Perturbation of Hsp90 interaction with nascent CFTR prevents its maturation and accelerates its degradation by the proteasome
1998; Springer Nature; Volume: 17; Issue: 23 Linguagem: Inglês
10.1093/emboj/17.23.6879
ISSN1460-2075
AutoresMelinda A. Loo, Timothy J. Jensen, Liying Cui, Yue-xian Hou, Xiu‐Bao Chang, John R. Riordan,
Tópico(s)Ubiquitin and proteasome pathways
ResumoArticle1 December 1998free access Perturbation of Hsp90 interaction with nascent CFTR prevents its maturation and accelerates its degradation by the proteasome Melinda A. Loo Melinda A. Loo Mayo Foundation, S.C.Johnson Medical Research Center, Mayo Clinic Scottsdale, 13400 E. Shea Blvd, Scottsdale, AZ, 85259 USA Search for more papers by this author Timothy J. Jensen Timothy J. Jensen Mayo Foundation, S.C.Johnson Medical Research Center, Mayo Clinic Scottsdale, 13400 E. Shea Blvd, Scottsdale, AZ, 85259 USA Search for more papers by this author Liying Cui Liying Cui Mayo Foundation, S.C.Johnson Medical Research Center, Mayo Clinic Scottsdale, 13400 E. Shea Blvd, Scottsdale, AZ, 85259 USA Search for more papers by this author Yue-xian Hou Yue-xian Hou Mayo Foundation, S.C.Johnson Medical Research Center, Mayo Clinic Scottsdale, 13400 E. Shea Blvd, Scottsdale, AZ, 85259 USA Search for more papers by this author Xiu-Bao Chang Xiu-Bao Chang Mayo Foundation, S.C.Johnson Medical Research Center, Mayo Clinic Scottsdale, 13400 E. Shea Blvd, Scottsdale, AZ, 85259 USA Search for more papers by this author John R. Riordan Corresponding Author John R. Riordan Mayo Foundation, S.C.Johnson Medical Research Center, Mayo Clinic Scottsdale, 13400 E. Shea Blvd, Scottsdale, AZ, 85259 USA Search for more papers by this author Melinda A. Loo Melinda A. Loo Mayo Foundation, S.C.Johnson Medical Research Center, Mayo Clinic Scottsdale, 13400 E. Shea Blvd, Scottsdale, AZ, 85259 USA Search for more papers by this author Timothy J. Jensen Timothy J. Jensen Mayo Foundation, S.C.Johnson Medical Research Center, Mayo Clinic Scottsdale, 13400 E. Shea Blvd, Scottsdale, AZ, 85259 USA Search for more papers by this author Liying Cui Liying Cui Mayo Foundation, S.C.Johnson Medical Research Center, Mayo Clinic Scottsdale, 13400 E. Shea Blvd, Scottsdale, AZ, 85259 USA Search for more papers by this author Yue-xian Hou Yue-xian Hou Mayo Foundation, S.C.Johnson Medical Research Center, Mayo Clinic Scottsdale, 13400 E. Shea Blvd, Scottsdale, AZ, 85259 USA Search for more papers by this author Xiu-Bao Chang Xiu-Bao Chang Mayo Foundation, S.C.Johnson Medical Research Center, Mayo Clinic Scottsdale, 13400 E. Shea Blvd, Scottsdale, AZ, 85259 USA Search for more papers by this author John R. Riordan Corresponding Author John R. Riordan Mayo Foundation, S.C.Johnson Medical Research Center, Mayo Clinic Scottsdale, 13400 E. Shea Blvd, Scottsdale, AZ, 85259 USA Search for more papers by this author Author Information Melinda A. Loo1, Timothy J. Jensen1, Liying Cui1, Yue-xian Hou1, Xiu-Bao Chang1 and John R. Riordan 1 1Mayo Foundation, S.C.Johnson Medical Research Center, Mayo Clinic Scottsdale, 13400 E. Shea Blvd, Scottsdale, AZ, 85259 USA *Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected] The EMBO Journal (1998)17:6879-6887https://doi.org/10.1093/emboj/17.23.6879 PDFDownload PDF of article text and main figures. ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinked InMendeleyWechatReddit Figures & Info Maturation of wild-type CFTR nascent chains at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) occurs inefficiently; many disease-associated mutant forms do not mature but instead are eliminated by proteolysis involving the cytosolic proteasome. Although calnexin binds nascent CFTR via its oligosaccharide chains in the ER lumen and Hsp70 binds CFTR cytoplasmic domains, perturbation of these interactions alone is without major influence on maturation or degradation. We show that the ansamysin drugs, geldanamycin and herbimycin A, which inhibit the assembly of some signaling molecules by binding to specific sites on Hsp90 in the cytosol or Grp94 in the ER lumen, block the maturation of nascent CFTR and accelerate its degradation. The immature CFTR molecule was detected in association with Hsp90 but not with Grp94, and geldanamycin prevented the Hsp90 association. The drug-enhanced degradation was