Ashbrooke Whit Sports, Sunderland and Its Records: A Case Study of Amateurism in Late Victorian and Edwardian Athletic and Cycling Competition
2014; Routledge; Volume: 31; Issue: 9 Linguagem: Inglês
10.1080/09523367.2014.889118
ISSN1743-9035
Autores Tópico(s)Historical Art and Culture Studies
ResumoAbstractOrdinary sports clubs and their annual sports have been largely ignored by historians of sport, whose focus has been largely on more mega-events and on larger clubs, and on the twentieth century rather than earlier periods. This paper provides a rare case study of a local athletic sports meeting, in late Victorian and early Edwardian north-east England, using club records, newspaper, census and other record-linkage material, and setting it in its local and national context. By doing so it shows how it is possible to shed light on its organisation and club membership; the age, status and home locations of competitors, and the linkages with other athletic and cycling clubs in the area. More importantly it also explores the vexed question of the ways in which amateurism functioned in areas less influenced by the middle classes of the metropolis and elite clubs, which have hitherto dominated discussion.Clubes esportivos comuns e suas competições anuais são geralmente ignorados por historiadores do esporte, que costumam centrar seu foco em mega-eventos e em grandes clubes, e mais no século XX do que em períodos anteriores. Este artigo apresenta um raro estudo de caso sobre uma agremiação de esportes atléticos local, no final da era vitoriana e início da eduardiana no nordeste inglês, utilizando arquivos do clube, jornais, censos e outros materiais ligados a arquivos, colocando-os em seus contextos local e nacional. Ao fazer isso, ele demonstra como é possível iluminar sua organização e a filiação ao clube; a idade, o estado civil e o endereço dos competidores e suas ligações com outros clubes de atletismo e ciclismo na região. Mais importante ainda, ele também explora questões controversas sobre como o amadorismo funcionava em áreas menos influenciadas pelas classes médias da metrópole e pelos clubes de elite, que até aqui dominaram o debate.Los historiadores del deporte han prestado poca atención a los clubes deportivos pequeños y a sus eventos anuales, ya que han tendido a centrarse en acontecimientos de mayor escala y en los clubes más grandes, así como en el siglo XX y no en periodos anteriores. Este artículo presenta un estudio de caso atípico sobre una reunión atlética local en el noreste de Inglaterra durante las épocas tardovictoriana y eduardiana temprana, basado en los archivos del club, en fuentes hemerográficas y censitarias, y en otros materiales de vinculación de registros, y convenientemente ubicado en su contexto local y nacional. De esta manera se pone de relieve la posibilidad de arrojar luz sobre su organización y sobre la composición del club; la edad, el estatus y los orígenes geográficos de los competidores, y los vínculos con otros clubes atléticos y ciclistas de la zona. Cabe destacar que también explora la polémica cuestión de cómo funcionaba el amateurismo en zonas con menos influencia de las clases medias de las metrópolis y de los clubes de élite, que hasta ahora han predominado en los debates.Les clubs sportifs ordinaires et leurs manifestations annuelles ont été en grande partie ignorés par les historiens du sport, qui se sont beaucoup plus intéressés à de plus grands événements sportifs et de plus grands clubs, et davantage au XXe siècle qu'aux périodes antérieures. Cet article présente