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A STUDY OF THE RADIOSILVER SIGNATURE OF THE 1961–62 NUCLEAR WEAPONS TESTING PERIOD*†

1972; Wiley; Volume: 34; Issue: 5 Series II Linguagem: Inglês

10.1111/j.2164-0947.1972.tb02694.x

2164-0947

R. Grismore, T.R. Folsom, V.F. Hodge, D. R. Young,

Nuclear physics research studies

Transactions of the New York Academy of SciencesVolume 34, Issue 5 Series II p. 392-415 A STUDY OF THE RADIOSILVER SIGNATURE OF THE 1961–62 NUCLEAR WEAPONS TESTING PERIOD*† R. Grismore, R. Grismore Scripps Institution of Oceanography University of California, San Diego La Jolla, California 92037 Department of Physics, Indiana State University, Terre Haute, Indiana 47809.Search for more papers by this authorT. R. Folsom, T. R. Folsom Scripps Institution of Oceanography University of California, San Diego La Jolla, California 92037Search for more papers by this authorV. F. Hodge, V. F. Hodge Scripps Institution of Oceanography University of California, San Diego La Jolla, California 92037Search for more papers by this authorD. R. Young, D. R. Young Scripps Institution of Oceanography University of California, San Diego La Jolla, California 92037 Southern California Coastal Water Research Project, Los Angeles, California 90024.Search for more papers by this author R. Grismore, R. Grismore Scripps Institution of Oceanography University of California, San Diego La Jolla, California 92037 Department of Physics, Indiana State University, Terre Haute, Indiana 47809.Search for more papers by this authorT. R. Folsom, T. R. Folsom Scripps Institution of Oceanography University of California, San Diego La Jolla, California 92037Search for more papers by this authorV. F. Hodge, V. F. Hodge Scripps Institution of Oceanography University of California, San Diego La Jolla, California 92037Search for more papers by this authorD. R. Young, D. R. Young Scripps Institution of Oceanography University of California, San Diego La Jolla, California 92037 Southern California Coastal Water Research Project, Los Angeles, California 90024.Search for more papers by this author First published: May 1972 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2164-0947.1972.tb02694.xCitations: 5 § Submitted July 12, 1971; revision accepted February 7, 1972. ¶ Supported, in part; by U. S. Atomic Energy Commission contract AT(04–3)–34, P.A. 71–15, and U. S. Office of Naval Research contract USN N00014–69-A-0200–6011. AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat References and Notes 1 Folsom, T. R., R. Grismore & D. R. Young. 1970. Long-lived γ-ray emitting nuclide silver-108m found in Pacific marine organisms and used for dating. Nature 227: 941–943. 2 Folsom, T. R. & D. R. Young. 1965. Silver-110m and cobalt-60 in oceanic and coastal organisms. Nature 206: 803–806. 3 Harbottle, G. 1970. The half-lives of two long-lived nuclear isomers, 108mAg and 198m2Ir, and of 137Cs and 204T1. Radiochim. Acta. 13: 132–134. 4 Geiger, K. W. 1957. Half-lives of 46Sc, 60Co, 65Zn, 110mAg, 134Cs, and 152Eu. Phys. Rev. 105: 1539–1540. 5 Brooks, R. R. & M. G. Rumsby. 1965. The biogeochemistry of trace element uptake by some New Zealand bivalves. Limn. & Oceanogr. 10: 521–527. 6 Beasley, T. M. & E. E. Held. 1971. Silver-108m in biota and sediments at Bikini and Eniwetok Atolls. Nature 230: 450–451. 7 In thermonuclear weapons, the basic fusion device is often surrounded by a blanket of natural uranium which increases the yield by undergoing fission when struck by fast fusion neutrons. See Glasstone, S. 1962. The Effects of Nuclear Weapons. Rev. ed.: 23. U. S. Atomic Energy Commission. Washington, D. C.. 8 Barbier, M. 1969. Induced Radioactivity: 178. North-Holland Publishing Co. Amsterdam, The Netherlands. 9 Hammond, C. R. 1967. The elements. In Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. R. C. Weast, Ed. 48th coll. ed. B97–B147. The Chemical Rubber Co. Cleveland, Ohio. B-116. 10 Russell, I. J. & R. V. Griffith. 