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Woven Heaven, Tangled Earth A Weaver's Paradigm of the Mesoamerican Cosmos

1982; Wiley; Volume: 385; Issue: 1 Linguagem: Inglês

10.1111/j.1749-6632.1982.tb34257.x

1749-6632

Cecelia F. Klein,

Latin American history and culture

Annals of the New York Academy of SciencesVolume 385, Issue 1 p. 1-35 Woven Heaven, Tangled Earth A Weaver's Paradigm of the Mesoamerican Cosmos CECELIA F. KLEIN, CECELIA F. KLEIN Department of Art, Design, and Art History University of California, Los Angeles Los Angeles, California 90024Search for more papers by this author CECELIA F. KLEIN, CECELIA F. KLEIN Department of Art, Design, and Art History University of California, Los Angeles Los Angeles, California 90024Search for more papers by this author First published: May 1982 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1982.tb34257.xCitations: 10AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat References 1 M. W. Makemson. The Book of the Jaguar Priest: A Translation of the Book of Chilam Balam of Tizimin, with Commentary ( New York : Henry Schuman, 1951), p. 41. 2 G. Kubler and C. Gibson, “The Tovar Calendar,” Memoirs of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences, vol. 11 (1951). p. 34. 3 W. Krickeberg, “Bauform und Weltbild im Alten Mexiko,” Paideuma, vol. 4 (Bamberg, 1950), 295–333. 4 A. M. Tozzer, A Comparative Study of the Maya and the Lacandon ( New York : Macmillan, 1907), p. 153. 5 G. Gossen, Chamulas in the World of the Sun: Time and Space in a Maya Oral Tradition ( Cambridge , Mass. : Harvard University Press, 1974), p. 22. 6 H. Cline, “Lore and Deities of the Lacandon Indians, Chiapas, Mexico,” Journal of American Folklore, vol. 57 (1944), p. 112. 7 A. Villa Rojas, “ The Concepts of Space and Time among the Contemporary Maya,” appendix in Time and Reality in the Thought of the Maya, M. León-Portilla ( Boston : Beacon Press, 1973). p. 140. 8 E. Hunt. The Transformation of the Hummingbird ( Ithaca , N.Y. : Cornell University Press, 1977), p. 209. 9 A. Miller, “ The Iconography of the Painting in the Temple of the Diving God, Tuium, Quintana Roo: The Twisted Cords,” in Mesoamerican Archaeology: New Approaches, ed. N. Hammond ( Austin , University of Texas Press, 1974). pp. 173–74. 10 M. S. Edmonson, The Book of Counsel: The Popol Vuh Quiché Maya of Guatemala ( New Orleans : Middle American Research Institute, Tulane University, 1971), pp. 7–8. 11 M. Coe, The Maya Scribe and His World ( New York : Grolier Club, 1973), p. 76. 12 andE. Pasztory, “ The Xochicalco Stelae and a Middle Classic Deity Triad in Mesoamerica,” Acts of the 23rd International Congress of the History of Art, Granada, 1973 vol. 1 (1976), p. 211 (fig. 20). 12 Miller, 9 pp. 170 (fig. 2), 171 (fig. 3), and 180 (fig. 6). 13 Fray B. De Sahagún. Florentine Codex: General History of the Things of New Spain, trans. A.J.O. Anderson and C.E. Dibble, book 10 ( Santa Fe , N.M. : School of American Research and the University of Utah, 1961), p. 731. 14 Miller, 9 pp. 167–86 (fig, 1). 15 A. Miller, The Mural Painting of Teotihuacán ( Washington, D.C. : Dumbarton Oaks, 1973). figs. 173, 301. 16 W. Krickeberg, Las Antiguas Culturas Mexicanas. 2nd ed. ( Mexico , D.F. : Fondo de Cultura Económica, 1964). pl. 72b. 17 F. Anders, Codex Tro-Cortesianus (Codex Madrid): Museo de America, Madrid ( Graz : Akademische Druck und Verlagsanstalt, 1967). pp. 3–6. 18 C. Lumholtz. Unknown Mexico, vol. 2. ( New York : Scribner's, 1902), p. 234. 