decreased by lactacystin and other proteasome inhibitors. Therefore, consistent with other examples of countervailing effects of Hsp90 and the proteasome, it would seem that this chaperone may normally contribute to CFTR folding and, when this function is interfered with by an ansamycin, there is a further shift to proteolytic degradation. This is the first direct evidence of a role for Hsp90 in the maturation of a newly synthesized integral membrane protein by interaction with its cytoplasmic domains on the ER surface. Introduction Most patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) have the ΔF508 mutation on at least one CFTR gene allele (Collins, 1992). As a consequence, the protein product of that allele, while potentially competent to perform as a regulated chloride channel at the cell surface, is biosynthetically misprocessed and mislocalized (Cheng et al., 1991). Although completed core-glycosylated nascent chains are formed in the rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER), they are unable to mature conformationally (Lukacs et al., 1994) and hence are precluded from exiting from the ER. It is generally believed, and there is some supporting experimental evidence (Qu and Thomas, 1996; Qu et al., 1997), that misfolding occurs due to the absence of Phe508. The aberrant molecule is degraded at the ER at least in part by the cytosolic proteasome (Jensen et al., 1995; Ward et al., 1995). This initially was viewed as a novel means of proteolysis of newly synthesized polypeptides in the early secretory pathway (Sommer and Jentsch, 1993), but there is now extensive evidence that this degradative route is an integral part of the quality control system which scrutinizes nascent secretory and membrane proteins, serving to dispose of those which have not acquired a native conformation (Sommer and Wolf, 1997). Particularly intriguing have been several indications that both soluble secretory proteins and integral membrane proteins may be translocated from within the ER to its exterior (cytoplasmic face) to be made accessible to the proteasome (Biederer et al., 1997). However, in the case of CFTR where the greatest part of its mass is cytoplasmically exposed, such retrotranslocation may not need to be involved. Nevertheless, it is clear that nascent CFTR is recognized by components of the overall quality control apparatus other than just the proteasome. Indeed, interactions with the ER membrane chaperone, calnexin (Pind et al., 1994), and cytosolic Hsp70 (Yang et al., 1993) have been demonstrated. Both of these molecular chaperones have well-documented roles in the promotion of protein folding (Chen et al., 1995; Hebert et al., 1995; Frydman and Hohfeld, 1997; Johnson and Craig, 1997). Additionally, Hsp70 family members and their cofactors may, after multiple rounds of association and dissociation, direct substrates which remain incompletely folded to the proteasome for degradation (Sherman and Goldberg, 1996). In contrast to the requirement for calnexin association for ER degradation of mutant α1-antitrypsin (Qu et al., 1996), prevention of calnexin binding to CFTR either by mutagenesis of its N-glycosylation sites or castanospermine treatment of cells is without major impact on wild-type CFTR processing (unpublished observations). Since CFTR's topological disposition makes it available for interactions with additional molecular chaperones on either side of the ER membrane, we have now attempted to identify others which bind nascent CFTR. Special attention was paid to members of the Hsp90 family since they have been found to play a major role both in the prevention of protein aggregation and the facilitation of protein folding or degradation (Smith et al., 1995; Buchner, 1996; Schneider et al., 1996; Dittmar and Pratt, 1997; Grenert et al., 1997; Pratt and Toft, 1997; Scheibel et al., 1998). We have found that cytoplasmic Hsp90 binds to both wild-type and ΔF508 nascent CFTR while Grp94 in the ER lumen does not. The Hsp90 association is disrupted by benzoquinone ansamycin drugs, and this results in a strong acceleration of proteasomal degradation. These findings are consistent with the apparently antagonistic actions of Hsp90 and the proteasome in the turnover of other proteins (Tsubuki et al., 1994; Wagner and Margolis, 