Portal de Periódicos da CAPES

Antibiotic toxicity, interactions and resistance development

2002; Wiley; Volume: 28; Issue: 1 Linguagem: Inglês

10.1034/j.1600-0757.2002.280112.x

1600-0757

Marilyn C. Roberts,

HIV/AIDS oral health manifestations

Periodontology 2000Volume 28, Issue 1 p. 280-297 Antibiotic toxicity, interactions and resistance development MARILYN C. ROBERTS, MARILYN C. ROBERTSSearch for more papers by this author MARILYN C. ROBERTS, MARILYN C. ROBERTSSearch for more papers by this author First published: 09 July 2002 https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0757.2002.280112.xCitations: 37Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat References 1 Allignet J, Aubert S, Morvan A, El Solh N. Distribution of genes encoding resistance to Streptogramin A and related compounds among staphylococci resistant to these antibiotics. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1996: 40: 2523–2528. 2 Allignet J, El Solh N. Comparative analysis of staphylococcal plasmids carrying three streptogramin-resistance genes: vat-vgb-vga. Plasmid 1999: 42: 134–138.DOI: 10.1006/plas.1999.1412 3 Andres MT, Chung WO, Roberts MC, Fierro JF. Antimicrobial susceptibilities of Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia and Prevotella nigrescens spp. isolated in Spain. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1998: 42: 3022–3023. 4 Archer GL, Niemeyer DM. Origin and evolution of DNA associated with resistance to methicillin in staphylococci. Trends Microbiol 1994: 2: 343–347. 5 Barbosa TM, Scott KP, Flint HJ. Evidence for recent intergeneric transfer of a new tetracycline resistance gene, tet(W), isolated from Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens, and occurrence of tet(O) in ruminal bacteria. Environ Microbiol 1999: 1: 530–564. 6 Barriere JC, Bouanchaud DH, Paris JM, Rolin O, Harris NV, Smith C. Antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus of semisynthetic injectable streptogramins: RP 59500 and related compounds. J Antimicrob Chemother 1992: 30(suppl A): 1–8. 7 Beck J, Gracia R, Heiss G, Colconas PS, Offenbacher S. Periodontal disease and cardiovascular diseases. J Periodontol 1996: 67: 1123–1237. 8 Berger-Bachi B. Expression of resistance to methicillin. Trends Microbiol 1992: 2: 389–393. 9 Bernal LA, Guillot E, Paquet C, Mouton C. β-Lactamase-producing strains in the species Prevotella intermedia and Prevotella nigrescens. Oral Microbiol Immunol 1998: 13: 36–40. 10 Bootsma HJ, Van Dijk H, Verhoef J, Fleer A, Mooi FR. Molecular characterization of the BRO β-lactamase of Moraxella (Branhamella) catarrhalis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1996: 40: 966–972. 11 Bowler LD, Zhang Q-Y, Riou J-Y, Spratt BG. Interspecies recombination between the penA genes of Neisseria meningitidis and commensal Neisseria species during the emergence of penicillin resistance in N. meningitidis: natural events and laboratory simulation. J Bacteriol 1994: 176: 333–337. 12 Bush K, Jacoby GA, Medeiros AA. A functional classification scheme for β-lactamases and its correlation with molecular structure. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1995: 39: 1211–1233. 13 Carlier J-P, Sellier N, Rager M-N, Reysset G. Metabolism of a 5-nitroimidazole in susceptible and resistant isogenic strains of Bacteroides fragilis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1997: 41: 1495–1499. 14 Champney WS, Burdine R. Macrolide antibiotics inhibit 50S ribosomal subunit assembly in Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1995: 39: 2141–2144. 15 Charvalos E, Tselentis Y, Hamzehpour MM, Kohler T, Pechere J-C. Evidence for an efflux pump in multidrug-resistant Campylobacter jejuni. