The Roots of Black Agricultural Extension Work
1977; Taylor & Francis; Volume: 39; Issue: 2 Linguagem: Inglês
10.1111/j.1540-6563.1977.tb00064.x
ISSN1540-6563
Autores Tópico(s)Race, History, and American Society
ResumoClick to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Notes1. U.S., Department of Agriculture, A History of Agricultural Education in the United States, 1185–1925, by Alfred Charles True, Miscellaneous Publication 36 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1929), 284–86; Jack Temple Kirby, Darkness at the Dawning: Race and Reform in the Progressive South (New York, 1972), 174; Thomas Monroe Campbell, The Movable School Goes to the Negro Farmer: A Semi‐Autobiography (New York, 1969), 80–81, 122.2. Booker T. Washington, “The Agricultural Negro,” Arena 28 (November 1902): 461; Kirby, Darkness at the Dawning, 169–71; Robert R. Moton, “The American Negro in Agriculture,” in Rural Organizations: Proceedings of the Third National Country Life Conference, Springfield, Massachusetts, 1920 (Chicago, 1921), 42: True. History of Agricultural Education, 284; Robert E. Park, “Agricultural Extension Work among the Negroes,” World To-Day 15 (August 1908): 821;Max Bennett Thrasher, “The Tuskegee Negro Conference,” Outlook 67 (March 2, 1901): 487.3. Campbell, Movable School, 80, 87; Park, “Agricultural Extension Work among the Negroes,” 822.4. August Meier, Negro Thought in America, 1880–1915: Racial Ideologies in the Age of Booker T. Washington (Ann Arbor, 1963), 122, 210, 295; Campbell. Movable School, 82–84; Kirby, Darkness at the Dawning, 173; Rackham Holt, George Washington Carver, An American Biography, rev. ed. (Garden City, N.Y., 1963), 126–27; Monroe N. Work, “Short Course for Farmers,” Outlook 91 (April 17, 1909): 866;Booker T. Washington, “Education for the Man behind the Plow,” The Independent 64 (April 23, 1908): 919; Samuel R. Spencer, Jr., Booker T. Washington and the Negro's Place in American Life (Boston, 1955), 118; Shirley Graham and George D. Lipscomb, Dr. George Washington Carver, Scientist (New York, 1944), 149; Moton, “The American Negro in Agriculture,” 43.5. Campbell, Movable School, 83–84; Park, “Agricultural Extension Work among the Negroes,” 822–23; Meier, Negro Thought in America, 122; Spencer, Booker T. Washington, 118–19.6. Park, “Agricultural Extension Work among the Negroes,” 822–23; Charles Bartlctt Dyke, “The Tuskegee Negro Conference,” Southern Workman 29 (April 1900): 232–34; Meier, Negro Thought in America, 122–23; Thrasher, “The Tuskegee Negro Conference,” 484–86; Campbell, Movable School, 85–86; Graham and Lipscomb, George Washington Carver, 150.7. Campbell, Movable School, 87, 91;W. E. B. Du Bois, “Results of the Ten Tuskegee Conferences,” Harper's Weekly: A Journal of Civilization 45 (June 22, 1901): 641; Thrasher, “The Tuskegee Negro Conference,” 483–84; Warren Logan, “Resources and Material Equipment,” in Tuskegee and Its People: Their Ideals and Achievements, ed. Booker T. Washington (New York, 1906), 45–46; Spencer, Booker T. Washington, 119–20; Park, “Agricultural Extension Work among the Negroes,” 822–23.8. “Tuskegee Conference,” Southern Workman 37 (April 1908): 200; Dyke, “Tuskegee Negro Conference,” 233; DuBois, “Results of the Ten Tuskegee Conferences,” 641; Thrasher, “The Tuskegee Negro Conference,” 483–85; R. L. Smith, “An Uplifting Negro Cooperative Society,” World's Work 16 (July 1908): 10456;W. T. B. Williams, “The Tuskegee Negro Conference,” Southern Workman 41 (February 1912): 74; Meier, Negro Thought in America, 123; Monroe N. Work, “Self‐Help among the Negroes,” Survey 22 (August 1909): 616; General Education Board, The General Education Board: An Account of Its Activities, 1902–1914 (New York, 1915), 55; Kirby, Darkness at the Dawning, 173; Park, “Agricultural Extension Work among the Negroes,” 826.9. Thrasher, “The Tuskegee Negro Conference,” 486–87; Dyke, “Tuskegee Negro Conference,” 235; Holt, George Washington Carver, 175–77; Spencer, Booker T. Washington, 120; “Tuskegee Conference,” 200–201; Williams, “Tuskegee Negro Conference,” 75–76; Meier, Negro Thought in America, 122–23; “Farmers' Day at