1995) and provide the first example of the involvement of this abundant cytosolic chaperone in the biosynthetic processing of nascent integral membrane proteins at the ER. Results Ansamycins inhibit CFTR maturation and accelerate degradation Figure 1 illustrates the results of pulse–chase experiments in which the turnover of the smaller, core-glycosylated precursor form of CFTR and the appearance of its larger, complex-glycosylated product is observed. In agreement with earlier studies in which wild-type and ΔF508 CFTR were expressed in a number of different cell types, the smaller immature band disappears with a half-time of ∼30 min, a value which is not significantly different for the two genotypes. In the case of the wild-type, ∼25–30% of the precursor is accounted for by the appearance of mature product (Figure 1A and B). No mature product is generated by ΔF508 CFTR (Figure 1C). On treatment of cells with the benzoquinone ansamycin drugs, geldanamycin (Figure 1A) or herbimycin A (Figure 1B), the turnover of the core-glycosylated precursor band is greatly accelerated and no mature product is formed. Hence, these drugs appear to arrest the normal biosynthetic processing of CFTR completely. The rate of disappearance of the immature ΔF508 CFTR form is similarly increased (Figure 1C). The large proportion (70–75%) of wild-type immature band which disappears in the absence of the drugs is proteolysed (Pind et al., 1994) at least in part by the cytoplasmic proteasome (Jensen et al., 1995; Ward et al., 1995). To determine whether the proteasome is involved in the elevated rate of degradation caused by the ansamycins, the effect of the specific proteasome inhibitor, lactacystin, was examined (Figure 1D). Lactacystin slowed the enhanced rate of disappearance appreciably but failed to restore maturation. Therefore, it seems that geldanamycin does increase the susceptibility of nascent CFTR to the proteasome but, as in the absence of ansamycin treatment, inhibition of the proteasome does not enable maturation of that population of nascent chains destined for degradation. Figure 1.Effects of ansamysin benzoquinones on the biosynthetic processing of CFTR. CHO or BHK cells stably expressing wild-type or ΔF508 CFTR grown in 6 cm culture dishes were exposed to the drugs for 90 min prior to pre-incubation in methionine-free medium for a further 30 min also in their presence. The cells were then pulse-labeled with [35S]methionine (100 μCi/ml) for 20 min and chased with methionine-containing medium for the times indicated in hours. At these times, the cells were solubilized with the NP-40 lysis buffer and immunoprecipitated with the monoclonal antibody M3A7 [2 μl of ascites fluid (Kartner et al., 1991)] during an overnight incubation at 4°C with gentle rocking, then 25 μl of packed protein G–agarose beads were added and incubation continued for 3 h. Beads were washed four times with excess lysis buffer and eluted with gel loading buffer. Following electrophoresis (7% acrylamide), the gels were dried and exposed to X-ray film to yield the fluorograms shown. (A) Geldanamycin (0.1 μg/ml) causes a marked acceleration of disappearance of core-glycosylated wild-type CFTR (lower band) and prevents formation of its maturation product with complex oligosaccharide chains (upper band) in BHK cells. (B) Herbimycin A (3 μg/ml) has essentially the same effect on the processing of wild-type CFTR in CHO cells. (C) Geldanamycin causes a similar increase in the rate of turnover of the immature core-glycosylated form of ΔF508 CFTR in CHO cells [the lower band of the doublet is the product of translation from an alternate initiation site (S.Pind, A.Mohamed, X.-B.Chang, Y.