Walls of Flesh. Spanish Postwar Reconstruction and Public Morality
2007; Routledge; Volume: 84; Issue: 6 Linguagem: Inglês
10.1080/14753820701539349
ISSN1478-3428
Autores Tópico(s)Spanish Culture and Identity
ResumoClick to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Notes 1Michael Richards, Un tiempo de silencio. La Guerra Civil y la cultura de la represión en la España de Franco, 1936–1945 (Barcelona: Crítica, 1999). See also Michael Richards, 'Morality and Biology in the Spanish Civil War: Psychiatrists, Revolution and Women Prisoners in Málaga', in Contemporary European History, 10 (2001), 359–421 and Michael Richards, 'Spanish Psychiatry c.1900–1945: Constitutional Theory, Eugenics and the Nation', in BSS, LXXXI (2004), 823–48. 2The works of several intellectuals had a great influence on Vallejo Nágera's political outlook. Ángel Ganivet, Idearium español y el porvenir de España (1896) and Ramiro de Maeztu, Defensa de la hispanidad (1934), for example, were works re-edited in the 1940s and 1950s, as well as the Orteguan vision in España invertebrada. See Vallejo Nágera, Política racial del Nuevo Estado (San Sebastián: Biblioteca España Nueva, 1938); Divagaciones intrascendentes (Valladolid: n.p., 1938), or La locura y la guerra (Valladolid: Librería Santarén, 1939). 3Vallejo Nágera became a leading psychiatrist during the Second Republic, having no qualms about expressing publicly his antidemocratic political beliefs, well protected by his army rank of Lieutenant. Vallejo Nágera had studied medicine in Valladolid and completed his internship at the asylum in that city. Upon graduation he joined the Army Medical Corps in 1910. Like Franco, the psychiatrist made his military career in Africa, but in contrast with the caudillo's battlefront service he worked in the administrative structure. Military Headquarters sent him in 1918 to the Spanish embassy in Berlin as part of the Military Commission. As a member of one of the WWI neutral nations, Vallejo Nágera visited German concentration camps. While in Germany, he also visited hospitals and asylums, taking the opportunity to get to know at first hand the works of leading German psychiatrists. Dr Ernst Kretschmer's work had a lifelong impact on the Spanish doctor. Particularly interesting to him was Kretschmer's thesis of the direct correlation between body type and temperament. 4This concept of 'defective embryology' was also present in José Ortega y Gasset's España invertebrada. 5Antonio Vallejo Nágera, Eugenesia de la Hispanidad y regeneración de la raza. (Burgos: Editorial Española, 1937), 6. 8Vallejo Nágera, Eugenesia de la Hispanidad, 8. 10Vallejo Nágera, Eugenesia de la Hispanidad, 106 (emphasis added). 6Vallejo Nágera, Eugenesia de la Hispanidad, 81. 7Vallejo Nágera defined personality, genotype, paratype and phenotype as follows: 'La personalidad como el conjunto de disposiciones hereditarias mediante las cuales se caracteriza la idiosincrasia individual, desarrolladas y enriquecidas a beneficio de la experiencia. El "genotipo" equivale al soma hereditario y comprende todas las propiedades contenidas en las gónadas que se trasmiten a la descendencia según ciertas leyes. Denominase "paratipo" a la totalidad de los factores ambientales que actúan sobre el ser durante el curso de su evolución vital. De la actuación del paratipo sobre el genotipo resulta el "fenotipo", entendiéndose por tal aquello que nos ofrece un individuo en el momento de nuestra observación' (Eugenesia de la Hispanidad, 84). See also by the same author, Niños y jóvenes anormales (Madrid: Sociedad de Educación Atenas, 1941) and Biotipología (Barcelona: Editorias Modesto Usón, 1947). 9Vallejo Nágera, Eugenesia de la Hispanidad, 86. 11Vallejo Nágera, Eugenesia de la Hispanidad, 5–6. 12Vallejo Nágera, Eugenesia de la Hispanidad, 140. 13Vallejo Nágera, Eugenesia de la Hispanidad, 122. 14 Informe sobre la moralidad pública (Madrid: Patronato de Protección de la Mujer, 1943), 13. All further references will be placed in the text. 15Vallejo Nágera, Eugenesia de la Hispanidad, 109–10. 