19 J. E. S. Thompson, Maya History and Religion ( Norman : University of Oklahoma Press, 1970), p. 196. 20 R. L. Roys, Ritual of the Bacabs ( Norman : University of Oklahoma Press, 1965), p. 42. 21 L. Schele, personal communication. 22 J. E. S. Thompson, “ Apuntes Sobre los Supersticiones de los Mayas de Socotz, Honduras Británica,” Los Mayas Antiguos ( México , D.F. : Colegio de Mexico, 1941), pp. 101–110. 23 R. D. Bruce, Lacondon Dream Symbolism ( México , D.F. : Ediciones Euroamericanas Klaus Thiele, 1975), p. 31. 24 Fray B. De Sahagún, Florentine Codex: General History of the Things of New Spain, trans. A. J. O. Anderson and C. E. Dibble, book 11 ( Santa Fe , N. M. : School of American Research and the University of Utah, 1963), p. 247. 25 Z. Nuttall, The Codex Nuttall: A Picture Manuscript from Ancient Mexico: The Peabody Museum Facsimile. (1902; rpt. New York : Dover Publications, Inc., 1975). New introductory text by A. G. Miller. 26 E. Z. Vogt, Tortillas for the Gods: A Symbolic Analysis of Zinacanteco Rituals ( Cambridge , Mass. : Harvard University Press, 1976), pp. 58–59. 27 E. Z. Vogt, 26 p. 20. 28 Fray B. De Sahagún, 24 p. 115. 29 Fray B. De Sahagún, 24 fig. 405. 30 J. E. S. Thompson, Maya Hieroglyphic Writing: An Introduction. 2nd ed. ( Norman : University of Oklahoma Press, 1960), pp. 107–08. 31 J. E. S. Thompson, A Commentary on the Dresden Codex: A Maya Hieroglyphic Book (Facsimile) ( Philadelphia : American Philosophical Society, 1972), pp. 8, 25–28, 33, 35. 32 R. Wauchope, “ Modern Maya Houses: A Study of Their Archaeological Significance”, Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication, no. 502 (1938), p. 74. 33 R. Wauchope, 32 fig. 43b. 34 A. Recinos, Popol Vuh: The Sacred Book of the Ancient Quiché Maya ( Norman : University of Oklahoma Press, 1961), p. 80. 35 R. Wauchope, 32 pp. 31–32, 60. 36 A. Peñafiel, Nombres Geográficos de Mexico ( México , D.F. : Litoimpresores, 1977), p. 44. 37 R. Siméon, Diccionario de la Lengua Nahuatl o Mexicana ( México , D.F. : Siglo Veintiuno Editores, 1977), p. 251. 38 W. Krickeberg, 3 p. 310. 39 E. Z. Vogt, 26 p. 11. 40 G. Gossen, 26 p. 21. 41 E. Z. Vogt, 26 p. 16. 42 W. Krickeberg, 16 p. 148. 43 M. W. Makemson, 1 p. 79. 44 Fray B. De Sahagún, Florentine Codex: General History of the Things of New Spain. trans. A. J. O. Anderson and C. E. Dibble, book 3, ( Santa Fe , N. M. : School of American Research and the University of Utah, 1952), p. 39. 45 J. Quirarte, “ The Representation of Place, Location, and Direction on a Classic Maya Vase,” in Tercera Mesa Redonda de Palenque, vol. 4, ed. M. G. Robertson and D. C. Jeffers, ( Monterey , Calif. : Herald Printers, 1979), pp. 99–110. 46 T. Barthel, “Gedanken zu Einer Bemalten Schale aus Uaxactun,” Baessler-Archiv, n. f. vol. 13 (1965), pp. 131–70. 47 R. E. W. Adams, “ The Ceramics of Altar de Sacrificios,” Papers of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University Vol. 63 (1971), pp. 70–71. 48 F. Anders, 17 pls. 3–4, 9–16. 49 M. Covarrubias, Indian Art of Mexico and Central America ( New York : Alfred A. Knopf, 1957), pl. 41 left. 50 Fray B. De Sahagún, 44 fig. 1. 51 A. Caso, The Aztecs: People of the Sun ( Norman : University of Oklahoma Press, 1958), p. 10. 52 E. Hunt, 8 p. 102. 53 D. H. Kelley, Deciphering the Maya Script ( Austin : University of Texas Press, 1976). pp. 43, 45. 55 D. Dütting, “Sorcery in Maya Hieroglyphic Writing,” Zeitschrift für Ethnologie, vol. 99 (1974), pp. 2–62. 54 H. von Winning, “ Der Netzjaguar in Teothihuacán, México: Eine Ikonographische Untersuchung,” Baessler-Archiv. n.f. 16 (1968), p. 34. 