-X.Hou, D.B.Williams and J.R.Riordan, unpublished)]. (D) The proteasome inhibitor lactacystin (Fenteany et al., 1995) delays the enhanced turnover of core-glycosylated wild-type CFTR caused by geldanamycin but does not restore maturation. Download figure Download PowerPoint Since ubiquitination is the signal that marks polypeptides including nascent CFTR (Ward et al., 1995) for proteolysis by the proteasome, we determined whether the ansamycin effect might be on ubiquitination. To do this, cells expressing wild-type CFTR were transfected with a plasmid coding for ubiquitin tagged with a hemagglutinin (HA) epitope (Treier et al., 1994). Following immunoprecipitation with an antibody to this epitope, ubiquitinated CFTR could be visualized by immunoblotting (Figure 2). Both geldanamycin-treated and untreated cells revealed ubiquitinated CFTR bands forming a smear reaching to the top of the gel. The ansamysin did not increase the amounts of these. Hence, it would seem that the drug must promote the access of the nascent chains to the proteasome or enhance its action in some other manner rather than increasing ubiquitination. Figure 2.Geldanamycin does not cause increased ubiquitination of CFTR. BHK cells stably expressing wild-type CFTR were transfected with a plasmid containing the sequence for HA-tagged ubiquitin (Treier et al., 1994). After a 90 min exposure to geldanamycin (+GA), lysates were immunoprecipitated with a polyclonal rabbit antibody to a C-terminal CFTR sequence (Kartner et al., 1991). The immunoprecipitates were electrophoresed and analyzed by Western blotting using monoclonal antibodies to CFTR and the HA epitope as indicated above the lanes. The upper bars above the lanes indicate that the left half of the blot was probed with antibody to CFTR and the right half with antibody to the HA epitope fused to the ubiquitin sequence; the middle set of bars indicate whether cells were treated (+) or not (−) with geldanamycin, and the bars closest to the lanes indicate whether cells were transfected (+) or not (−) with the HA-ubiquitin plasmid. The ubiquitinated CFTR species of increasing size were unaltered by geldanamycin. Download figure Download PowerPoint Ansamycins do not influence the biosynthetic processing of the structurally related P-gp and MRP Because these drugs had profound effects on the fate of both wild-type and mutant nascent CFTR, we determined whether these were general effects which would be felt by other structurally related membrane glycoproteins. Similar pulse–chase experiments were performed with cells expressing P-glycoprotein or the multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP) (Figure 3). In contrast to CFTR, these drug transporters mature efficiently both in the absence and presence of geldanamycin treatment. Neither the rates of disappearance of the lower molecular weight precursor bands nor the appearance of the larger product bands were significantly altered by the drug. Although there is some experimental variability as indicated by the plots in Figure 3, it is clear that the biosynthetic processing of these two membrane glycoproteins is essentially insensitive to geldanamycin. Not only are their wild-type nascent chains not subject to proteasomal degradation, but they are also not made susceptible by ansamycin treatment. On this basis, it would seem that nascent membrane proteins not normally subjected to proteolysis at the ER are not influenced by these compounds. Figure 3.Effect of geldanamycin on the biosynthetic processing of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and multidrug resistance protein (MRP). (A) Maturation of P-gp in CHO cells in the absence and presence of geldanamycin. The experiments was performed identically to those in Figure 1, with immunoprecipitation using the P-gp-specific monoclonal antibody C-219 (2 μg; Kartner et al., 1985). The graph to the right of the fluorogram illustrates quantitatively the time course of disappearance of the smaller immature band and appearance of the larger mature band. The relative amounts of 35S radioactivity in each band were determined by electronic autoradiography using a Packard Instant Imager. The mean values from three independent experiments are plotted, with the ranges indicated. (B) Maturation of MRP in BHK cells with and without geldanamycin treatment. Immunoprecipitation was with the MRP-specific monoclonal antibody, MRPr1 (1 μg; Flens et al., 1994). The graph represents the results of three such experiments with MRP exactly as in (A) using P-gp. Download figure Download PowerPoint Ansamycin-sensitive association of nascent CFTR with Hsp90 but not Grp94 Since cytosolic Hsp90 and its homolog, Grp94, in the ER lumen recently have been shown to be the specific targets of action of the ansamycin benzoquinone drugs (Chavany et al., 1996; Prodromou et al., 1997; Stebbins et al., 1997), it seemed likely that their