16The Fuero del Trabajo issued in 1938 followed the model of the Italian Carta di Lavoro issued by the Fascists in 1927. It proclaimed the end of the class struggle and established the corporatist structure of the labour force with the establishment of vertical syndicalism in which owners and workers had to work and cooperate with each other. 17The Sisters Adoratrices Slaves of the Sacred Sacrament and of Charity were founded in Madrid on 3 February 1856 by María Micaela of the Holy Sacrament, with papal approval and the specific purpose of rehabilitating fallen adolescent girls and women, and of guarding those in grave risk of falling into sin. The Order of the Sisters Oblates of the Holy Redeemer was established on 1 June 1864 in Ciempozuelos, Madrid, with the sole purpose of offering shelter to prostitutes and women who wanted to quit sex work but who, owing to social, economic, and political circumstances, could not survive on their own. The founders were Benedictine Father José M Benito Serra, Bishop of Daulia who worked in Madrid, and discovered the hardship of prostitution in the hospital of San Juan de Dios, and Antonia M De Oviedo y Schönthal, who had been the governess of Queen M Cristina de Borbón's daughters. By 1870 Pope Leo XIII defined the Order as a 'Congregation for redemption'. 18The Congregation of Our Lady of Charity and the Good Shepherd was founded by María Eufracia Pelletier on 31 July 1829 in Anger, France, but became the most important order for the re-education and rehabilitation of fallen women in Spain and other European Countries. The case of Ireland is particularly similar and relevant to the Spanish case. See Frances Finnegan, Do Penance or Perish: Magdalene Asylums in Ireland (Oxford/New York: Oxford U. P., 2004); Marita Colon-McKenna, The Magdalene (New York: Forge Books, 2002). See also the feature film The Magdalene Sisters by director Peter Mullan (2002) based on the 1997 British documentary Sex in a Cold Climate, featuring the testimonies of survivors of the Magdalene houses finally closed in 1996. 19See Frances Lannon, 'El cuerpo de las mujeres y el cuerpo político católico; autoridades e identidades en conflicto en España durante las décadas de 1920 y 1930', Historia Social, 35 (1999), 65–80. 20If the total cost was 127,106.24 pesetas at 4 pesetas per day to service 31,825 days per total of 427 women, each woman stayed an average of 80 days in 1942–43. 21The meublés were establishments conceived for prostitution. Their external appearance and big signs made it perfectly clear. There was a registration form countersigned by a couple of men in waiters' uniforms, a rare detail non-existent in normal hotels. The rooms in the luxury meublés had mirrors on the ceilings and changing lights. The streets of the Barrio Chino in Barcelona were packed with meublés and little pensiones and hotels. Between 1945 and 1953 the owners of these businesses had to comply with police regulations as follows: 1) prohibir la entrada a cualquier mujer que pareciera menor de 23 años; 2) Se prohibía también que dos hombres y una mujer alquilaran una habitación juntos o dos habitaciones en el mismo piso; 3) lo mismo en el caso de dos mujeres y un hombre; 4) En la recepción se debían anotar los nombres de cada persona que pasara la noche en el hotel. See Paco Villar, Historia y leyenda del Barrio Chino, 1900–1992. Crónica y documentos de los bajos fondos de Barcelona (Barcelona: Ediciones La Campana, 1996), 188–89. 22Villar, Historia y leyenda del Barrio Chino, 176. 23Summary 421/1945 Court of First Instance núm. 4 de Barcelona, in Villar, Historia y Leyenda del Barrio Chino, 179. 24Villar, Historia y leyenda del Barrio Chino, 181. 25The mystic body politic led to the concept of an organic union between the national body and the state with the sanction of Spanish Catholic traditions. See José Antonio Maravall, 'La idea de cuerpo místico en España antes de Erasmo', in his Estudios de historia del pensamiento español (Madrid: Ediciones de Cultura Hispánica, 1973). 26Villar, Historia y leyenda del Barrio Chino, 203. 271953 also brought the Concordat agreement with the Vatican.
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