55 M. S. Edmonson, 10 p. 64. 56 A. Caso. 51 p. 64. 57 E. Seler, Comentarios al Códice Borgia. vol. 1 ( México , D.F. : Fondo de Cultura Económica México, 1963). fig. 299. 58 J. Quirarte, “The Underworld Jaguar in Maya Vase Painting: An Iconographic Study,” New Mexico Studies in the Fine Arts, vol. 1 (1976), pp. 20–25. 59 E. P. Benson, “ Ritual Cloth and Palenque Kings,” in The Art, Iconography and Dynastic History of Palenque. part 3, ed. M. G. Robertson ( Pebble Beach , Calif. : Robert Louis Stevenson School, 1976). p. 45. 60 J. B. Esser, “ Winter Ceremonial Masks of the Tarascan Sierra, Michoacan, México” ( Diss. University of California, Lcs Angeles , 1978), pp. 314–315. 61 M. W. Makemson, 1 pp. 3–4. 62 C. Lumholtz, 18 p. 408. 63 Fray G. Mendieta, Historia Eclesiástica Indiana, 2nd ed. ( México , D. F. : Editorial Porrúa, 1971). p. 110. 66 J. Soustelle, Daily Life of the Aztecs on the Eve of the Spanish Conquest ( Stanford , Calif. : Stanford University Press, 1970). 67 See also J. G. Bourke, “ The Medicine-men of the Apache,” in Ninth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology… 1887–1888 (Washington, D.C.: 1892), pp. 558–559. 64 M. W. Makemson, 1 p. 65. 65 P. Furst, “Huichol Conceptions of the Soul,” Folkiore Americana, vol. 27 (1967), p. 61. 66 C. A. Sáenz, El Fuego Nuevo ( México , D.F. ; Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, 1967), figs. 4, 5. 71 H. B. Nicholson, “The Significance of the ‘Looped Cord’ Year Symbol in Pre-Hispanic México: An Hypothesis,” Estudios de Cultura Nahuatl, Vol. 6 (1966). pp. 135–148. 67 Fray D. Durán, Book of the Gods and Rites and the Ancient Calendar ( Norman : University of Oklahoma Press, 1971), p. 163. 68 C. F. Klein, “ Who Was Tlaloc Journal of Latin American Lore, vol. 6 (1980), fig. 6. 69 F. Anders, 17 Pl. 19b. 70 P. Furst, “ Fertility, Vision Quest and Auto-Sacrifice: Some Thoughts on Ritual Blood-Letting Among the Maya,” in The Art, Iconography and Dynastic History of Palenque, part 3. ed., M. G. Robertson ( Pebble Beach , Calif : Robert Louis Stevenson School, 1976), figs. 1, 2. 71 H. D. Tuggle, “The Columns of Tajín, Veracruz, México,” Ethnos, vol. 33 (1968), p. 61. 72 F. Anders, 17 pl. 35. 73 R. L. Rous. The Book of Chilam Balam of Chumayel ( Norman : University of Oklahoma Press, 1967), p. 169. 74 M. León-Portilla, Aztec Thought and Culture: A Study of the Ancient Nahuatl Mind ( Norman : University of Oklahoma Press, 1963). p. 153. 75 M. S. Edmonson. 10 p. 13. 76 H. Fox, Ed., First Fire: Central and South American Indian Poetry ( Garden City , N.Y. : Anchor Doubleday, 1978). p. 34. 77 A. Caso, Los Calendarios Prehispunicos ( México , D.F. : Instituto de Investigaciones Históricas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 1967), p. 37. 78 A. Villa Rojas, 7 p. 126. 79 J. E. S. Thompson, 19 p. 254. 80 H. Fox, 76 Ed. p. 35. 81 H. Fox, 76 Ed. p. 92. 82 M. E. De Jonghe, 1905. “Histoyre du Mechique: Manuscript Français Inedit du XVIe Siècle,” Journal de la Société Américanistes, n.s. vol. 2 (1905), p. 29. 83 T. Kendall, Patolli: A Game of Ancient Mexico ( Belmont , Mass. : Kirk Game Company, 1980), pp. 12–13. 84 T. Kendall, 83 figs. 17–18, 20–21. 85 M. León-Portilla, 74 p. 91 see also H. Fox, 76 Ed, p. 299. 86 H. B. Nicholson, “ Religion in Pre-Hispanic Central Mexico.” in Handbook of Middle American Indians, Vol. 10, ed. R. Wauchope ( Austin : University of Texas Press, 1971), p. 408. 87 C. F. Klein, The Face of the Earth: Frontality in Two-Dimensional Mesoamerican Art ( New York : Garland Publishing, 1976), p. 41–42, 218–226. 