influence on nascent CFTR might be mediated via one of these chaperones. It was first determined whether either chaperone interacted with nascent CFTR. The results of co-immunoprecipitation experiments such as those illustrated in Figure 4A indicated that Hsp90 does interact while Grp94 apparently does not. Thus, after metabolic labeling with [35S]methionine, a band with the same mobility as nascent CFTR is immunoprecipitated with Hsp90 by antibodies against the chaperone (Figure 4A). On the other hand, no such band was detected on immunoprecipitation of Grp94. As a control, immunoprecipitation was also performed with antibodies to Hsp70 which previously was shown to bind nascent CFTR (Yang et al., 1993). Indeed the same nascent CFTR band was co-immunoprecipitated as with antibodies to Hsp90. Importantly, when cells were treated with geldanamycin, co-immunoprecipitation of the immature CFTR band with Hsp70 was not altered whereas that with Hsp90 was totally ablated. Hence, nascent CFTR associates with Hsp90 in a geldanamycin-sensitive fashion during biosynthesis. Figure 4.Association of immature, core-glycosylated CFTR with molecular chaperones. (A) Co-immunoprecipitation of nascent CFTR with molecular chaperones. BHK cells, in 60 mm dishes, stably expressing wild-type CFTR were labeled continuously with [35S]methionine for 90 min and then solubilized in 1 ml of NP-40 lysis buffer. For immunoprecipitation, antibodies to CFTR (2 μl M3A7 ascites fluid), Grp94 (Stressgen #850), Hsp90 (10 μl Hsp90–10) and Hsp70 (8 μl Stressgen #815) were added to 1 ml of lysate and incubated overnight at 4°C with gentle rocking. Then 25 μl of protein G–agarose beads were added and incubation continued for an additional 3 h. After four washes with lysis buffer, beads were eluted with gel loading buffer for electrophoresis. The fluorogram shown was obtained by exposure of the dried gel to X-ray film. The (+) and (−) signs indicate that the cells were or were not treated with geldanamycin as described in Materials and methods. The arrow indicates the position of the nascent core-glycosylated CFTR band. It is evident that the immature CFTR band is co-immunoprecipitated with both Hsp90 and Hsp70 but not with Grp94. (B) Sequential immunoprecipitation of chaperones Hsp90 and Hsp70 and nascent CFTR. BHK cells stably expressing CFTR in 60 mm culture dishes were pulse-labeled with [35S]methionine (1 μCi/ml) for 30 min and solubilized in 1 ml of NP-40 lysis buffer. For immunoprecipitation, antibodies to CFTR (2 μl M3A7 ascites fluid), Hsp70 (8 μl Stressgen #815) or Hsp90 (10 μl Hsp90–10) were added to 1 ml of lysate and incubated overnight at 4°C with gentle rocking. Protein G–agarose beads (25 μl packed volume) were added and incubation continued for a further 3 h. Following four washes with lysis buffer, the M3A7-bound beads were eluted with gel loading buffer and electrophoresed (lanes labeled M3A7). The beads with antibodies to Hsp70 or Hsp90 were eluted in 1% SDS for 1 h at room temperature. These eluates were then adjusted to the composition of RIPA lysis buffer for a second immunoprecipitation with M3A7. Following RIPA washing, the final protein G–agarose beads were eluted with gel loading buffer and electrophoresed (lanes labeled Hsp70/M3A7 and Hsp90/M3A7). The dried gel was exposed to X-ray film to yield the fluorogram shown, The (+) and (−) signs indicate that the cells were or were not treated with geldanamycin as described in Materials and methods. The arrow indicates the position of the nascent CFTR band; the large arrowhead, Hsp90; and the small arrowhead, Hsp70. (C) CFTR detection by immunoblotting of chaperone immunoprecipitates. NP-40 lysates of CFTR-expressing BHK cells were electrophoresed directly (αCFTR lane) together with immunoprecipitates obtained using antibodies to Hsp70 or Hsp90. Following transfer to nitrocellulose, the blot was probed with the M3A7 antibody to CFTR. (+) and (−) signs indicate that cells were or were not treated for 90 min with geldanamycin. (D) Association of immature CFTR with Hsp90 during a pulse–chase experiment is abrogated by geldanamycin. A pulse–chase experiment with CFTR-expressing BHK cells was performed as in Figure 1 except that immunoprecipitations were with antibodies to Hsp90 (10 μl Hsp90–10; Smith et al., 