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1995: 39: 2019–2022. 16 Chopra I, Hawkey PM, Hinton M. Tetracyclines, molecular and clinical aspects. J Antimicrob Chemother 1992: 29: 245–277. 17 Church DL, Bryant RD, Sim V, Lishley EJ. Metronidazole susceptibility and the presence of hydrogenase in pathogenic bacteria. Anaerobe 1996: 2: 147–153. 18 Clairoux N, Picard M, Brochu A, Rousseau N, Gourde P, Beauchamp D, Parr TR Jr, Bergeron MG, Malouin F. Molecular basis of the non-β-lactamase-mediated resistance to β-lactam antibiotics in strains of Haemophilus influenzae isolated in Canada. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1992: 36: 1504–1513. 19 Clancy J, Petitpas J, Dib-Hajj F, Yuan W, Cronan M, Kamath AV, Bergeron J, Retsema JA. Molecular cloning and functional analysis of a novel macrolide-resistance determinant, mefA, from Streptococcus pyogenes. Mol Microbiol 1996: 22: 867–879. 20 Cohen M. Epidemiology of drug resistance: implications for a post-antimicrobial era. Science 1992: 257: 1050–1055. 21 Col NF, O'Connor RW. Estimating worldwide current antibiotic usage: report of Task Force 1. Rev Infect Dis 1987: 9: S232–S243. 22 Couto I, De Lencastre H, Severina E, Kloos W, Webster JA, Hubner RJ, Sanches IS, Tomasz A. Ubiquitous presence of a mecA homologue in natural isolates of Staphylococcus sciuri. Microbial Drug Resist 1996: 2: 377–391. 23 Couture F, Lachapelle J, Levesque RC. Phylogeny of LCR-1 and OXA-5 with class A and class D β-lactamases. Mol Microbiol 1992: 6: 1693–1705. 24 Dahl MV, Kaz I, Krueger GG, Millikan LE, Odom RB, Parker F, Wolf JE Jr, Aly R, Bayles C, Reusser B, Weidner M, Coleman E, Patrignelli R, Tulery MR, Baker MO, Herndon JH Jr, Czerniele JM. Topical metronidazole maintains remissions of rosacea. Arch Dermatol 1998: 134: 679–683. 25 Dajani AS, Taubert KA, Wilson W, Bolger AF, Bayer A, Ferrieri P, Gewitz MH, Shulman ST, Nouri S, Newburger JW, Hutto C, Pallasch TJ, Gage TW, Levison ME, Peter G, Zuccaro G Jr.Prevention of bacterial endocarditis: recommendations by the American Heart Association. JAMA 1997: 227: 1794–1801. 26 Dajani AS, Taubert KA, Wilson W, Bolger AF, Bayer A, Ferrieri P, Gewitz MH, Shulman ST, Nouri S, Newburger JW, Hutto C, Pallasch TJ, Gage TW, Levison ME, Peter G, Zuccaro G Jr.Prevention of bacterial endocarditis: recommendations by the American Heart Association. J Am Dent Assoc 1997: 128: 1142–1151. 27 DePaola A, Roberts MC. Class D and E tetracycline resistance determinants in gram-negative catfish pond bacteria. Mol Cell Probes 1995: 9: 311–313. 28 De Stafano F, Anda RF, Kahn HS, Williamson DF, Russell CM. Dental disease and risk of coronary heart disease and mortality. BMJ 1993: 306: 688–691. 29 Doran JL, Pang Y, Mdluli KE, Moran AJ, Victor TC, Stokes RW, Mahenthiralingam E, Kreiswirth BN, Butt JL, Baron GS, Treit JD, Kerr VJ, Van Helden PD, Roberts MC, Nano FE. Mycobacterium tuberculosis efpA encodes an efflux protein of the QacA transporter family. Clin Diagn Lab Immun 1997: 4: 23–32. 30 Dowson CG, Coffey TJ, Spratt BG. Origin and molecular epidemiology of penicillin-binding-protein-mediated resistance to β-lactam antibiotics. Trends Microbiol 1994: 2: 361–365. 31 Drasch G, Muss C, Roider G. Gold and palladium burden from dental restoration materials. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2000: 14: 71–75. 32 Dubreuil L, Houcke I, Mouton Y, Rossignol J-F. In vitro evaluation of activities of nitazoxanide and tizoxanide against anaerobes and aerobic organisms. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1996: 40: 2266–2270. 33 Eady EA, Ross JI, Cove JH. Multiple mechanisms of erythromycin resistance. J Antimicrob Chemother 1990: 26: 461–465. 34 Edward DI. Nitroimidazole drugs-action and resistance mechanisms I. Mechanisms of action. J Antimicrob Chemother 1993: 31: 9–20. 