Rutherford B. Hayes and the Politics of Discord
2006; Taylor & Francis; Volume: 68; Issue: 3 Linguagem: Inglês
10.1111/j.1540-6563.2006.00157.x
ISSN1540-6563
Autores Tópico(s)American Constitutional Law and Politics
ResumoClick to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Notes1. Lawyers for each candidate argued their case before the commissioners in February 1877. After deliberating on each state, the Electoral Commission ruled Florida for Hayes on 9 February, Louisiana on 16 February, Oregon on 23 February, and South Carolina on 27 February. Ari Hoogenboom, Rutherford B. Hayes: Warrior and President (Lawrence, Kans.: University Press of Kansas, 1995), 287–88, 291, 293.2. Charles Richard Williams, The Life of Rutherford B. Hayes: Nineteenth President of the United States, 2 vols. (Boston, Mass., and New York: Houghton Mifflin and Company, 1914), 2: 1–3.3. C. Vann Woodward, Reunion and Reaction: The Compromise of 1877 and the End of Reconstruction (Boston, Mass.: Little, Brown, 1966), 166–203.4. Daniel H. Chamberlain to William E. Chandler, 27 December 1877, William E. Chandler Papers, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.5. Allan Peskin, “Stalwarts and Half‐Breeds,” in Historical Dictionary of the Gilded Age, ed. Leonard Schlup and James G. Ryan (Armonk, N.Y.: M. E. Sharpe, 2003), 466.6. T. Harry Williams, ed., Hayes: The Diary of a President, 1875–1881, Covering the Disputed Election, The End of Reconstruction, and the Beginning of Civil Service (New York: D. MacKay Co., 1964), 2.7. Hoogenboom, Rutherford B. Hayes, 261.8. Keith Ian Polakoff, The Politics of Inertia: The Election of 1876 and the End of Reconstruction (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1973), 310–12.9. Watt P. Marchman, ed., “The ‘Memoirs’ of Thomas Donaldson,” Hayes Historical Journal 2 (SpringFall 1979): 192.10. On Grant's reasonably adroit handling of the presidency, see Charles W. Calhoun, “Reimagining the ‘Lost Men’ of the Gilded Age: Perspectives on the Late Nineteenth Century Presidents,” Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era 1 (July 2002): 231–38; Frank J. Scatturo, President Grant Reconsidered (New York: University Press of America, 1998), 10–13; Brooks D. Simpson, Let Us Have Peace: Ulysses S. Grant and the Politics of War and Reconstruction, 1861–1868 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1991), 252–63.11. Williams, Life of Hayes, 2:8–9.12. Green B. Raum to John A. Logan, 28 May 1880, John A. Logan Papers, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.13. T. H. Williams, Hayes Diary, 126.14. Carl Schurz to Henry Cabot Lodge, 6 April 1878, Carl Schurz Papers, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.15. T. H. Williams, Hayes Diary, 81–82 n.16. Williams, Life of Hayes, 2:21.17. Carl Schurz, The Reminiscences of Carl Schurz, 3 vols. (New York: Doubleday, Page & Company, 1908), 3: 373–76.18. H. J. Eckenrode, Rutherford B. Hayes: Statesman of Reunion (New York: Dodd, Mead & Co., 1930), 244; Hoogenboom Rutherford B. Hayes, 296.19. New York Tribune, 5 March 1877.20. Charles Richard Williams, ed., Diary and Letters of Rutherford B. Hayes, 4 vols. (Columbus: The Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Society, 1925), 4: 385. Evarts also had little love lost for Conkling. A distinguished English lawyer, while dining with Evarts, commented on Conkling's superb oratory and suggested that he must indeed be among America's leading jurists. Evarts snapped, “I never saw Mr. Conkling in court.” Chauncey Depew, My Memories of Eighty Years (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1922), 103.21. John Sherman, Recollections of Forty Years in the House, Senate and Cabinet (Chicago: The Werner Co., 1895), 461.22. For example, see Burke A. Hinsdale to James A. Garfield, 28 February 1877, in