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A possible tryptophan-based antioxidant defence system in the human lens

1992; Elsevier BV; Volume: 55; Linguagem: Inglês

10.1016/0014-4835(92)90887-x

1096-0007

Roger Truscott, Andrew M. Wood,

Advanced Glycation End Products research

The chemical structures of oligosaccharides in milk/colostrum have been characterized among nonhuman mammals in apes (chimpanzee, bonobo, gorilla, orangutan, and siamang), Old World monkeys (rhesus macaque, toque macaque, and Hamadryas baboon), New World monkeys (tufted capuchin, mantled howler, and Bolivian squirrel monkey), strepsirrhine primates (greater galago, aye-aye, Coquerel's sifaka, and mongoose lemur), domestic farm mammals (cow, goat, sheep, camel, reindeer, horse, and pig), carnivorous mammals (bears, dog, skunk, mink, coati, true seals, hyena, lion, and clouded leopard), elephants, cetaceans, marsupials (tammar wallaby, red kangaroo, koala, common brushtail possum, and Eastern quoll), and monotremes (platypus and echidna). The primary core structures of the milk oligosaccharides are lactose, lacto-N-neotetraose, lacto-N-neohexaose, or para-lacto-N-neohexaose in eutherians and monotremes, while the milk of most marsupials uniquely contains a major series of galacto-oligosaccharides whose structures can be expressed as [Gal(β1-3)]nGal(β1-4)Glc. Lacto-N-novopentaose I and its sialyl derivatives are contained in the milk/colostrum of both marsupials and some eutherians. The type II milk oligosaccharides predominate over the type I in nonhuman species, whereas the type I predominate over type II in human milk/colostrum. The presence or absence of the nonreducing units of ABH antigen, α-Gal epitope, Lewis X, and Lewis Y varies among mammalian species. Although the milk/colostrum of most eutherians contains lactose as a predominant saccharide, the milk oligosaccharides predominate over lactose in the milk/colostrum of monotremes, marsupials, and the Arctoidea (Carnivora). In this chapter, features of the milk oligosaccharides of many species are discussed. We also discuss the evolutionary origin of milk oligosaccharides. Human infant formulas are produced from mature bovine milk, which contains only trace amounts of oligosaccharides. Since human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) have several important biological functions, other materials whose functions are similar to those of HMOs could profitably be incorporated into milk replacers. It can, therefore, be expected that oligosaccharides derived from bovine colostrum, from cheese whey, or from the milk/colostrum of other domestic farm animals could be used as additives to infant formulas and functional foods. This chapter concludes with a discussion of the potential industrial utilization of oligosaccharides of milk/colostrum of dairy domestic farm animals, based on their characterized chemical structures and concentrations as well as on studies of their physiological functions.