35 Edward DI. Nitroimidazole drugs-action and resistance mechanisms II. Mechanisms of resistance. J Antimicrob Chemother 1993: 31: 201–210. 36 Elwell LP, Saunders JR, Richmond MH, Falkow S. Relationships among some R-plasmids found in Haemophilus influenzae. J Bacteriol 1977: 131: 356–362. 37 Falkow S. Infectious multiple drug resistance. London: Pion Limited, 1973. 38 Ferracane JL, Adey KD, Nakajima H, Okabe T. Mercury vaporization from amalgams with varied alloy compositions. J Dent Res 1995: 74: 1414–1417. 39 Fine HD, Hammond BF, Loesche WJ. Clinical use of antibiotics in dental practice. Int J Antimicrob Agents 1996: 9: 235–238. 40 Fleming A. On the antibacterial action of cultures of a Penicillium, with special reference to their use in the isolation of B. influenzae. Br J Exp Pathol 1929: 10: 226–236. 41 Foster TJ. The genetics and biochemistry of mercury resistance. Crit Rev Microbiol 1987: 15: 117–140. 42 Frost LS. Bacterial conjugation: everybody's doin' it. Can J Microbiol 1992: 38: 1091–1096. 43 George AM, Hall RM, Stokes HW. Multidrug resistance in Klebsiella pneumoniae: a novel gene, ramA, confers a multidrug resistance phenotype in Escherichia coli. Microbiology 1995: 141: 1909–1920. 44 Ghuysen J-M. Molecular structures of penicillin-binding proteins and β-lactamases. Trends Microbiol 1994: 2: 372–380. 45 Gilbert DN, Moellering RC Jr, Sande MA. The Sanford guide to antimicrobial therapy. 31st edn.Hyde Park, VT: Antimicrobial Therapy, Inc., 2001. 46 Goldstein EJC, Summanen PH, Citron DM, Rosove MH, Finegold SM. Fatal sepsis due to a beta-lactamase-producing strain of Fusobacterium nucleatum subspecies polymorphum. Clin Infect Dis 1994: 20: 797–800. 47 Gregory ST, Dahlberg AE. Erythromycin resistance mutations in ribosomal proteins L22 and Lr perturb the higher order structure of 23S ribosomal RNA. J Mol Biol 1999: 289: 827–834.DOI: 10.1006/jmbi.1999.2839 48 Greenstein G. The role of metronidazole in the treatment of periodontal disease. J Periodontol 1993: 64: 1–15. 49 Hitzig C, Charbit Y, Bitton C, Fosse T, Teboul M, Hannoun L, Varonne R. Topical metronidazole as an adjunct to subgingival debridement in the treatment of chronic periodontitis. J Clin Periodontol 1994: 21: 146–151. 50 Hughes VM, Data N. Conjugative plasmids in bacteria of the “pre-antibiotic” era. Nature 1983: 302: 725–726. 51 Khesin RB, Karasyova EV. Mercury-resistant plasmids in bacteria from a mercury and antimony deposit area. Mol Gen Genet 1984: 197: 280–285. 52 Kirst HA. New macrolides: expanded horizons for an old class of antibiotics. J Antimicrob Chemother 1991: 28: 787–790. 53 Kononen E, Kanervo A, Salminen K, Jousimies-Somer H. β-Lactamase production and antimicrobial susceptibility of oral heterogeneous Fusobacterium nucleatum populations in young children. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1999: 43: 1270–1273. 54 Kononen E, Nyfors S, Matto J, Asikainen S, Jousimies-Somer H. β-Lactamase production by oral pigmented Prevotella species isolated from young children. Clin Infect Dis 1997: 25(suppl 2): S272–S274. 55 Leng Z, Riley DE, Berger RE, Krieger JN, Roberts MC. Distribution and mobility of the tetracycline resistant determinant Tet Q. J Antimicrob Chemother 1997: 40: 551–559. 56 Leclercq R, Courvalin P. Bacterial resistance to macrolide, lincosamide, and streptogramin antibiotics by target modification. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1991: 35: 1267–1272. 57 Levy SB. The antibiotic paradox: how miracle drugs are destroying the miracle. New York: Plenum Press, 1992. 58 Levy SB, McMurry LM, Barbosa TM, Burdett V, Couravalin P, Hillen W, Roberts MC, Rood JI, Taylor DE. Nomenclature for new tetracycline resistance determinants. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1999: 43: 1523–1524. 59 Liebert CA, Hall RM, Summers AO. Transposon Tn21, flagship of the floating genome. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 1999: 63: 507–522. 60 Liebert CA, Wireman J, Smith T, Summers AO. Phylogeny of mercury resistance (mer) operons of gram-negative bacteria isolated from the fecal flora of primates. Appl Environ Microbiol 1997: 63: 1066–1076. 61 Loesche WJ. Periodontal disease as a risk factor for heart disease. Compendium Contin Educ Dent 1994: 15: 976–991. 62 Loesche WJ, Giordano JR, Hujoel P, Schwarcz J, Smith BA. Metronidazole in periodontitis: reduced need for surgery. J Clin Periodontol 1992: 19: 103–112. 63 Lorian V. Antibiotics in laboratory medicine. 4th edn.Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1996. 64 Lucier T, Heitzman K, Liu S-K, Hu P-C. Transition mutations in the 23S rRNA of erythromycin-resistant isolates of Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1995: 39: 2770–2773. 65 Luna VA, Cousin S Jr, Whittington WLH, Roberts MC. Identification of the conjugative mef gene in clinical Acinetobacter junii and Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2000: 44: 3503–3506. 66 Luna VA, Coates P, Eady EA, Cove J, Nguyen TTH, Roberts MC. A variety of gram-positive bacteria carry mobile mef genes. J Antimicrob Chemother 1999: 44: 19–25. 67 Lyttle HA, Bowden GH. The level of mercury in human dental plaque and interaction in vitro between biofilms of Streptococcus mutans and dental amalgam. J Dent Res 1995: 72: 1320–1324. 68 Matto J, Asikainen S, Vaisanen M-L, Von Troil-Linden B, Kononen E, Saarela M, Salminen K, Finegold SM, Jousimies-Somer H. β-Lactamase production in Prevotella intermedia, Prevotella nigrescens and Prevotella pallens genotypes and in vitro susceptibilities to selected antimicrobial agents. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1999: 43: 2383–2388. 69 Meirer A, Kirschner P, Springer B, Steingrube VA, Brown BA, Wallace RJ Jr, Botterg EC. Identification of mutations in 23S rRNA gene of clarithromycin-resistant Mycobacterium intracellulare. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1994: 38: 381–384. 70 Mendelman PM, Chaffin DO, Musser JM, De Groot R, Serfass DA, Selander RK. Genetic and phenotypic diversity among ampicillin-resistant non-β-lactamase-producing, nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae isolates. Infect Immun 1987: 55: 2585–2589. 71 Nagy E, Foldes J. Inactivation of metronidazole by Enterococcus faecalis. J Antimicrob Chemother 1991: 27: 63–70. 72 Nelson JD. 1996–1997 pocket book of pediatric antimicrobial therapy. 12th edn.Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1996: 100–103. 73 Nyfors S, Könönen E, Talala A, Jousimies-Somer H. β-Lactamase production by oral anaerobic gram-negative species in infants in relation to previous antimicrobial therapy. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1999: 43: 1591–1594. 74 Offenbacher S, Katz VL, Fertik GS, Collins JG, Boyd DL, Maynor GB, McKaig R, Beck JD. Periodontal infection as a risk factor for preterm low birth weight. J Periodontol 1996: 67: 1103–1113. 75 Olsvik B, Olsen I, Tenover FC. The tet(Q) gene in bacteria isolated from patients with refractory periodontal disease. Oral Microbiol Immunol 1994: 9: 251–255. 76 Olsvik B, Olsen I, Tenover FC. Detection of tet(M) and tet(O) using the polymerase chain reaction in bacteria isolated from patients with periodontal disease. Oral Microbiol Immunol 1995: 10: 87–92. 77 Osborn AM, Bruce KD, Strike P, Ritchie DA. Sequence conservation between regulatory mercury resistance genes in bacteria from mercury polluted and pristine environments. System Appl Microbiol 1997: 18: 1–6. 