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Borrelia miyamotoi: a widespread tick-borne relapsing fever spirochete

2015; Elsevier BV; Volume: 31; Issue: 6 Linguagem: Inglês

10.1016/j.pt.2015.03.008

1471-5007

Alex Wagemakers, Pieter J. Staarink, Hein Sprong, Joppe W. Hovius,

Vector-Borne Animal Diseases

•Borrelia miyamotoi is a relapsing fever spirochete in Ixodes ticks and several reservoir hosts. •Borrelia miyamotoi disease presents as an acute nonspecific febrile illness after a tick bite. •Central nervous system involvement has been described in two immunocompromised patients. •More information on the public health burden and validated diagnostic tools are required. Borrelia miyamotoi is a relapsing fever spirochete that has only recently been identified as a human pathogen. Borrelia miyamotoi is genetically and ecologically distinct from Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, while both are present in Ixodes ticks. Over 50 patients with an acute febrile illness have been described with a B. miyamotoi infection, and two infected immunocompromised patients developed a meningoencephalitis. Seroprevalence studies indicate exposure in the general population and in specific risk groups, such as patients initially suspected of having human granulocytic anaplasmosis. Here, we review the available literature on B. miyamotoi, describing its presence in ticks, reservoir hosts, and humans, and discussing its potential impact on public health. Borrelia miyamotoi is a relapsing fever spirochete that has only recently been identified as a human pathogen. Borrelia miyamotoi is genetically and ecologically distinct from Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, while both are present in Ixodes ticks. Over 50 patients with an acute febrile illness have been described with a B. miyamotoi infection, and two infected immunocompromised patients developed a meningoencephalitis. Seroprevalence studies indicate exposure in the general population and in specific risk groups, such as patients initially suspected of having human granulocytic anaplasmosis. Here, we review the available literature on B. miyamotoi, describing its presence in ticks, reservoir hosts, and humans, and discussing its potential impact on public health. human tick-borne disease caused by Babesia parasites. phylogenetic clade comprising at least 19 species transmitted by Ixodes ticks, with distinct geographic locations. Lyme borreliosis is caused by at least eight different genospecies, including B. burgdorferi sensu stricto in North America, and Borrelia afzelii and Borrelia garinii in Europe. expanding erythematous skin lesion, often the primary symptom of Lyme borreliosis. antigenic protein in TBRF spirochetes (absent in B. burgdorferi s.l.). tick-borne disease caused by Anaplasma phagocytophilum. tick-borne disease caused by Ehrlichia chaffeensis. hard ticks, including Ixodes scapularis (deer tick) in North America, Ixodes ricinus (sheep tick) in Europe, and Ixodes persulcatus (taiga tick) in Asia. Ixodes ticks have three stages (larva, nymph, and adult) and molt into a successive stage after a blood meal that lasts several days. Ixodes ticks are able to transmit several pathogens to humans. disease caused by B. burgdorferi s.l. that often presents with an EM. It can also cause more widespread symptoms, such as chronic skin lesions, arthritis, carditis, or neurological manifestations, such as a meningitis, meningoencephalitis, or a (poly-)radiculitis. fever accompanied by nonspecific symptoms, such as rigors, anorexia, malaise, nausea, headache, and myalgia. This presentation has also been described as ‘flu-like’ or ‘viral-like’. Many tick-borne pathogens, including B. miyamotoi, and a wide range of other (viral) pathogens and diseases, are associated with this clinical presentation. questing ticks are collected by catching (unfed) ticks that are active in the environment, mostly by dragging a cloth behind the researcher or sweeping (‘flagging’) a cloth through vegetation to which the ticks attach. Host-derived ticks are (fed) ticks that are collected while attached to a host. an organism in which a pathogen can survive, and that has a role in the infectious cycle of that pathogen. positive serology test after previously being negative, indicative of specific antibody production after a recent infection. a febrile illness caused by tick-borne relapsing fever spirochetes that are transmitted by soft ticks of the genus Ornithodoros. Ornithodoros ticks differ from Ixodes ticks because they feed for a short period of time (minutes instead of days), and often reside in rodent nests, where they can feed multiple times on the same animal while it sleeps. Humans usually become infected after they have stayed in cabins or huts, resulting in a febrile illness that can have several relapses. Borrelia hermsii is present in the western USA and Borrelia hispanica in southern Europe, whereas Borrelia duttonii and Borrelia crocidurae are present in East and West Africa, respectively. the transmission of pathogens from the adult female tick to its larval offspring. surface lipoproteins on relapsing fever spirochetes that can be switched by antigenic variation to evade the adaptive immune system; these are thought to be responsible for the relapses of spirochetemia.