une étude de cas originale: une rencontre sportive locale, à la fin de la période Victorienne et au début de la période Edwardienne, au nord-est de l'Angleterre, en s'appuyant sur les archives de club, la presse, les recensements et autres éléments d'archives, et en la situant dans son contexte local et national. Ce travail permet de montrer qu'il est possible d'appréhender ainsi l'organisation et les membres du club; l'âge, le statut et le lieu de résidence des compétiteurs, de même que les liens noués avec d'autres clubs sportifs et cyclistes de la région. Plus important, il explore aussi la question épineuse de la façon dont fonctionnait l'amateurisme dans les régions moins influencées par les classes moyennes urbaines et les clubs d'élite, qui ont jusqu'ici monopolisé les débats.Einfache Sportvereine und ihre alljährlichen Sportarten wurden von Sporthistorikern, dessen Fokus überwiegend auf weiteren Mega-Events und auf größeren Vereinen sowie eher auf dem 20. Jahrhundert als auf früheren Perioden lag, weitgehend ignoriert. Dieser Artikel bietet eine seltene Fallstudie eines lokalen Sportfests in Nord-West-England der späten Viktorianischen und frühen Edwardianischen Epoche, nutzt dazu Vereinsaufzeichnungen, Zeitungen, Volkszählungen sowie anderes Belegmaterial und bringt es in einen lokalen und nationalen Kontext. Auf diese Weise zeigt er auf, wie ist es möglich ist, Licht auf die Organisation und Vereinsmitgliedschaft zu werfen; auf das Alter, den Status und den Heimatort von Wettkämpfern, sowie auf die Verknüpfungen mit anderen Sport-und Radsportvereinen in der Region. Noch wichtiger ist, dass es auch die umstrittene Frage nach den Möglichkeiten untersucht, die Dilettantismus in Bereichen zuließen, die weniger durch die Mittelklassen der Metropole und der Elite-Klubs, die bislang die Diskussionen dominierten, beeinflusst waren.スポーツ史家は一般にメガイベント大規模クラブにばかり着目し、市井のスポーツクラブやそれらが行うスポーツをしばしば無視してきた。またスポーツ史家の関心はしばしば２０世紀に集中し、それ以前の時代はあまり顧みられてこなかった。本稿は、後期ヴィクトリア朝及び初期エドワード朝時代のイングランド北東部にある、ローカルスポーツクラブという珍しい事例を扱う。この研究では、クラブの内部記録や新聞、センサス、その他の記録に関わる資料を用い、この事例をローカル及びナショナルな文脈の中に位置づける。これを通じて、クラブ組織やメンバーシップ、競技者の年齢、地位や居住地、同地域のスポーツクラブや自転車クラブとの結びつきといったテーマにいかにして光を当てることができるかを示す。さらに重要なこととして本稿は、これまで大都市のミドルクラスやエリートクラブという、これまで多く議論されてきた勢力の影響の少ない地方において、アマチュアリズムがいかにして機能していたかという難題に取り組む。普通体育俱乐部和它们的年度体育运动已经很大程度上被体育史学家所忽视，因为他们更多地关注大型体育赛事、大型俱乐部以及二十世纪而不是更早时期的体育事件。本文使用俱乐部纪录、报纸、普查数据和其它相关的记录材料提供了一个罕见的地方运动会个案研究，并将其设置在地方和国家的背景下。该事件发生在维多利亚后期和爱德华早期英格兰东北部。通过以上方法，本文展示了它如何可能阐明该组织和俱乐部会员资格、年龄、地位和竞争对手的主场的位置以及与这个地区的其它自行车俱乐部的关系。更重要的是，本文还探讨了一个迄今为止一直困扰着该研究的难题，即业余精神发挥作用的方式为何能在该地区很少受城市和精英俱乐部中产阶级的影响。Keywords:: amateurismsports clubathleticscyclingnorth-east England Notes 1.CitationHuggins, “Sources, Methods and Approaches.” 2. A useful online example is that of the on-line documents made available by Everton Football Club at www.evertoncollection.org.uk. See also CitationGregson, Sporting Ancestors. 3.CitationSzymanski, “Theory of the Evolution” and CitationVamplew, “Theories and Typologies.” 4.CitationKennedy and Kennedy, “Ambiguity, Complexity and Covergence”; CitationKay, “Maintaining the Traditions of British Sport?” and CitationSmith, “Cars, Cricket and Alf Smith.” 5.CitationDixon and Garnham, “Cricket Club Professionals.” 6.CitationHolt, Stanmore Golf Club, 1893–1993. 7. See for rare athletic examples, CitationMacLennan, “Ben Race”; CitationGregson and Huggins, “Media, Regional Culture and the Great North Run.” 8.CitationPearson and Inglis, Played in Tyne and Wear, 90. 