Hampton,” Southern Workman 37 (April 1908): 201–2;“The Hampton Negro Conference,” Outlook 86 (August 17, 1907): 797–98;“The Negro as Farmer and as Minister,” Outlook 86 (August 17, 1907): 798;William Anthony Aery, “The Hampton Farmers' Conference,” Southern Workman 41 (April 1912): 229–36.10. “Tuskegee Conference,” 200; William Anthony Aery, “The Tuskegee Conference of 1913,” Southern Workman 42 (March 1913): 177; DuBois, “Results of the Ten Tuskegee Conferences”, 641; Frank Reid, “The Story of a Farmer,” in Tuskegee, ed. Washington, 169–70; Thrasher, “The Tuskegee Negro Conference,” 484–85; Williams, “The Tuskegee Negro Conference,” 74–75.11. Campbell, Movable School, 82; Holt, George Washington Carver, 127; Spencer, Booker T. Washington, 109–10; Louis R. Harlan, Booker T. Washington: The Making of a Black Leader, 1856–1901 (New York, 1972), 276–77.12. Logan, “Resources and Material Equipment,” 44; Holt, George Washington Carver, 147–49; Laurence Elliot, George Washington Carver: The Man Who Overcame (Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1966), 126; Booker T. Washington, Up From Slavery: An Autobiography (Garden City, N.Y., 1946), 302.13. Graham and Lipscomb, George Washington Carver, 134; Elliot, George Washington Carver, 113, 116, 136–38; Campbell, Movable School, 47–48, 67–68.14. Elliot, George Washington Carver, 117, 120; Campbell, Movable School, 82; Logan, “Resources and Material Equipment,” 44–45; Holt, George Washington Carver, 144–45, 165; Basil Miller, George Washington Carver: God's Ebony Scientist, 4th ed. (Grand Rapids, Mich., 1943), 65; Spencer, Booker T. Washington, 120; Sir Harry H. Johnston, The Negro in the New World (New York, 1910), 408–11.15. Holt, George Washington Carver, 165–67, 172; Miller, George Washington Carver, 63–64.16. Park, “Agricultural Extension Work among the Negroes,” 823–24; Washington, “Education for the Man behind the Plow,” 919; Holt, George Washington Carver, 171; Elliot, George Washington Carver, 130–31; Campbell, Movable School, 81–82.17. Elliot, George Washington Carver, 130–31; Holt, George Washington Carver, 171–73; Park, “Agricultural Extension Work among the Negroes,” 823–24.18. Spencer, Booker T. Washington, 120; Miller, George Washington Carver, 64–65; Holt, George Washington Carver, 165–67, 172; Elliot, George Washington Carver, 115–20, 131.19. Elliot, George Washington Carver, 129–32; Holt, George Washington Carver, 184–86; Graham and Lipscomb, George Washington Carver, 145–50.20. Elliot, George Washington Carver, 129–32; Holt, George Washington Carver, 187; Miller, George Washington Carver, 64–65.21. Elliot, George Washington Carver, 132–36, 140; Holt, George Washington Carver, 184–86; Miller, George Washington Carver, 75.22. George Washington Carver to Booker T. Washington, November 16, 1904, Box 551, Booker T. Washington Papers, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.; “How Tuskegee Helps the Farmer,” Box 979, Booker T. Washington Papers; Miller, George Washington Carver, 74–75; Graham and Lipscomb, George Washington Carver, 151; Campbell, Movable School, 90–91; Roy V. Scott, The Reluctant Farmer: The Rise of Agricultural Extension to 1914 (Urbana, 1970), 233; Leslie W. Jones, “The South's Negro Farm Agent,” Journal of Negro Education 22 (Winter 1953): 39;Booker T. Washington, “Farmers' College on Wheels,” World's Work 13 (December 1906): 8352; Washington, “Education for the Man behind the Plow,” 919.23. Graham and Lipscomb, George Washington Carver, 151; Campbell, Movable School, 93; Washington, Up From Slavery, 194–95; Washington, “Farmers' College on Wheels,” 8352; Booker T. Washington to Morris K. Jesup, February 27, February 28, March 12, April 24, 1906, Box 721, Booker T. Washington Papers.24. Washington, “Farmers' College on Wheels,” 8352–54; Washington, “Education for the Man behind the Plow,” 919; Campbell, Movable School, 92–93; Scott, Reluctant Farmer, 233; Jones, “The South's Negro Farm Agent,” 39; Park, “Agricultural Extension Work among the Negroes,” 825; Holt, George Washington Carver, 198–99; Elliot, George Washington Carver, 143; Felix James, “The Tuskegee Institute Movable School, 