1993). The arrow indicates the Hsp90 band. Download figure Download PowerPoint To confirm that the band co-immunoprecipitated with Hsp90 and having the same electrophoretic mobility as immature CFTR was indeed nascent CFTR, both sequential immunoprecipitation and immunoprecipitation followed by immunoblotting experiments were performed. Figure 4B shows that the pulse-labeled immature CFTR band is present in immunoprecipitates obtained with antibody to Hsp90 because when these are dissociated and reprecipitated with M3A7 this band is detected (lane 6); with geldanamycin-treated cells, however, it is not (lane 7). The association of nascent CFTR with Hsp70 has been documented previously (Yang et al., 1993) and is reflected similarly in this sequential immunoprecipitation protocol (Figure 4B, lanes 4 and 5). Consistent with the observations in Figure 4A, geldanamycin was without effect on this association. Figure 4C demonstrates that Western blotting with antibody to CFTR also detects the presence of CFTR bands in both Hsp70 and Hsp90 immunoprecipitates. In a further attempt to determine if the more rapidly degraded population of nascent CFTR molecules in cells treated with geldanamycin could be detected in association with Hsp90, a pulse–chase experiment was carried out with immunoprecipitation by antibodies to Hsp90 (Figure 4D). No nascent CFTR band was detected in these precipitates even during the pulse labeling (0 chase time), indicating that degradation occurred very quickly when Hsp90 association was perturbed by the drug. Effects of geldanamycin on rates of synthesis and steady-state amounts of CFTR and chaperones The data in Figure 1 had shown that the major effect of the ansamycins was to increase turnover of immature CFTR. However, the amount pulse-labeled in the presence of the drug appeared to be slightly reduced as well. Therefore, it was necessary to compare the rates of synthesis in the presence and absence of drug. Furthermore, although it did not appear from Figure 4 that geldanamycin had much influence on the amounts of radiolabeled Hsp90 or Hsp70, it was important to confirm that the apparent decrease in Hsp90-associated CFTR did not reflect an effect of the drug on either the synthesis or turnover of the chaperone. In addition, although we had not found evidence of association of nascent CFTR with Grp94, it was necessary to explain the apparent absence of immunoprecipitable Grp94 in geldanamycin-treated cells (Figure 4A). The synthesis of CFTR and the two chaperones was followed over 20 min (Figure 5). Geldanamycin did cause a minor decrease in the rate of appearance of labeled nascent CFTR (Figure 5A). However, this effect was small in comparison with the gross increase in its rate of turnover and complete inhibition of maturation. The synthesis of Hsp90 was unaffected by geldanamycin (Figure 5B). Strikingly, as had been seen after longer term [35S]methionine labeling (Figure 4A), the amount of labeled Grp94 formed during synthesis was barely detectable (Figure 5C). However, we considered it unlikely that the synthesis of this chaperone was completely inhibited by the ansamycin and assessed the alternative possibility that the drug interfered with its immunoprecipitation. Figure 5D showed that this latter possibility was indeed the case. A lysate of cells pulse-labeled for 5 min in the absence of drug was then immunoprecipitated in the absence (−) or presence (+) of the drug. Clearly the ability of the antibody to Grp94 to immunoprecipitate this chaperone is greatly reduced by the drug. Of course this means that the rate of synthesis in the presence of geldanamycin cannot be determined from this experiment. Fortunately, however, since Grp94 was found to not bind nascent CFTR in our experiments, it is unlikely to be involved in its processing. Furthermore, steady-state levels of the chaperone are not reduced by geldanamycin (Figure 7D). Figure 5.Rates of synthesis of CFTR, Hsp90 and Grp94 in the absence (control) and presence of geldanamycin (GA). CFTR-expressing BHK cells on 6 cm plates were starved of methionine as in the pulse–chase experiments and then incubated in the presence of [35S]methionine (100 μCi/ml) for the times indicated in minutes prior to immunoprecipitation with M3A7 as in the other experiments. (A) Geldanamycin