9. ‘Ashbrooke Sports Meetings, Minutes, Results and Competitions 1893–1904, 1910’ Ledger – Ashbrooke Archives Other Sports/3 (hereinafter AAOS/3). The ledger is a thick hand-written tome set out year by year with a four-sided detailed official programme glued in at the beginning of each year's minutes. The ledger also contains a number of loose leafed handicap sheets and letters.10.CitationWatson, “Popular Athletics on Victorian Tyneside.”11.CitationLawson, Lawson's Tyneside Celebrities, 315.12.CitationLowerson, Sport and the English Middle Classes, 89.13.CitationShearman, Athletics and Football, 52.14. Lowerson, Sport and the English Middle Classes, 21.15.York Herald, June 16, 1867.16.CitationLovesay, Official Centenary History.17.Times, January 18, 1886.18.CitationRubenstein, “Cycling in the 1890s,” 47.19.CitationMetcalfe, Leisure and Recreation, 122.20.CitationMoses, To Ashbrooke and Beyond, 12.21. Ibid., 12–20.22. Ibid., 22.23.Sunderland Daily Echo, June 4, 1900.24. Ibid.25. Moses, To Ashbrooke and Beyond, 32, 38.26. AAOS/3 – the pages of the ledger are not numbered.27. AAOS/3 – minutes passim and information garnered from census returns 1871–1911 and collected via the search engines at www.thegenealogist.co.uk (Gen/cen) accessed June 14, 2013.28. Moses, To Ashbrooke and Beyond, 13. Many of the sportsmen and committee members mentioned in the article are covered in more detail in CitationGregson, One Among Many and CitationGregson, Australia in Sunderland.29.North-Eastern Daily Gazette, January 25, 1895; AAOS/3 committee details 1893 to 1898.30. AAOS/3 committee details passim and census returns.31. AAOS/3 passim – annual race by race entries.32. AAOS/3 noted on the front cover of the annual programme.33. AAOS/3 Todd's name and address appear on various loose sheets In the ledger – Gen/cen.34. AAOS/3 in the annual programmes – the front covers state a date on which entries would ‘positively close’ usually 10 days before the sports started.35. AAOS/3 1895 loose letter from handicapper – mentions dubious entries received ‘after parcels sent to me’ – Only five scratch entries in 1894 and four in 1895 AAOS/3 race entries 1894 and 1895.36. AAOS/3 passim WJ Sloan of Hexham Harriers, for example, was allowed late entry in both 1897 and 1898; His handicap of 100 yards was the lowest in the 3 mile handicap race.37. AAOS/3 passim.38.Sunderland Daily Echo, May 27, 1901 and June 4, 1900.39. AAOS/3 minutes 1893 and 1897.40. AAOS/3 advertising and concessions in most minutes.41.Sunderland Echo, Monday, June 4, 1900.42. AAOS/3 1893 race lists and competitors' lists.43. Pearson and Inglis, Played in Tyne and Wear, 15; Telfer, “Origins, Governance and Social Structure.”44. AAOS/3 1893 race lists and competitors' lists.45. Ibid; There is a badge to Jubilee Rovers Athletic and Cycling Club formed 1887 on a gravestone in Newcastle Upon Tyne's Jesmond Cemetery, Pearson and Inglis, Played in Tyne and Wear, 14.46. AAOS/3 1893.47. AAOS/3 race lists and competitors' list. Gen/cen – the five censuses 1871 to 1911 provided a significant amount of detail on anyone who was around 23 in 1893 and who survived into the twentieth century. Information provided also enabled career paths to be examined.48.CitationArmstrong, “Use of Information About Occupation.”49. AAOS/3 race lists and competitors' list 1893. Census returns.50. Ibid.51. The census was taken on March 31. The sports began on May 27.52. Interest in cycling was set to decline over the next few years although in 1900 there was a cement-lined cambered cycle track at the ground shared by North Durham Cricket and Rugby Clubs, Pearson and Inglis, Played in Tyne and Wear, 