induced glucose intolerance in normal humans. J Clin Invest 69: 284–293, 1982. 10.1172/JCI110451 CASPubMedGoogle Scholar 65 Corrall RJM, Frier FM, Davidson NMcD, and French EB: Hormonal and substrate responses during recovery from hypoglycaemia in man during β1-selective and non-selective beta-adrenergic blockade. Eur J Clin Invest 11: 279–283, 1981. 10.1111/j.1365-2362.1981.tb02117.x CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 66 Hilsted J, Richter EA, Tronier B, Christensen NJ, and Galbo H: Increased metabolic sensitivity towards epinephrine in diabetic autonomic neuropathy. Abstract. Diabetes 34 (Suppl 1): 23A, 1985. Google Scholar 67 Shamoon H, and Sherwin R: β-Adrenergic blockade is more effective in suppressing adrenaline-induced glucose production in type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes. Diabetologia 26: 183–189, 1984. 10.1007/BF00252404 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 68 Eigler N, Saccá L, and Sherwin RS: Synergistic interactions of physiologic increments of glucagon, epinephrine and cortisol in the dog. J Clin Invest 63: 114–123, 1979. 10.1172/JCI109264 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 69 Shamoon H, Hendler R, and Sherwin RS: Synergistic interactions among antiinsulin hormones in the pathogenesis of stress hyperglycemia in humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 52: 1235–1241, 1981. 10.1210/jcem-52-6-1235 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 70 Weiss M, Keller U, and Stauffacher W: Effect of epinephrine and somatostatin induced insulin deficiency on ketone body kinetics and lipolysis in man. Diabetes 33: 738–744, 1984. 10.2337/diabetes.33.8.738 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 71 Shamoon H, Jacob R, and Sherwin RS: Epinephrine-induced hypoaminoacidemia in normal and diabetic human subjects. Effect of beta blockade. Diabetes 29: 875–881, 1980. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 72 Miles JM, Nissen SL, Gerich JE, and Haymond MW: Effects of epinephrine infusion on leucine and alanine kinetics in humans. Am J Physiol 247: E166–E172, 1984. 10.1152/ajpendo.1984.247.2.E166 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 73 Sjöström L, Schutz Y, Gudinchet F, Hegnell L, Pittet PG, and Jéquier E: Epinephrine sensitivity with respect to metabolic rate and other variables in women. Am J Physiol 245: E431–E442, 1983. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 74 Fellows IW, Bennett T, and Macdonald IA: The effect of adrenaline upon cardiovascular and metabolic functions in man. Clin Science 69: 215–222, 1985. 10.1042/cs0690215 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 75 Staten MA, Matthews DE, Cryer PE, and Bier DM: Physiologic changes in plasma epinephrine affect metabolic rate. Abstract. Clin Res 34: 805A, 1986. Google Scholar 76 Staten MA, Matthews DE, Cryer PE, and Bier DM: Epinephrine increases metabolic rate independent of insulin and glucagon. Abstract. Clin Res 34: 555A, 1986. Google Scholar 77 Hjemdahl P, and Linde B: Influence of circulating NE and Epi on adipose tissue vascular resistance and lipolysis in humans. Am J Physiol 245: H447–H452, 1983. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 78 Keller U, Gerber PPG, and Stauffacher W: Stimulatory effects of norepinephrine on ketogenesis in normal and insulin deficient humans. Am J Physiol 247: E732–E739, 1984. 10.1152/ajpendo.1984.247.6.E732 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 79 Oberhaensli RD, Schwendimann R, and Keller U: Effect of norepinephrine on ketogenesis, fatty acid oxidation, and esterification in isolated rat hepatocytes. Diabetes 34: 774–779, 1985. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 80 Stevenson RW, Steiner KE, Lacy DB, and Cherrington AD: Metabolic importance of epinephrine during fasting in the conscious dog. Abstract. Diabetes 32 (Suppl 1): 72A, 1983. Google Scholar 81 Ferrannini E, Barrett EJ, Bevilacqua S, and DeFronzo RA: Effect of fatty acids on glucose production and utilization in man. J Clin Invest 72: 1737–1747, 1983. 10.1172/JCI111133 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 82 Wolfe RR, and Shaw JHF: Inhibitory effect of plasma free fatty acids on glucose production in the conscious dog. Am J Physiol 246: E181–E186, 1984. 10.1152/ajpendo.1984.246.2.E181 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 83 Miles JM, Haymond MW, and Gerich JE: Suppression of glucose production and stimulation of insulin secretion by physiological concentrations of ketone bodies in man. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 52: 34–37, 1981. 