Critical Factors in Basal Cell Adhesion Molecule/Lutheran-mediated Adhesion to Laminin
1999; Elsevier BV; Volume: 274; Issue: 2 Linguagem: Inglês
10.1074/jbc.274.2.728
ISSN1083-351X
AutoresQin Zen, Maisha J. Cottman, George A. Truskey, Robin Fraser, Marilyn J. Telen,
Tópico(s)Hemoglobinopathies and Related Disorders
ResumoBasal cell adhesion molecule (B-CAM) and Lutheran (LU) are two spliceoforms of a single immunoglobulin superfamily protein containing five Ig domains and comprise the sickle (SS) red cell receptor for laminin. We have now analyzed laminin binding to murine erythroleukemia cells transfected with various human B-CAM/LU constructs. B-CAM and LU bound equally well to laminin, indicating that the longer cytoplasmic tail of LU is not required for binding. However, binding of soluble laminin did require the presence of the membrane-proximal fifth immunoglobulin superfamily (IgSF) domain of LU, while deletion of IgSF domains 1, 2, 3, or 4 individually or together did not abrogate laminin binding. Under flow conditions, MEL cells expressing B-CAM, LU, and LU lacking domains 1, 2, 3, or 4 adhered to immobilized laminin with critical shear stresses over 10 dynes/cm2. However, MEL cells expressing LU lacking domain 5 bound to laminin poorly (critical shear stress = 2.3 dynes/cm2). Moreover, expression of only IgSF domain 5 of LU was sufficient to mediate MEL cell adhesion to immobilized laminin (critical shear stress >10 dynes/cm2). Finally, Scatchard analysis showed that SS red cells had an average of 67% more B-CAM/LU than normal red cells, and low density red cells from sickle cell disease patients expressed 40–55% more B-CAM/LU than high density SS red cells. B-CAM/LU copy number thus may also play a role in the abnormal adhesion of SS red cells to laminin. Basal cell adhesion molecule (B-CAM) and Lutheran (LU) are two spliceoforms of a single immunoglobulin superfamily protein containing five Ig domains and comprise the sickle (SS) red cell receptor for laminin. We have now analyzed laminin binding to murine erythroleukemia cells transfected with various human B-CAM/LU constructs. B-CAM and LU bound equally well to laminin, indicating that the longer cytoplasmic tail of LU is not required for binding. However, binding of soluble laminin did require the presence of the membrane-proximal fifth immunoglobulin superfamily (IgSF) domain of LU, while deletion of IgSF domains 1, 2, 3, or 4 individually or together did not abrogate laminin binding. Under flow conditions, MEL cells expressing B-CAM, LU, and LU lacking domains 1, 2, 3, or 4 adhered to immobilized laminin with critical shear stresses over 10 dynes/cm2. However, MEL cells expressing LU lacking domain 5 bound to laminin poorly (critical shear stress = 2.3 dynes/cm2). Moreover, expression of only IgSF domain 5 of LU was sufficient to mediate MEL cell adhesion to immobilized laminin (critical shear stress >10 dynes/cm2). Finally, Scatchard analysis showed that SS red cells had an average of 67% more B-CAM/LU than normal red cells, and low density red cells from sickle cell disease patients expressed 40–55% more B-CAM/LU than high density SS red cells. B-CAM/LU copy number thus may also play a role in the abnormal adhesion of SS red cells to laminin. Vaso-occlusion in sickle cell disease patients is a complex process involving not only the mechanical obstruction of vessels by misshapen and nondeformable sickle (SS) 1The abbreviations used are: SS, homozygous for sickle hemoglobin; B-CAM, basal cell adhesion molecule; LU, Lutheran glycoprotein; MEL, murine erythroleukemia; IgSF, immunoglobulin superfamily; Ab, antibody; mAb, murine monoclonal antibody; PAGE, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; MFC, mean fluorescence channel; PCR, polymerase chain reaction; FITC, fluorescein isothiocyanate; ALCAM, activated leukocyte cell adhesion molecule (CD166). 1The abbreviations used are: SS, homozygous for sickle hemoglobin; B-CAM, basal cell adhesion molecule; LU, Lutheran glycoprotein; MEL, murine erythroleukemia; IgSF, immunoglobulin superfamily; Ab, antibody; mAb, murine monoclonal antibody; PAGE, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; MFC, mean fluorescence channel; PCR, polymerase chain reaction; FITC, fluorescein isothiocyanate; ALCAM, activated leukocyte cell adhesion molecule (CD166). red cells but also cellular adhesion and the activation of coagulation (1$$Google Scholar). In addition, sickle cell disease is characterized by endothelial damage, some of which may result from the effects of a variety of cytokines on endothelial cells, resulting in increased circulating endothelial cells and, potentially, exposure of subendothelial matrix to flowing blood (2Sowemimo-Coker S.O. Meiselman H.J. Francis Jr., R.B. Am. J. Hematol. 