88 J. E. S. Thompson, “The Moon Goddess in Middle America,” Carnegie Institution of Washington Contributions to American Archaeology, vol. 5 (1939). 95 T. D. Sullivan, “ Tlazolteotl-Ixcuina: The Great Spinner and Weaver,” in Dumbarton Oaks Conference on Art and Iconography in the Late Postclassic Period of Central Mexico, October, 1977, ed. E. Boone ( Washington, D.C. : Dumbarton Oalks, 1981), in press. 89 V. R. Bricker, Ritual Humor in Highland Chiapas ( Austin : University of Texas Press, 1973), p. 19. 90 K. A. Novotny, 1974. Codex Borbonicus ( Graz : Akademische Druck und Verlagsanstalt, 1974), pl. 13. 91 D. H. Kelley, 53 p. 152. 92 B. C. Brundage, The Fifth Sun: Aztec Gods, Aztec World ( Austin : University of Texas Press, 1979), p. 94. 93 R. L. Roys, 73 , p. 82. 94 J. Furst, Codex Vindobonensis Mexicanus I: A Commentary ( Albany : Institute for Mesoamerican Studies, State University of New York at Albany, 1978), p. 113. 95 P. T. Furst and M. Anguiano, “ ‘To Fly as Birds’: Myth and Ritual as Agents of Acculturation Among the Huichol Indians of Mexico,” in Enculturation in Latin America: An Anthology, ed. J. Wilbert ( Los Angeles : UCLA Latin American Center Publications, University of California, Los Angeles, 1977), p. 170. 96 I. Nicholson, Mexican and Central American Mythology ( London : Paul Hamlyn, 1967), p. 115. 97 E. Z. Vogt, 26 pp. 52, 59. 98 B. C. Brundage, A Rain of Darts: The Mexica Aztecs ( Austin : University of Texas Press, 1972), p. 104. 99 D. H. Kelley, 53 p. 51. 100 A. M. Garibay, La Literatura de los Aztecas, 6th ed. ( México , D.F. : Editorial Joaquín Mortiz, 1979), p. 55. Translation mine. 101 A. M. Tozzer, 4 154–156. 102 P. Furst and M. Anguiano, 95 p. 167. 103 Fray B. De Sahagún, 24 pp 112–113. The image evoked here curiously resembles that of the many streams of blood, depicted as snakes, that are tightly interwoven at the point at which they gush from the necks of decapitated ballplayers on various Middle Classic stone reliefs. 111 e.g., J. García Payón, “ Archaeology of Central Veracruz,” in Handbook of Middle American Indians, vol. 11, ed. R. Wauchope ( Austin : University of Texas Press, 1971), p. 525 (fig. 19). 104 V. G. Norman, “Izapa Sculpture, Part 1: Album,” Papers of the New World Archaeological Foundation, vol. 31 (1973), pl. 146. 113 L. A. Parsons, “Bilbao, Guatemala: An Archaeological Study of the Pacific Coast Cotzumalhuapa Region,” Milwaukee Public Museum Publications in Anthropology, 12, Vol. 2 (1969). pls. 31–33. 105 A. Miller, 15 figs. 85, 124. 106 E. Pasztory, The Tlaloc Mystique (Unpublished); The Iconography of the Teotihuacan Tlaloc ( Washington, D.C. : Dumbarton Oaks, 1974). 107 H. D. Tuggle, 71 p. 51 (fig. 3). 108 P. Kelemen, Medieval American Art: Masterpieces of the NeW, World Before Columbus, 3rd rev. ed., vol. 2 ( New York : Dover, 1969), pl. 284a. 109 P. T. Furst and M. Anguiano, 95 p. 117. 110 S. Culin, “ Games of the North American Indians,” in Twenty-fourth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology (Washington, D.C.: 1907), pp. 434–435, 438–440. 111 F. H. Cushing, Zuni Fetishes ( Las Vegas : K.C. Publications, 1966) p. 13. 112 S. Culin, 110 pp. 422–423. 113 A. Villa Rojas, 7 p. 130. 114 M. W. Makemson, 1 p. 39. 115 R. H. Barlow, “Códice Azcatitian,” journal de la Société Américanistes, n.s. vol. 38 (1949), p. 116. 116 M. Greene et al., Maya Sculpture from the Southern Lowlands, the Highlands and Pacific Piedmont, Guatemala. Mexico, Honduras, ( Berkeley , Calif : Lederer, Street & Zeus, (1972). pls. 9, 54, 86. 