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New Zealand’s transformed adventure: from hero myth to accessible tourism experience

2011; Routledge; Volume: 32; Issue: 2 Linguagem: Inglês

10.1080/02614367.2011.623305

1466-4496

Maurice J. Kane,

Recreation, Leisure, Wilderness Management

Abstract Sir Edmund Hillary's first ascent of Mt Everest in 1953 provided New Zealand with a global adventure representation. His image aligned to a mythologised pioneering cultural identity. Although the privileged masculine, white, class and imperialist features of this cultural myth have been critiqued, adventure remains a positively valued social tenet in New Zealand. Since 1953 socially recognised 'adventure-makers' have sustained traditional adventure practices and narratives. In the 1990s, however, bungy jumping became the prominent representation of New Zealand adventure. This challenged traditional understandings, providing an avenue to explore the contested social space and features underpinning understandings of adventure. Guided by Bourdieu's conceptualisation of social life, the paper examines the practices and stories of 12 New Zealand 'adventure-makers' with sustained distinction. The interpretation draws on discursive data from newspapers, magazines, websites, biographies, auto-biographies and research interviews. The rule-changing social distinction afforded bungy jumping is not a rupture of New Zealand's adventure habitus. It does, however, highlight a collective self-deception in negotiation of the understandings of adventure in relation to the features of 'misadventure', 'exclusivity' and the 'extraordinary'. The bungy jumping leap innovatively transforms the danger, myth and extraordinary into a recognisable, individually inclusive experience of adventure. Edmund Hillary爵士于1953年首次登上珠穆朗玛峰, 使的新西兰成为全球冒险精神的代表, 他的形象也被视为被文化界先驱。尽管这个文化传奇身上的肌肉发达, 白种, 阶级的和帝国主义这些特性被争议过, 但是在新西兰冒险精神仍然是一种积极的价值观。从1953年起, 社会上广泛接受了"冒险制造者"继承传统的冒险体验和叙述方式。但是, 从19世纪九十年代开始, 蹦极变成了新西兰冒险运动的主要代表。这种对传统理解的挑战, 铺平了通往探索竞争性的社会空间和探险方式的研究道路。这篇文章是在Bourdieu对社会生活概念的指导下, 分析了12个新西兰"冒险制造者"打造可持续目的地的实例和故事, 利用了从报纸, 杂志, 网页, 传记, 列传和访谈研究中提取离散的数据。社会规则的改变, 让蹦极运动不是新西兰传统探险习惯的断裂。然而, 它确实, 突出了自我认知和协商的重要性, 加深了对探险旅游的"灾难""排外"和"离奇"特性的理解。蹦极运动成功的从"危险""神秘"和"奇特"运动转向了可辨认的, 具有独立性的探险体验。 A primeira escalada ao Monte Everest de Sir Edmund Hillary, em 1953, forneceu à Nova Zelândia uma representação global de aventura. Sua imagem foi alinhada à uma identidade cultural de pioneirismo mitológico. Ainda que os elementos privilegiados masculinos, brancos, imperialistas e de classe deste mito cultural tenham sido criticados, a aventura permanece um princípio social positivamente valorizado na Nova Zelândia. Desde 1953, "aventureiros" socialmente reconhecidos mantêm práticas e narrativas tradicionais de aventuras. Na década de 1990, no entanto, o bungee jump se tornou uma representação proeminente da aventura da Nova Zelândia. Isso desafiou compreensões tradicionais, propiciando um avenida para a exploração de aspectos e do espaço social contestados, sustentando entendimentos de aventura. Guiado pela conceitualização da vida social de Bourdieu, o trabalho examina as práticas e as histórias de 12 "aventureiros" da Nova Zelândia de grande distinção. A interpretação se baseia nos dados de discurso de jornais, revistas, websites, biografias, autobiografias e entrevistas de pesquisa. A nova distinção social dada ao bungee jumping não foi uma ruptura no habitus de aventura da Nova Zelândia. No entanto, ela destaca um autoengano na negociação do entendimento da aventura em relação aos elementos de "desventura", "exclusividade" e do "extraordinário". O salto de bungee jumping transformou de forma inovadora o perigo, o mito e o extraordinário em uma experiência de aventura reconhecível e individualmente inclusiva. Keywords: New Zealandadventure-makersbungy jumpingBourdieu关键词: 新西兰冒险制造者蹦极跳BourdieuPalavras Chave: Nova Zelândiaaventureirosbungee jumpíngBourdieu Notes 1. The title Sir will not be used in the remainder of the paper. 2. The title Dame will not be used in the remainder of the paper. 3. Sir Peter Blake (1948–2002) was the most prominent individual not included in the final 12 for as like adventure racers, Steve Gurney and Kathy Lynch, he had a dominant sport profile. Conversely, mountaineers Bill Denz (1953–1983) and Pat Deavoll are examples of adventure activity experts with a high status in the mountaineering sub-culture but not included due to low social recognition. 4. White-water kayaking has been my primary outdoor adventure activity predominantly in New Zealand, Asia and North America. I have also climbed in New Zealand's main alpine areas and completed some extended sea-kayaking trips in New Zealand, Australia and North America. I sail my own yacht extensively around the southern areas of New Zealand and have made several journeys to the Pacific Islands and Australia.