1964. The production of 109Cd and 118mCd in a space nuclear explosion. U. S. Atomic Energy Commission Health and Safety Laboratory Fallout Program Quarterly Summary Report HASL-142: 306–322. See also Salter, L. P. 1964. Note on the detectability of cadmium isotopes from Starfish in 1964 ground level samples. U. S. Atomic Energy Commission Health and Safety Laboratory Fallout Program Quarterly Summary Report HASL-142: 303–305; and Krey, P. W. & B. Krajewski. 1970. Comparison of atmospheric transport model calculations with observations of radioactive debris. J. Geophys. Res. 75: 2901–2908. 11 Hughes, D. J., B. A. Magurno & M. K. Brussel. 1960. Neutron Cross Sections. BNL-325. 2nd ed. suppl. 1: 81. U. S. Govt. Printing Office. Washington, D. C.. 12 Barbier, M. 1969. Induced Radioactivity: 177. North-Holland Publishing Co. Amsterdam, The Netherlands. 13 Pearlstein, S. 1967. An extended table of calculated (n, 2n) cross sections. Nuclear Data A3: 327–341. 14 Gardner, D. G. & S. Rosenblum. 1967. Trends in nuclear reaction cross sections. IV. Recalculated (n, p) cross sections for 14.5 MeV neutrons of nuclei in the range 6 ≤ Z ≤ 50. Nucl. Phys. A96: 121–137. 15 Prestwood, R. J. & B. P. Bayhurst. 1961. (n, 2n) excitation functions of several nuclei from 12.0 to 19.8 MeV. Phys. Rev. 121: 1438–1441. 16 Glasstone, S. 1962. The Effects of Nuclear Weapons. Rev. ed.: 22. U. S. Atomic Energy Commission, Washington, D. C.. 17 Barbier, M. 1969. Induced Radioactivity: 157. North-Holland Publishing Co. Amsterdam, The Netherlands. 18 Lederer, C. M., J. M. Hollander & I. Perlman. 1968. Table of Isotopes. 6th ed.: 250. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York, N. Y.. 19 Evans, R. D. 1955. The Atomic Nucleus.: 202. McGraw-Hill Book Co. New York, N. Y.. 20 Lederer, C. M., J. M. Hollander & I. Perlman. 1968. Table of Isotopes. 6th ed.: 251. John Wiley & Sons. New York, N. Y.. 21 Goldberg, M. D., S. F. Mughabghab, S. N. Purohit, B. A. Magurno & V. M. May. 1966. Neutron Cross Sections. IIB, Z=41–60. BNL-325. 2nd ed. suppl. 2: 47–109, 1. Clearinghouse for Federal Scientific and Technical Information. Springfield, Va. 22 Barbier, M. 1969. Induced Radioactivty: 219. North Holland Publishing Co. Amsterdam, The Netherlands. 23 Glasstone, S. 1962. The Effects of Nuclear Weapons. Rev. ed.: 583. U. S. Atomic Energy Commission. Washington, D. C.. 24 Glasstone, S. 1962. The Effects of Nuclear Weapons. Rev. ed. 402, 407. U. S. Atomic Energy Commission. Washington, D.C.. 25 Lederer, C. M., J. M. Hollander & I. Perlman. 1968. Table of Isotopes. 6th ed.: 247–251. John Wiley & Sons, New York, N.Y.. 26 Weston, L. W., K. K. Seth, E. G. Bilpuch & H. W. Newson. 1960. Neutron capture cross sections in the keV region. II. Spin-orbit coupling-and the optical model. Ann. Phys. 10: 477–489. 27 Unpublished Los Alamos accelerator data. See Hughes, D. J., B. A. Magurno & M. K. Brussel. 1960. Neutron Cross Sections. BNL-325. 2nd ed. suppl. 1: 80. U. S. Govt. Printing Office. Washington, D. C.. 28 Hughes, D. J., R. C. Garth & J. S. Levin. 1953. Fast neutron cross sections and nuclear level density. Phys. Rev. 91: 1423–1429. 29 Johnsrud, A. E., M. G. Silbert & H. H. Barschall. 1958. Fast neutron capture cross sections. Bull. Amer. Phys. Soc. 113: 165. 30 Macklin, R. L., N. H. Lazar & W. S. Lyon. 1957. Neutron activation cross sections with Sb-Be neutrons. Phys. Rev. 107: 504–508. 31 Calculated from statistical model. See Ref. 13. 32 Inferred from corresponding 160Ag(n,γ) cross section using initial Ag-110m/Ag-108m activity ratio of 162 found by Kistner, O. C. & A. W. Sunyar. 1966. Decay of 106mAg. Phys. Rev. 143: 918–922; and approximation of eq. 2 in text. 33 Inferred from Hughes, D. J. & R. B. Schwartz. 1958. Neutron Cross Sections. BNL-325: 214–215. U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C; and Ref. 21. 34 Goldberg, M. D., S. F. Mughabghab, S. N. Purohit, B. A. Magurno & V. M. May. 1966. Neutron Cross Sections. IIB, Z=41–60. BNL-325. 2nd ed. suppl. 2: 47–107–1 and 47–109–1. Clearinghouse for Federal Scientific and Technical Information. Springfield, Va. 35 Steinberg, E. P. & L. E. Glendenin. 