126 M. W. Makemson. 1 p. 48. 127 M. León-Portilla, Pre-Columbian Literatures of Mexico ( Norman : University of Oklahoma Press, 1969), p. 86. 117 J. E. S. Thompson, 31 Pl. 67. 118 J. E. S. Thompson, 30 p. 142. 119 D. H. Kelley, 53 p. 193. 120 F. Anders, Codex Peresianus ( Graz : Akademische Druck und Verlagsanstalt, 1968). pl. 17. 121 G. Kubler, The Art and Architecture of Ancient America: The Mexican, Maya, and Andean Peoples. 2nd ed. ( Baltimore : Penguin Books, 1975), fig. 28A. 122 H. B. Nicholson, “The Temalácatl of Tehuacan,” El México Antiguo, vol. 8 (1955), p. 101. Yellow cords symbolizing light rays also emanate from a solar disk in Codex Vaticanus A, pl. 6. 134 see J. Corona Núñez, “ Códice Vaticano Latino 3738 o Códice Vaticanus Rios,” in Antiguedades de México Basadas en la Recopilación de Lord Kingsborough, vol. 3, ed. J. Corona Núñez ( México , D.F. : Secretaria de Hacienda y Crédito Público, 1964), p. 23 (pl. 6). 123 C. J. Boiles, Jr., “Cognitive Process in Otomí Cult Music” Diss. Tulane University 1960, pp. 57, 73. 124 J. E. S. Thompson, 30 p. 48. 125 J. E. S. Thompson, 30 pp. 119–120. 126 Fray B. De Sahagún, 24 pp. 80–81 (fig. 261). 127 F. Robicsek, A Study in Maya Art and History: The Mat Symbol ( New York : Museum of the American Indian, Heye Foundation, 1975), pp. 46–118. 128 M. W. Makemson, 1 pp. 50–51. 129 P. Furst, 65 p. 97. 130 R. Wauchope, 32 pp. 92–94. 131 M. Greene et al., 116 Pl. 189. 144 F. Robicsek 127 fig. 184. 132 M. Coe, The Lords of the Underworld. Masterpieces of Classic Maya Ceramics ( Princeton , N.J. : Art Museum, Princeton University, 1978), pp. 109–110 (illus.), This Classic Maya image is particularly important because it shows the world tree of the cosmic center, enwrapped by the spiraling vine, growing from the open, quatrefoil mouth, containing crossed bands, of the Maya earth (Cauac) monster. 146 See also C. Tate, “ The Maya Cauac Monster: Visual Evidence for Ancestor Veneration Among the Ancient Maya” Thesis University of Texas, Austin , 1980. 133 E.g., M. W. Makemson, 1 pp. 5, 12. 148 R. L. Roys 23 p. 156. 134 Fray D. Durán, The Aztecs: The History of the Indies of New Spain, trans. D. Heyden and F. Horcasitas, ( New York : Orion Press, 1964), p. 222. 135 R. L. Ruys, 73 , p. 136. 136 M. W. Makemson, 1 p. 24. 137 E. P. Benson, “ Gestures and Offerings,” in Primera Mesa Redonda de Palenque, part 1, ed. M. G. Robertson, ( Pebble Beach , Calif : Robert Louis Stevenson School, 1974), p. 114. 153 F. Robicsek, 129 pp. 169–175. 138 F. F. Berdan, “ Trade, Tribute and Market in the Aztec Empire” Diss. University of Texas, Austin 1975, pp. 210, 224. 139 F. Robicsek, 127 , p. 174. 140 I. Goldman, The Mouth of Heaven: An Introduction to Kwakiutl Religious Thought ( New York : John Wiley & Sons, 1975), pp. 60, 140. 141 E. P. Benson, 59 p. 47. 142 T. D. Sullivan. 88 . 143 Artes De México 161, Año, 19 (1972), p. 113. 144 J. Corona Núñez, “ Códice Mendocino, o Colección Mendoza,” in Antiguedades de México Basadas en la Recopilacion de Lord Kingsborough, vol. I, ed. J. Corona Núñez ( México , D.F. : Secretaría de Hacienda y Crédito Público, 1964), p. 129 (pl. 62). 145 Z. Nuttall, The Book of the Life of the Ancient Mexicans Containing an Account of their Rites and Superstitions (1903; rpt. Ann Arbor , Mich. : University Microfilms International, 1978), pl. 57. 146 R. D. Bruce, 23 p. 30. 147 R. Wauchope, 32 pp. 122–127. Citing Literature Volume385, Issue1Ethnoastronomy and Archaeoastronomy in the American TropicsMay 1982Pages 1-35 ReferencesRelatedInformation