78 Pacheco SV, Miranda R, Cervantes C. Inorganic-ion resistance by bacteria isolated from a Mexico City freeway. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 1995: 72: 581–612. 79 Pancoast SJ. Aminoglycoside antibiotics in clinical use. Med Clin North Am 1988: 72: 581–612. 80 Pang Y, Bosch T, Roberts MC. Single polymerase chain reaction for the detection of tetracycline-resistant determinants Tet K and Tet L. Mol Cell Probes 1994: 8: 417–422.DOI: 10.1006/mcpr.1994.1059 81 Pankuch GA, Jacobs MR, Appelbaum PC. Susceptibilities of 428 gram-positive and -negative anaerobic bacteria to Bay y3118 compared with their susceptibilities to ciprofloxacin, clindamycin, metronidazole, piperacillin, piperacillin-tazobactam, and cefoxoitin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1993: 37: 1649–1654. 82 Pintado C, Salvador C, Rotger R, Nombela C. Multiresistance plasmid from commensal Neisseria species. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1985: 27: 120–124. 83 Ramamurthy NS, Liu Y, Turner G, Rifkin BR, Goulb LM. Therapeutic inhibition of experimental periodontal breakdown in rates: comparison of different chemically-modified tetracyclines (CMTs). J Dent Res 2000: 79: 403. 84 Reysset G, Trinh S, Carlier J-P, Sebald M. Base génétiques de la résistance aux 5-nitroimidazolés des Bacteroides spp. Méd Mal Infect 1996: 26: S213–S219. 85 Recchia GD, Hall RM. Gene cassettes: a new class of mobile element. Microbiology 1995: 141: 3015–3027. 86 Roberts MC. Gene transfer in the urogenital and respiratory tract. In: Levy SB, Miller RV, ed. Gene transfer in the environment. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1989: 347–375. 87 Roberts MC. Plasmids of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and other Neisseria species. Rev Clin Microbiol 1989: 2: S18–S23. 88 Roberts MC. Antibiotic resistance. In: Maniloff J, McElhaney RN, Finch LR, Baseman BJ, ed. Mycoplasmas, molecular biology and pathogenesis. Washington, DC: Am Soc Microbiol, 1992: 513–523. 89 Roberts MC. Epidemiology of tetracycline resistance determinants. Trends Microbiol Virulence, Infect Pathog 1994: 2: 353–357. 90 Roberts MC. Tetracycline resistance determinants: mechanisms of action, regulation of expression, genetic mobility, and distribution. FEMS Microbiol Rev 1996: 19: 1–24. 91 Roberts MC. Genetic mobility and distribution of tetracycline resistance determinants. In: Antibiotic resistance: origins, evolution, selection and spread. Ciba Foundation Symposium 207. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, 1997: 206–208. 92 Roberts MC. Oral bacteria: reservoirs for antibiotic resistance traits. APUA Newslett 1997: 15: 1–6. 93 Roberts MC. Antibiotic resistance in oral/respiratory bacteria. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med 1998: 9: 522–540. 94 Roberts MC. Introduction: impact of bacterial antibiotic resistance on oral health: what is the relevance?Int J Antimicrob Agents 1998: 9: 233–234. 95 Roberts MC. Antibiotic resistance mechanisms in bacteria of oral and upper respiratory origin. Int J Antimicrob Agents 1998: 9: 255–269. 96 Roberts MC, Brown BA, Steingrube VA, Wallace RJ Jr.Genetic basis of tetracycline resistance in Moraxella (Branhamella) catarrhalis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1990: 34: 1816–1818. 97 Roberts MC, Chung W, Roe DE. Characterization of tetracycline and erythromycin determinants in Treponema denticola. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1996: 40: 1690–1694. 98 Roberts M, Elwell LP, Falkow S. Molecular characterization of two beta-lactamase-specifying plasmids isolated from Neisseria gonorrhoeae. J Bacteriol 1977: 131: 557–563. 99 Roberts M, Falkow S. In vivo conjugal transfer of R plasmids in Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Infect Immun 1979: 24: 982–984. 