10.1210/jcem-52-1-34 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 84 Beylot M, Khalfallah Y, Riou JP, Cohen R, Normand S, and Mornex R: Effect of ketone bodies on basal and insulin-stimulated glucose utilization in man. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 63: 9–15, 1985. 10.1210/jcem-63-1-9 Web of Science®Google Scholar 85 Baron AD, Wallace P, and Olefsky JM: In vivo regulation of non-insulin mediated glucose uptake and insulin mediated glucose uptake by epinephrine. Abstract. Clin Res 34: 102A, 1986. Google Scholar 86 Chiasson J-L, Shikama H, Chu DTW, and Exton JH: Inhibitory effect of epinephrine on insulin stimulated glucose uptake by rat skeletal muscle. J Clin Invest 68: 706–713, 1981. 10.1172/JCI110306 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 87 Randle PJ, Garland PB, Hales CN, and Newsholme EA: The glucose-fatty acid cycle: its role in insulin sensitivity and the metabolic disturbances of diabetes mellitus. Lancet 1: 785–789, 1963. 10.1016/S0140-6736(63)91500-9 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 88 Freyschuss U, Hjemdahl P, Juhlin-Dannfelt A, and Linde B: Cardiovascular and metabolic responses to low dose adrenaline infusion: an invasive study in humans. Clin Sci 70: 199–206, 1986. 10.1042/cs0700199 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 89 Cryer PE: Glucose counterregulation in man. Diabetes 30: 261–264, 1981. 10.2337/diab.30.3.261 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 90 Cryer PE, Tse TF, Clutter WE, and Shah SD: The roles of glucagon and epinephrine in hypoglycemic and nonhypoglycemic glucose counterregulation in man. Am J Physiol 247: E198–E205, 1984. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 91 Simonson DC, Koivisto V, Sherwin RS, Ferrannini E, Hendler R, Juhlin-Dannfelt A, and DeFronzo RA: Adrenergic blockade alters glucose kinetics during exercise in insulin dependent diabetics. J Clin Invest 73: 1648–1658, 1984. 10.1172/JCI111371 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 92 Hoelzer DR, Dalsky GP, Clutter WE, Shah SD, Holloszy JO, and Cryer PE: Glucoregulation during exercise: hypoglycemia is prevented by redundant glucoregulatory systems, sympathochromaffin activation and changes in islet hormone secretion. J Clin Invest 77: 212–221, 1986. 10.1172/JCI112279 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 93 Popp DA, Shah SD, and Cryer PE: The role of epinephrine mediated β-adrenergic mechanisms in hypoglycemic glucose counterregulation and posthypoglycemic hyperglycemia in insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. J Clin Invest 69: 315–326, 1982. 10.1172/JCI110455 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 94 White NH, Gingerich RL, Levandoski LA, Cryer PE, and Santiago JV: Plasma pancreatic polypeptide response to insulin induced hypoglycemia as a marker for defective glucose counterregulation in insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. Diabetes 34: 870–875, 1985. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 95 Hoeldtke RD, Boden G, Shuman CR, and Owen OE: Reduced epinephrine secretion and hypoglycemia unawareness in diabetic autonomic neuropathy. Ann Intern Med 96: 459–462, 1982. 10.7326/0003-4819-96-4-459 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 96 White NH, Skor DA, Cryer PE, Bier DM, Levandoski L, and Santiago JV: Identification of type I diabetic patients at increased risk for hypoglycemia during intensive therapy. N Engl J Med 308: 485–491, 1983. 10.1056/NEJM198303033080903 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 97 Bolli GB, Gottesman IS, Campbell PJ, Haymond MW, Cryer PE, and Gerich JE: Glucose counterregulation and waning of insulin in the Somogyi phenomenon (posthypoglycemic hyperglycemia). N Engl J Med 311: 1214–1219, 1984. 10.1056/NEJM198411083111904 PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 98 Schade DS, and Eaton RP: The temporal relationship between endogenously secreted stress hormones and metabolic decompensation in diabetic man. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 50: 131–136, 1980. 10.1210/jcem-50-1-131 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 99 Campbell PJ, Bolli GB, Cryer PE, and Gerich JE: Pathogenesis of the dawn phenomenon in patients with insulin dependent diabetes mellitus: accelerated glucose production and impaired glucose utilization due to nocturnal surges in growth hormone secretion. N Engl J Med 312: 1473–1479, 1985. 10.1056/NEJM198506063122302 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Citing Literature Volume4, Issue1February 1988Pages 1-15 ReferencesRelatedInformation