1989; 31: 263-265Crossref PubMed Scopus (68) Google Scholar, 3Hebbel R. Solovey A. Lin Y. Gui L. Key N. Browne P. Sickle Cell Disease in the 21st Century: National Sickle Cell Disease Conference, Washington, D. C., September 15–20, 1997. 1997; : 109Google Scholar). Among the subendothelial matrix molecules to which SS cells adhere, laminin is the one to which these cells adhere most avidly (4Hillery C.A. Du M.C. Montgomery R.R. Scott J.P. Blood. 1996; 87: 4879-4886Crossref PubMed Google Scholar). Laminin is a family of at least 11 heterotrimeric proteins, each containing an α, β, and γ subunit (5Engvall E. Wewer U.M. J. Cell. Biochem. 1996; 61: 493-501Crossref PubMed Scopus (158) Google Scholar). We have reported previously that basal cell adhesion molecule/Lutheran glycoprotein (B-CAM/LU), a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily with two known isomers (B-CAM and LU), is the major laminin receptor on SS red cells and promotes SS but not normal red cell adhesion to immobilized as well as soluble laminin (6Udani M. Zen Q. Cottman M. Leonard N. Jefferson S. Daymont C. Truskey G. Telen M. J. Clin. Invest. 1998; 101: 2550-2558Crossref PubMed Scopus (165) Google Scholar). Expression of B-CAM/LU appeared to be increased on SS red cells, as measured by flow cytometry, and the level of B-CAM/LU expression was proportional to laminin binding among red cells from both normal donors and individuals with sickle cell disease (6Udani M. Zen Q. Cottman M. Leonard N. Jefferson S. Daymont C. Truskey G. Telen M. J. Clin. Invest. 1998; 101: 2550-2558Crossref PubMed Scopus (165) Google Scholar). However, the exact scale of increased expression was not determined in that study. The role of B-CAM/LU in adhesion to laminin was further supported by the binding of transfected MEL cells expressing recombinant human B-CAM (rB-CAM) to both soluble and immobilized laminin. B-CAM was first described as an IgSF protein expressed along the basal surface of epithelial cells (7Campbell I.G. Foulkes W.D. Senger G. Trowsdale J. Garin-Chesa P. Rettig W.J. Cancer Res. 1994; 54: 5761-5765PubMed Google Scholar). Later, Lutheran (LU) protein was characterized as a spliceoform of B-CAM (8Parsons S.F. Mallinson G. Holmes C.H. Houlihan J.M. Simpson K.L. Mawby W.J. Spurr N.K. Warne D. Barclay A.N. Anstee D.J. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1995; 92: 5496-5500Crossref PubMed Scopus (106) Google Scholar, 9Rahuel C. Le Van Kim C. Mattei M.G. Cartron J.P. Colin Y. Blood. 1996; 88: 1865-1872Crossref PubMed Google Scholar). The extracellular portions of B-CAM and LU are identical and contain five IgSF domains: two variable-type, or V, domains and three constant-type 2, or C2, domains (Fig. 1 A). B-CAM differs from LU in that it lacks the last 40 amino acids, including a putative SH3 binding site, of the cytoplasmic tail and thus has a molecular mass of about 78 kDa, compared with a mass of 85 kDa for LU. Both proteins are expressed by normal and SS red cells. Other IgSF proteins have also been identified as laminin receptors, including members of the integrin subfamily (10Kramer R.H. Methods Enzymol. 1994; 245: 129-146Crossref PubMed Scopus (14) Google Scholar, 11Giancotti F.G. J. Cell Sci. 1996; 109: 1165-1172Crossref PubMed Google Scholar, 12Mercurio A.M. Shaw L.M. Bioessays. 1991; 13: 169-173Crossref Scopus (57) Google Scholar). However, no consensus motif for laminin binding has been identified, possibly because different laminin receptors bind to different sites and different isoforms of laminin. Previous studies of IgSF domain activity in cell adhesion involving other ligands have identified the N-terminal IgSF domain as the most frequent major binding domain, as in ICAM-1/LFA-1 and ICAM-3/LFA-1 interactions (13Staunton D.E. Dustin M.L. Erickson H.P. Springer T.A. Cell. 1990; 61: 243-254Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (568) Google Scholar, 14Klickstein L.B. York M.R. de Fougerolles A.R. Springer T.A. J. Biol. Chem. 1996; 271: 23920-23927Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (47) Google Scholar). The N-terminal IgSF domain of ALCAM, which has two V and three C2 domains similar to B-CAM/LU, also mediates ALCAM's interaction with CD6 (15Bowen M.A. Bajorath J. D'Egidio M. Whitney G.G. Palmer D. Kobarg J. Atarling G.C. Siadak A.W. Aruffo A. Eur. J. Immunol. 1997; 27: 1469-1478Crossref PubMed Scopus (75) Google Scholar). In some cases, the second IgSF domain plays a less critical but important role (16Karecla P.I. Green S.J. Bowden S. Coadwel J. Kilshaw P.J. J. Biol. Chem. 1996; 271: 30909-30915Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (76) Google Scholar, 17Newham P. Craig S.E. Seddon G.N. Schofield N.R. Rees A. Edwards R.M. Jones E.Y. Humphries M.J. J. Biol. Chem. 1997; 272: 19429-19440Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (78) Google Scholar), such as in E-cadherin/integrin αEβ7 interaction. And in other instances, such as in the interactions of CD4 with major histocompatibility complex II and CD8 with major histocompatibility complex I, multiple IgSF domains are involved (18Gao G.F. Tormo J. Gerth U.C. Wyer J.R. McMichael A.J. Stuart D.I. Bell J.I. Jones E.Y. Jakobsen B.K. Nature. 