Garfield‐Hinsdale Letters: Correspondence Between James A. Garfield and Burke Aaron Hinsdale, ed. Mary L. Hinsdale (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1949), 364–65.23. Schurz, Reminiscences, 374.24. Hoogenboom, Rutherford B. Hayes, 296, 302.25. A. A. Sargent, Newton Booth, et al., to Rutherford B. Hayes, 6 March 1877, Rutherford B. Hayes Papers, Rutherford B. Hayes Presidential Center, Fremont, Ohio.26. T. H. Williams, Hayes Diary, 80.27. James A. Garfield, “Diary,” 4 March 1877, 15 December 1877, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C., microfilm copy in Hayes Presidential Center.28. George F. Hoar, Autobiography of Seventy Years, 2 vols. (New York: C. Scribner's Sons, 1903), 2: 8–9.29. Williams, Life of Hayes, 2:22.30. New York Times, 10 March 1877.31. Congressional Record, 45th Cong., special senate sess., 1877, Washington, D.C., Part 6: 15–16.32. Ibid., 16.33. Williams, Life of Hayes, 2:16.34. New York Times, 8 March 1877.35. Journal of the Proceedings of the United States Senate, 45th Cong., executive sess., special sess., 7 March 1877, 3–4; New York Tribune, 8 March 1877.36. New York Tribune, 7 March 1877.37. In October 1877, Hayes noted in his diary that his critics believed that only Sherman, Thompson, McCrary, and Attorney General Charles Devens were true Republicans. Evarts and Schurz were “disorganizers, doctrinaires, and Liberals” while Key was obviously a “Democrat.” T. H. Williams, Hayes Diary, 100.38. Philadelphia Inquirer, 9 March 1877; Chicago Tribune, 8 and 10 March 1877; National Republican, 9 March 1877; James L. Marvin to Rutherford B. Hayes, 9 March 1877; Sanford Bell to Hayes, 9 March 1877; James Russell Lowell, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, Charles Eliot Norton, and Charles W. Eliot to Hayes, 9 March 1877, all in Hayes Papers, Hayes Presidential Center. Also J. B. Drake to Hayes, 9 March 1877; N. Summerbell to Hayes, 10 March 1877; C. M. Hawley to Hayes, 11 March 1877; W. W. Kimball to Hayes, 11 March 1877, all in Hayes Papers, Hayes Presidential Center.39. Senate Journal, 45th Cong., special exec. sess., 10 March 1877, 9–13.40. New York Times, 11 March 1877.41. William M. Malloy, comp., Treaties, Conventions, International Acts, Protocols and Agreements Between the United States of America and Other Powers, 1776–1909, vol. 1 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1910), 235–36.42. Ellis Paxson Oberholtzer, A History of the United States Since the Civil War, 4 vols. (New York: MacMillan Company, 1931), 4: 288; T. H. Williams, Hayes Diary, 192. This entry is misdated 28 February 1879. Hayes did not veto the Chinese exclusion bill until 1 March 1879.43. T. H. Williams, Hayes Diary, 123.44. Ibid., 286–87.45. For example, see Hoogenboom Rutherford B. Hayes, 324.46. Washington Post, 1 March 1878.47. Evening Star (Washington, D.C.), 1 March 1878.48. Samuel J. Randall to Charles A. Dana, 30 June 1877, Hayes Papers, Hayes Presidential Center. Although Randall never attacked Hayes with the vehemence of some members of the president's own party, he nonetheless denounced the election of 1876 as “the presidential outrage.” Randall to John S. Cunningham, 3 July 1877, Hayes Papers, Hayes Presidential Center.49. Hoogenboom, Rutherford B. Hayes, 2. Historians have generally ignored Hayes' presidential strength and influence, but this may well be attributed to their lack of information about him. In a 1968 presidential evaluation poll of 571 random members of the Organization of American Historians, respondents knew less about only John Tyler, Chester A. Arthur, Zachary Taylor, Benjamin Harrison, Millard Fillmore, and Franklin Pierce. Gary M. Maranell, “The Evaluation of Presidents: An Extension of the Schlesinger Polls,” The Journal of American History 57 (June 1970): 112. Historians who have made careful