1956. Survey of radiochemical studies of the fission process. In Proceedings of the First International Conference on the Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy. 7: 3–14. United Nations. New York, N. Y.. 36 Kistner, O. C. & A. W. Sunyar. 1966. Decay of 106mAg. Phys. Rev. 143: 918–922. 37 Folsom, T. R., D. R. Young & L. E. Finnin. 1965. Sum-coincidence gamma-ray spectrometry in tracing cobalt-60 and silver-110m in marine organisms. In Radioisotope Sample Measurement Techniques in Medicine and Biology: 57–69. International Atomic Energy Agency. Vienna, Austria. 38 Wogman, N. A., R. W. Perkins & J. H. Kaye. 1969. An all sodium iodide anticoincidence shielded multidimensional gamma-ray spectrometer for low-activity samples. Nucl. Inst. & Methods 74: 197–212. 39 Lederer, C. M., J. M. Hollander & I. Perlman. 1968. Table of Isotopes. 6th ed.: 249. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York, N. Y.. 40 Folsom, T. R. & K. Saruhashi. 1963. A comparison of analytical techniques used for determination of fallout cesium in sea water for oceanographic purpose. Jour. Rad. Res. (Japan) 4–1: 39–53. 41 Atmospheric Radioactivity Research Project. 1964. Announced nuclear detonations 1945–1962, United States, United Kingdom, Republic of France, Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. U. S. Atomic Energy Commission Health and Safety Laboratory Fallout Program Quarterly Summary Report HASL-142: 218–240. 42 Krey, P. & B. Krajewski. 1971. Updating stratospheric inventories to January 1970. U. S. Atomic Energy Commission Health and Safety Laboratory Fallout Program Quarterly Summary Report HASL-239: 180–191. 48 Federal Radiation Council. 1963. Report No. 4. Estimates and Evaluation of Fallout in the United States from Nuclear Weapons Testing Conducted through 1962. 5. U. S. Government Printing Office. Washington, D. C.. 44 Folsom, T. R., D. R. Young, V. F. Hodge & R. Grismore. 1971. Variations of 54Mn, 60Co, 65Zn, 110mAg and 108mAg Observed in Tunas. In Proceedings of the Third National Symposium on Radioecology, Oak Ridge, May 10–12, 1971. Fig. 2. In press. 45 Folsom, T. R., C. Sreekumaran, N. Hansen, J. M. Moore & R. Grismore. 1970. Some concentrations of 137Cs at moderate depths in the Pacific 1965–1968. U. S. Atomic Energy Commission Health and Safety Laboratory Fallout Program Quarterly Summary Report HASL-217: 19–1118. 46 Eisenbud, M. 1963. Environmental Radioactivity: 271. McGraw-Hill Book Co. New York, N.Y.. 47 Cenacchi, G. 1968. A Compilation of Nuclear Data on the Thermal Fission Products of 233U, 235U and 139Pu: 44. Comitato Nazionale Energia Nucleare. Rome, Italy. 48 Robertson, D. E. 1971. Silver concentrations in marine organisms and seawater. Battelle Memorial Institute Pacific Northwest Laboratories Report BNWL-1551 (2): 12–14. 49 See, for example, fig. 4.5 on p. I192 of Folsom, T. R., G. J. Mohanrao, K. C. Pillai & C. Sreekumaran. 1968. Distributions of 137Cs in the Pacific. U. S. Atomic Energy Commission Health and Safety Laboratory Fallout Program Quarterly Summary Report HASL-197: 195–1203. 50 Fairbridge, R. W., J. L. Reid, Jr., E. Olaussen & M. N. A. Peterson. 1966. Pacific Ocean. In the Encyclopedia of Oceanography. R. W. Fairbridge, Ed.: 653–681. Reinhold Publishing Corp. New York, N.Y.. 51 Volchok, H. L., M. Feiner, H. J. Simpson, W. S. Broecker, V. E. Noshkin, V. T. Bowen & E. Willis. 1970. Ocean fallout—the Crater Lake experiment. J. Geophys. Res. 75: 1084–1091. 52 McLellan, H. J. 1965. Elements of Physical Oceanography: 6. Pergamon Press. Oxford, England. 53 W. E. Preece, Ed. 1966. Jachymov. 12: 826 and Uranium. 22: 888–890. In Encyclopaedia Britannica. Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc. Chicago, Ill. 54 Hemmendinger, A. 1970. Neutrons from nuclear explosions. Amer. Scientist 58: 622–633. 55 Feely, H. W., J. P. Friend, P. W. Krey & B. A. Russell. 1964. Flight data and results of radiochemical analyses of filter samples collected during 1961 and 1962 under Project Stardust. U. S. Atomic Energy Commission Health and Safety Laboratory Report HASL-153. Citing Literature Volume34, Issue5 Series IIMay 1972Pages 392-415 ReferencesRelatedInformation