1906–1923,” Agricultural History 45 (July 1971): 201–3; Tuskegee Student, November 17, 1906.25. Washington, “Education for the Man behind the Plow,” 918; Park, “Agricultural Extension Work among the Negroes,” 824; Spencer, Booker T. Washington, 121; Work, “Short Course for Farmers,” 866.26. Park, “Agricultural Extension Work among the Negroes,” 824; Work, “Short Course for Farmers,” 866–68; Washington, “Education for the Man behind the Plow,” 920.27. Work, “Short Course for Farmers,” 866; Washington, “Education for the Man behind the Plow,” 918–19.28. Washington, “Education for the Man behind the Plow,” 918–20; Work, “Short Course for Farmers,” 867–68.29. Kirby, Darkness at the Dawning, 171–74; Park, “Agricultural Extension Work among the Negroes,” 823; William H. Holtzdaw, Black Man's Burden (New York, 1915), 176–79.30. Spencer, Booker T. Washington, 122; Holt, George Washington Carver, 174–75; Washington, “Education for the Man behind the Plow,” 919; Work, “Selp‐Help among the Negroes,” 616; R. L. Smith, “Village Improvement among Negroes,” Outlook 64 (March 31, 1900): 736; Kirby, Darkness at the Dawning, 173–74; Holtzclaw, Black Man's Burden, 218–19.31. Meier, Negro Thought in America, 122; Holtzclaw, Black Man's Burden, 60, 62–64, 130–40, 145–51, 179, 182–84, 212–15, 225, 230–31; Dyke, “The Tuskegee Negro Conference,” 232; William J. Edwards, “Uplifting the Submerged Masses,” in Tuskegee, ed. Washington, 243–47; Russel C. Calhoun, “A Negro Community Builder,”ibid., 333–35; John W. Robinson, “Cotton Growing in Africa,”ibid., 192; Charles L. Marshall, “The Evolution of a Shoemaker,”ibid., 343–50; Martin Menafee, “A School Treasurer's Story,”ibid., 160–61; Isaac Fisher, “A College President's Story,”ibid., 109–10; Cornelia Bowen, “A Woman's Work,”ibid., 218–22; Lewis A. Smith, “A Dairyman's Story,”ibid., 258–60; Work, “Self‐Help among the Negroes,” 618; “Tuskegee,” Outlook 82 (April 14, 1906): 831; Holt, George Washington Carver, 146–48; General Education Board, General Education Board, 54–55.32. Holtzclaw, Black Man's Burden, 129–30, 176–79, 185.33. Meier, Negro Thought in America, 123, 210; Smith, “An Uplifting Negro Cooperative Society,” 10462–66; Smith, “Village Improvement among Negroes,” 734–35; Work, “Self‐Help among the Negroes,” 616–18; Edwards, “Uplifting the Submerged Masses,” 247–49; Holtzclaw, Black Man's Burden, 136–43; General Education Board, General Education Board, 55–56.34. Meier, Negro Thought in America, 123–24; Kirby, Darkness at the Dawning, 171–73; Washington, “Farmers' College on Wheels,” 8354; J. W. Church and Carlyle Ellis, “The Devil and Tom Walker, A ‘White Folks’ Nigger Who has Regenerated a Whole County in Tidewater Virginia From Sloth and Crime to Industry and Enlightenment,” World's Work 24 (October 1912): 702–3; Edwards, “Uplifting the Submerged Masses,” 249–50.35. C. Vann Woodward, Origins of the New South, 1877–1913 (Baton Rouge, 1951), 410–11; Kirby, Darkness at the Dawning, 135–39; Joseph Cannon Bailey, Seaman A. Knapp: Schoolmaster of American Agriculture (New York, 1945), chapters 9, 10; Scott, Reluctant Farmer, 234–85; “Farmers' Day at Hampton,” 208.36. “Dr. Knapp Finds Another Scapegoat Place for the Negro,” The Colored American Magazine 12 (May 1907): 329–30; Seaman A. Knapp to B. T. Galloway, June 2, 1908, quoted in Rodney Cline, The Life and Work of Seaman A. Knapp (Nashville, 1936), 69; Scott, Reluctant Farmer, 232–33; General Education Board, General Education Board, 54; Clarence B. Smith and Meredith C. Wilson, The Agricultural Extension System of the United States (New York, 1930), 217–18; U. S., Department of Agriculture, Extension Work among Negroes, 1920, by William B. Mercier, Department Circular 190 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1921), 3.37. Scott, Reluctant Farmer, 223–24; Russell Lord, The Agrarian Revival: A Study of Agricultural Extension (New York, 1939), 68.38. George J. Pope, “Agricultural Extension in Mississippi Prior to 1914,” (M. A. thesis, Mississippi State University, 1963), 62; Spencer, Booker T. Washington, 117–18; Hugh C. Bailey, Liberalism in the New South: Southern Social Reformers and the Progressive