studies of the presidency, however, have been far more gracious toward Hayes. For example, Thomas A. Bailey in Presidential Greatness: The Image and the Man From George Washington to the Present (New York: Appleton‐Century, 1966) contends that Hayes is not really appreciated and must be regarded as one of the strong presidents for reviving the prestige and influence of the office (297). Clinton Rossiter in The American Presidency (New York: New American Library, 1960) calls Hayes a “vastly underrated [p]resident” whose struggles against a snarling Congress have been overlooked. Although Rossiter does not classify Hayes with his presidential greats, namely, Washington, Lincoln, Wilson, Jackson, Theodore Roosevelt, and Jefferson, he does feel that Hayes was at least the equal of Cleveland, Polk, Eisenhower, John Adams, and Andrew Johnson (105–06).50. Montgomery Blair to Samuel M. Shaw, 29 September 1877; Blair to Samuel J. Tilden, 25 November 1877; Blair to E. A. Bennett, 22 April 1878; Blair to Charles A. Dana, 15 May 1878, all in Blair Family Papers, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.51. William E. Smith, The Francis Preston Blair Family in Politics, 2 vols. (New York: MacMillan Company, 1933), 2: 486.52. House Miscellaneous Document no. 31, 45th Cong., 3d sess., vol. 2 (Washington, D.C., 1879), 100.53. Harry Barnard, Rutherford B. Hayes and His America (New York: Russell & Russell, 1954), 465–66; Atlanta Daily Constitution, 4 June 1878.54. Congressional Record, 45th Cong., 2d sess., 1878, Washington, D.C., Part 7:3529.55. T. H. Williams, Hayes Diary, 142.56. House Miscellaneous Document no. 31, 45th Cong., 3d sess., vol. 1 (Washington, D.C., 1879), 1–10.57. Ibid., 16.58. The Nation 27 (1 August 1878): 61.59. New York Herald, 5 June 1878.60. House Misc. Doc. no. 31, 2: 100–01, 99.61. Ibid., 497–98; Edward F. Noyes to William K. Rogers, 7 May 1877, Hayes Papers, Hayes Presidential Center.62. House Misc. Doc. no. 31, 2: 117; Samuel B. McLin to William E. Chandler, 26 June 1877, Chandler Papers, Library of Congress.63. James Tanner to Rutherford B. Hayes, 25 July 1878, Hayes Papers, Hayes Presidential Center; T. H. Williams, Hayes Diary, 152.64. C. R. Williams, Diary, 3:484.65. Rutherford B. Hayes to James Tanner, 26 July 1878, Hayes Papers, Hayes Presidential Center.66. William Johnson to Rutherford B. Hayes, 1 March 1879, Hayes Papers, Hayes Presidential Center.67. Williams, Life of Hayes, 2:156 and 156n.68. Hoogenboom, Rutherford B. Hayes, 317; Woodward, Reunion and Reaction, 228–29.69. Congressional Record, 46th Cong., 1st sess., 1879, Washington, D.C., Part 9: 1710.70. T. H. Williams, Hayes Diary, 48, 170.71. 12 March 1881, 25: 162. John Sherman was Hayes' first choice, but he was delighted by Garfield's nomination, saying that it was “altogether good” and that there was “much personal gratification in it.” T. H. Williams, Hayes Diary, 278.72. Ulysses S. Grant to John A. Logan, 28 February 1881, Logan Papers, Library of Congress.73. Cleveland Plain Dealer, 4 March 1881.74. Depew, My Memories, 102.75. Williams, Life of Hayes, 2:14–15; New York Herald, 1 March 1881.76. The Nation 32 (3 March 1881): 144.77. In March Reid had written Hayes confidant William Henry Smith that Hayes had succumbed to the influence of the idealistic Carl Schurz, whose loyalties to the Republican party were always suspect. Whitelaw Reid to William Henry Smith, 7 March 1878, Hayes Papers, Hayes Presidential Center.78. New York Tribune, 4 March 1881.79. Ibid.80. Ibid., 2 March 1881.81. Polakoff, Politics of Inertia, 136–39.82. Ibid., 52–53.83. Quoted in ibid., 56.84. T. H. Williams, Hayes Diary, 227, 304.Additional informationNotes on contributorsFrank P. VazzanoFrank P. Vazzano is a professor of history at Walsh University.
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