causes a slight reduction in CFTR synthesis. (B) Geldanamycin is without influence on the rate of Hsp90 synthesis. (C) The Grp94 band in nearly undetectable in immunoprecipitates from geldanamycin-treated cells. (D) Geldanamycin greatly reduces the ability of the antibody to Grp94 to immunoprecipitate the protein. Following [35S]methionine labeling for 5 min in the absence of drug, immunoprecipitation was performed in the absence (−) or presence (+) of the drug. Download figure Download PowerPoint Figure 6.Influence of geldanamycin on the steady-state levels of CFTR and molecular chaperones in CFTR-expressing BHK cells. Cells were exposed to geldanamycin (0.1 μg/ml) for the times indicated in hours. Whole cell lysates were electrophoresed and analyzed by Western blots probed with antibodies to each of the proteins. The secondary antibody was anti-mouse Ig conjugated with horseradish peroxidase. Chemiluminescent film detection utilized the ECL kit (Amersham). (A) The amounts of mature CFTR (upper band) and the small amount of an alternatively initiated form (lower band) are reduced slightly by 8 h and substantially by 24 h. (B) The amount of Hsp90 increases slightly over this time course. (C) There is a considerable increment in the amount of Hsp70, most evident at 8 and 24 h. (D) The ER chaperone, Grp94, increases most due to geldanamycin treatment. (E) The amount of calnexin does not change during this period. Download figure Download PowerPoint To see if an influence of geldanamycin on ER-localized nascent CFTR but not on the mature form at the cell surface could be visualized directly, the localization of CFTR tagged with green fluorescent protein (GFP) was observed. Figure 6 shows that the drug caused the complete disappearance of intracellular, primarily perinuclear, fluorescence in both wild-type and ΔF508 CFTR-expressing cells. The surface fluorescence of the cells expressing the wild-type protein, detectable as increased intensity at the perimeters and a lighter tent-like veil over the entire surface, is retained after drug treatment. Figure 7.Localization at the surface and intracellularly in BHK cells expressing wild-type and ΔF508 CFTR fused to GFP at their C-termini. An FITC filter was employed for the fluorescence microscopy. (A) The GFP fusion with wild-type CFTR is observed both over the entire cell surface and also in a perinuclear distribution which can be seen as intensifications below the uniform surface veil. (B) After treatment with geldanamycin, the surface localization of the wild-type is unchanged but the perinuclear image is no longer seen. (C) The ΔF508 CFTR fusion with GFP forms only the perinuclear images. (D) After gendanamycin treatment, the ΔF508 CFTR fusion with GFP is undetectable. Nuclei were stained with DAPI. Download figure Download PowerPoint To determine the impact of the large increase in nascent CFTR degradation, caused by geldanamycin, on the amount of mature CFTR in cells, Western blots were performed (Figure 7A). Up until 8 h after drug treatment, little decrease in amount was detected; by 24 h, there was a substantial decrease. These are the results which would be expected if only the turnover of the immature translation product were influenced. The resulting reduction in formation of its mature product would only become apparent as a diminished steady-state amount after times comparable with the t1/2 of its turnover which is estimated at 10–20 h (Lukacs et al., 1994; Ward and Kopito, 1994). The ansamycins are known to have secondary effects beyond their disruption of Hsp90/Grp94–substrate interactions, including the induction of stress proteins (Lawson et al., 1998). Therefore, we assessed by Western blotting changes in the steady-state levels of Hsp90 and Grp94 as well as the other two molecular chaperones, known to bind nascent CFTR, Hsp70 and calnexin. Substantial increases in the quantity of Grp94 occurred progressively over several hours (Figure 7D). Hsp70 showed a similar but less pronounced elevation (Figure 7C). There may have been a slight increase in Hsp90 amount, but this is barely detectable (Figure 7B). The calnexin signals appeared essentially unchanged (Figure 7E). None of the changes which did occur were early enough
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