Movement (Coral Gables, Fla., 1969), 76–77; Lord, Agrarian Revival, 68–70; Bailey, Seaman Knapp, 215–27; Woodward, Origins of the New South, 409; General Education Board, General Education Board, 22, 225; Scott, Reluctant Farmer, 223–24.39. Scott, Reluctant Farmer, 224; Pope, “Agricultural Extension in Mississippi Prior to 1914,” 63; Bailey, Seaman Knapp, 217–19; Edward des Brunner and E Hsin Pao Yang, Rural America and the Extension Service: A History and Critique of the Cooperative Agricultural and Home Economic Extension Service (New York, 1949), 9.40. Washington sent Jesup a series of photographs and reports on the progress of the Jesup Wagon. Booker T. Washington to Morris K. Jesup, June 4, October 27, December 4, December 9, 1906; Morris K. Jesup to Booker T. Washington, December 27, 1906, Box 721, Booker T. Washington Papers; Campbell, Movable School, 92; Scott, Reluctant Farmer, 233.41. Perhaps it was only coincidence, but Knapp also made what apparently were his first visits to Hampton in January and February 1906. Southern Workman 35 (March 1906): 131, 180; Tuskegee Student, May 5, May 12, May 19, November 17, 1906; Seaman Knapp to Booker T. Washington, March 27, October 4, October 30, November 13, 1906, Box 33, Booker T. Washington Papers; Booker T. Washington to Seaman Knapp, November 9, 1906, J. A. Evans to Thomas M. Campbell, December 6, 1906, Box 22, Thomas M. Campbell Papers, Tuskegee Institute, Tuskegee, Ala.; Bailey, Seaman Knapp, 227–28; Merder, Extension Work among Negroes, 3; Jones, “The South's Negro Farm Agent,” 38–40; Campbell, Movable School, 160–61, 93; Holt, George Washington Carver, 198; Washington, “Education for the Man behind the Plow,” 919; Cline, Seaman Knapp, 69; George Gay Daniel, “Tuskegee Institute Starts Negro Farm Demonstration Work in Alabama,” The Messenger: World's Greatest Negro Monthly 9 (February 1927): 40–41.42. Scott, Reluctant Farmer, 239; Bailey, Seaman Knapp, 228; Kirby, Darkness at the Dawning, 174; Aery, “The Hampton Farmers' Conference,” 233; “Farmers' Day at Hampton,” 202; Jackson Davis, “The Negro in Country Life,”Southern Workman 41 (January 1912): 16–20; “The Negro as Farmer and as Minister,” 798; C. K. Graham, “Conditions of the Colored Farmer of the South and his Relation to Farmers' Institute Work,” in Proceedings of the Sixteenth Annual Meeting of the American Association of Farmers' Institute Workers, held at Columbus, Ohio, November 13–14, 1911, U. S., Department of Agriculture, Office of Experiment Stations, ed. W. H. Beal and John Hamilton, Bulletin 251 (Washington, D. C: Government Printing Office, 1912), 65.43. Quoted in Scott, Reluctant Farmer, 224, 232–33; Elliot, George Washington Carver, 139–40.44. Seaman A. Knapp to Thomas M. Campbell, June 4, 1908, Box 583; Thomas M. Campbell to Booker T. Washington, October 6, 1909, Box 590; Thomas M. Campbell to Booker T. Washington, September 30, 1913, Box 636; J. A. Evans to Thomas M. Campbell, September 4, September 26, 1913, Box 636; Booker T. Washington Papers; “Memo for Dr. Washington for Conference with Mr. Knapp,” Box 636, Booker T. Washington Papers; General Education Board, General Education Board, 54–56; Scott, Reluctant Farmer, 234.45. Smith and Wilson, Agricultural Extension System of the United States, 217–18; Scott, Reluctant Farmer, 234; General Education Board, General Education Board, 55; Kirby, Darkness at the Dawning, 174; U. S., Department of Agriculture, Extension Work among Negroes Conducted by Negro Agents, 1923, by J. A. Evans, Department Circular 355 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1925), passim; U. S., Department of Agriculture, A Decade of Negro Extension Work, 1914–1924, by O. B. Martin, Miscellaneous Circular Number 72 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1926), passim.Additional informationNotes on contributorsEarl W. CrosbyThe author is the recipient of one of the Phi Alpha Theta Annual Prize Essay awards for 1975. He is currently Associate Editor of the Rutherford B. Hayes Papers microfilming project at the Hayes Presidential Library in Fremont, Ohio.
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