100 Roberts MC, Sutcliffe J, Courvalin P, Jensen LB, Rood J, Seppala H. Nomenclature for macrolide and macrolide-lincosamide streptogramin B antibiotic resistance determinants. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1999: 43: 2823–2830. 101 Roberts MC, Judge K, Young K. Development of gram-positive probes for the detection of mercury resistance in oral bacteria. Abstract #3819, p. 621. Abstracts of the 78th General Session of the IADR, Washington, DC, April 5–8, 2000. 102 Roche Y, Yoshimori RN. In vitro activity of spiramycin and metronidazole alone or in combination against clinical isolates from odontogenic abscess. J Antimicrob Chemother 1997: 40: 353–357. 103 Rosenstein NE, Stocker SA, Popovic T, Tenover FC, Perkins BA. Active bacterial core surveillance (ABCs) team. Relief of psychiatric symptoms in a patient with Crohn's disease after metronidazole therapy. Clin Infect Dis 2000: 30: 213. 104 Rotger R, Garcia-Valdes E, Trallero EP. Characterization of a β-lactamase-specifying plasmid isolated from Eikenella corrodens and its relationship to a commensal Neisseria plasmid. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1986: 30: 508–509. 105 Rotger R, Rubio F, Nombela C. A multi-resistance plasmid isolated from commensal Neisseria species is closely related to the enterobacterial plasmid RSF1010. J Gen Microbiol 1986: 132: 2491–2496. 106 Samuelson J. Why metronidazole is active against both bacteria and parasites. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1999: 43: 1533–1541. 107 Sanchez L, Pan W, Vinas M, Nikaido H. The acrAB homology of Haemophilus influenzae codes for a functional multidrug efflux pump. J Bacteriol 1997: 179: 6855–6857. 108 Saxén L, Asikainen S. Metronidazole in the treatment of localized juvenile periodontitis. J Clin Periodontol 1993: 20: 166–171. 109 Scheifele DW, Fussel SJ, Roberts MC. Characterization of ampicillin-resistant Haemophilus parainfluenzae. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1982: 21: 734–739. 110 Scott KP, Melville CM, Barbosa TM, Flint HJ. Occurrence of the new tetracycline resistance gene tet(W) in bacteria from the human gut. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2000: 44: 775–777. 111 Shortridge VD, Flamm RK, Ramer N, Beyer J, Tanaka SK. Novel mechanisms of macrolide resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 1996: 26: 73–78. 112 Silver S, Phung LT. Bacterial heavy metal resistance: new surprises. Annu Rev Microbiol 1996: 50: 753–789. 113 Silver S, Walderhaug M. Gene regulation of plasmid- and chromosome-determined inorganic ion transport in bacteria. Microbiol Rev 1992: 56: 195–228. 114 Smith MC, Murray BE. Sequence analysis of the β-lactamase repressor from Staphylococcus aureus and hybridization studies with two β-lactamase-producing isolates of Enterococcus faecalis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1992: 36: 2265–2269. 115 Socransky SS, Haffajee AD, Cugini MA, Smith C, Kent RL Jr.Microbial complexes in subgingival plaque. J Clin Periodontol 1998: 25: 134–144. 116 Sorum H, Roberts MC, Crosa JH. Identification and cloning of a tetracycline resistance gene from the fish pathogen Vibrio salmonicida. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1992: 36: 611–615. 117 Stapleton PD, Pike R, Richards H, Mullany P, Rowbury R. Mechanism of mercury, tetracycline and erythromycin resistance in viridans group streptococci. Abstract 146, p. 67. Abstracts 40th Interscience Conferences on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Toronto, Canada Sept 17–20, 2000. 118 Summers AO, Wireman J, Vimy MJ, Lscheider FL, Marshall B, Levy SB, Bennett S, Billard L. Mercury released from dental “silver” fillings provokes an increase in mercury- and antibiotic-resistant bacteria in oral and intestinal floras of primates. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1993: 37: 825–834. 119 Sutcliffe J, Tait-Kamradt A, Wondrack L. Streptococcus pneumoniae and Streptococcus pyogenes resistant to macrolides but sensitive to clindamycin: a common resistance pattern mediated by an efflux system. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1996: 40: 1817–1824. 120 Tanaka K, Kawamura C, Fukui K, Kato H, Kato N, Nakamura T, Watanabe K, Ueno K. Antimicrobial susceptibility and β-lactamase production of Prevotella spp. and Porphyromonas spp. Anaerobe 1999: 5: 461–463. 121 Taniguchi K, Kakamura A, Tsurubuchi K, Ishii A, O'Hara K, Sawai T. Identification of functional amino acids in the macrolide 2′-phosphotransferase II. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1999: 43: 2063–2065. 122 Thomas J, Karakiozis J, Powala C, Dawson-Ahdoh D, Van Kyke L. Establishing the non-antimicrobial activity of chemically modified tetracyclines (CMTs) versus doxycycline. J Dent Res 2000: 79: 403 (abstr). 123 Tomasz A. Benefit and risk in the β-lactam antibiotic-resistance strategies of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus. Trends Microbiol 1994: 2: 380–385. 124 Trees DL, Iandolo JJ. Identification of a Staphylococcus aureus transposon (Tn4291) that carries the methicillin resistance gene(s). J Bacteriol 1988: 170: 149–154. 125 Trinh S, Haggoud A, Reysset G. Conjugal transfer of the 5-nitroimidazole resistance plasmid pIP417 from Bacteroides vulgatus BV-17: characterization and nucleotide sequence analysis of the mobilization region. J Bacteriol 1996: 178: 6671–6676. 126 Trinh S, Reysset G. Detection by PCR of the nim genes encoding 5-nitroimidazole resistance in Bacteroides spp. J Clin Microbiol 1996: 34: 2078–2084. 127 Trinh S, Reysset G. Identification and DNA sequence of the mobilization region of the 5-nitroimidazole resistance plasmid pIP421 from Bacteroides fragilis. J Bacteriol 1997: 179: 4071–4074. 128 Valle G, Quiros LM, Andres MT, Fierro JF. A β-lactamase belonging to group 2e from oral clinical isolates of Prevotella intermedia. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1998: 158: 191–194. 129 Van Winkelhoff AJ, Winkel EG, Barendregt D, Dellemijn-Kippuw N, Stijne A, Van Der Velden U. β-Lactamase producing bacteria in adult periodontitis. J Clin Periodontol 1997: 24: 538–543. 130 Wang GE, Taylor DE. Site-specific mutations in the 23S rRNA gene of Helicobacter pylori confer two types of resistance to macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin B antibiotics. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1998: 42: 1952–1958. 131 Weisblum B. Erythromycin resistance by ribosome modification. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1995: 39: 577–585. 132 Wondrack L, Massa M, Yang BV, Sutcliffe J. Clinical strain of Staphylococcus aureus inactivates and causes efflux of macrolides. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1996: 40: 992–998. 133 Wright TL, Ellen RP, Lacroix J-M, Sinnadurai S, Mittelman MW. Effects of metronidazole on Porphyromonas gingivalis biofilms. J Periodontol Res 1997: 32: 473–477. 134 Wu S, Piscitelli C, De Lencastre H, Tomasz A. Tracking the evolutionary origin of the methicillin resistance gene: clone and sequencing of a homologue of mecA from a methicillin susceptible strain of Staphylococcus sciuri. Microbial Drug Res 1996: 2: 435–441. 135 Zscheck KK, Murray BE. Genes involved in the regulation of beta-lactamase production in enterococci and staphylococci. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1993: 37: 1966–1970. Citing Literature Volume28, Issue1January 2002Pages 280-297 ReferencesRelatedInformation