15.53. Gregson, One Among Many.54. Ibid.55.CitationHuggins, “Spread of Association Football.”56. William Cail, “Recollections of Northumberland County Football”, in CitationMarshall, Rugby Union Game, 453 and Gregson, One Among Many, 36–42.57.Newcastle Weekly Courant, March 23, 1889.58.Newcastle Weekly Courant, March 29, 1890.59. Gregson, One Among Many, 164.60.Newcastle Weekly Courant, October 28, 1893.61.Newcastle Weekly Courant, April 6, 1895.62.Newcastle Weekly Courant, June 8, 1895.63.York Herald, November 20, 1895 – the Ashbrooke archive contains a large programme booklet for the bazaar which, according to the events and advertisements, was supported by the majority of leading industrialists and businessmen in the town as well as their families.64. AAOS/3 1910 Programme.65. Ibid.66. Ibid.67. AAOS/3 Programmes passim – this or something similar was placed in all the programmes during the period covered by the ledger.68. See “Professionals and Amateurs”, in CitationHuggins, Victorians and Sport, 51–84.69. Shearman, Athletics and Football, 192.70. Metcalfe, Leisure and Recreation, 124–5.71. AAOS/3 passim but particularly minutes for 1893, 1898. 1903 and 1910. See also Sunderland Daily Echo coverage of each sports (usually on the Monday and Tuesday of the sports themselves).72. AAOS/3 see rules and regulations in annual programmes (usually back page – p. 4).73. AAOS/3 – a number of loose leaf pieces of paper (headed by the handicapper but not dated) refer to such late entries as acceptable although on one dated sheet (May 23, 1898) the handicapper suggests refusing a ‘stranger’ who ‘might give trouble’.74.CitationClapson, A Bit of a Flutter and CitationMcKibbin, “Working-Class Gambling” and CitationMunting, Economic and Social History.75. AAOS/3 – Both quotes 1910 minutes from copy of letter June 1910 from B S Branfoot (Secretary) to the committee formed to run the sports.76. Huggins, Victorians and Sport, 6.77. Ibid., 19.78.CitationAtkinson, Victorian Britain – The North East, 178.79. AAOS/3 passim.80. AAOS/3 passim – on the handicapper's dated sheet (May 23, 1898) is a list of the athletes chosen as the marks for scratch. Among them was Olympian Alf Tysoe who won medals in Paris in 1900. Another undated loose sheet under Todd's name states ‘cycle events represent C J Petersen as scratch’.81. Gregson, One Among Many, pleads in the introduction to his book for sport club historians to fix their club's story ‘within its historical context’, a notion he examines in further detail in CitationGregson, “Considering Templates.”Additional informationNotes on contributorsKeith GregsonKeith Gregson is the official archivist for Ashbrooke Sports Club. He is an independent scholar who has published widely at a popular and academic level in the fields of sport, cultural and social history, and genealogy. He studied at Newcastle University, where he won the Burn Prize for history and wrote his M. Litt on the English Poor Law. He recently published Sporting Ancestors; Tracing your family's athletic past (The History Press, Cheltenham, 2012).Mike HugginsMike Huggins is Emeritus Professor of Cultural History at the University of Cumbria. He has written over a hundred articles, chapters and books on the history of sport and leisure in Britain in the eighteenth, nineteenth and twentieth centuries. His most recent book, edited by Mike O'Mahony, is The Visual in Sport (Abingdon: Routledge, 2012). He is currently working on a book on The Victorians and Vice for Bloomsbury Press.
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