1997; 387: 630-634Crossref PubMed Scopus (375) Google Scholar, 19Moebius U. Pallai P. Harrison S.C. Reinherz E.L. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1993; 90: 8259-8263Crossref PubMed Scopus (75) Google Scholar). In the present study of B-CAM/LU, we have measured the B-CAM/LU copy number on SS and normal red cells, as well as on density fractionated SS red cells, in order to determine if increased expression of B-CAM/LU is likely to be a factor in the observed increased adhesion of SS red cells to laminin. We have also used a number of recombinant LU proteins from which various IgSF domains have been deleted to demonstrate that the membrane proximal IgSF domain (domain 5) alone is critical for laminin binding, and that the cytoplasmic tail of LU, which is absent from B-CAM, does not appear to affect laminin binding. The MEL cell line was obtained from Dr. B. Haynes, Duke University Medical Center, and maintained under standard tissue culture conditions in RPMI 1640 with 10% fetal calf serum. The anti-Lub mAb LM342/767:31 was produced by Dr. Robin Fraser, Glasgow and West Scotland Blood Transfusion Service, UK. mAb 4F2 was generated by immunizing a mouse with MEL cells expressing rB-CAM and rLU and recognizes the fifth IgSF domain of B-CAM/LU. 2M. Lacaze, Q. Zen, and M. Telen, unpublished data. Human anti-Lu8, which recognizes an epitope on the second IgSF domain of B-CAM/LU (20Parsons S.F. Mallinson G. Daniels G.L. Green C.A. Smythe J.S. Anstee D.J. Blood. 1997; 89: 4219-4225Crossref PubMed Google Scholar), was provided by the Immunohematology Laboratory of the Duke University Medical Center Transfusion Service. Rabbit anti-human laminin was obtained from Life Technologies, Inc. Horseradish peroxidase-linked second antibodies and FITC-conjugated antibodies were obtained from Jackson Immunoresearch (West Grove, PA). Purified anti-Lub mAb was radiolabeled with 1.0 mCi of Na125I (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech) per 1.0 mg of protein, using glass tubes coated with IODO-GEN (Pierce) (21Telen M.J. Palker T.J. Haynes B.F. Blood. 1984; 64: 599-606Crossref PubMed Google Scholar). The iodinated mAb was separated from free Na125I by repeated dialysis in phosphate-buffered saline, resulting in mAb with a specific activity of 0.3–0.5 μCi/μg of protein, with >99% of the radioactivity precipitable by cold 10% trichloroacetic acid. Aliquots (100 μl) of serially diluted radiolabeled mAb with concentrations ranging from 30 ng/ml to 60 μg/ml were added to equal volumes of red cells suspended at 2 × 108/ml in phosphate-buffered saline, pH 7.4, with 1 g/dl bovine serum albumin, and incubated at room temperature for 1 h. Red cells used were all homozygous Lu(a−b+), according to routine typing performed in the Duke Hospital Transfusion Service. In order to determine nonspecific binding, inhibition of the binding of 125I-mAb to red cells was achieved by incubating the cells with 50 m excess of unlabeled mAb prior to adding 125I-mAb. Quantitation of antigen sites per cell was calculated as described elsewhere (22Lowenthal J.W. Coethesy P. Tougne C. Lees R. MacDonald H.R. Nabholz M. J. Immunol. 1985; 135: 3988-3994PubMed Google Scholar, 23Scatchard G. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1949; 51: 660-672Crossref Scopus (17789) Google Scholar), with the assumption that each antigen site was capable of binding one Ig molecule. In order to separate low density (reticulocyte-enriched) and high density (older) red cells, a variable density solution composed of low, intermediate, and high density arabinogalactan layers was prepared according to the manufacturer's directions (Cellsep Protocol, Larex Inc., St. Paul, MN). These layers had densities of 1.085, 1.090, and 1.095 g/ml, respectively. One ml of packed SS red cells was carefully laid on the top of the density solution without disturbing the layers, and the tube was then centrifuged for 45 min at 50,000 ×g at room temperature. This procedure resulted in separation of red blood cells into three distinct bands; the top and bottom layers of cells were extracted and used as the low and high density cells, respectively. A partial human LU cDNA was provided by D. Anstee (International Blood Group Reference Laboratory, Bristol, UK) and expanded to include the entire coding region or modified to replicate the previously described B-CAM cDNA by PCR. This construct was inserted into the eukaryotic expression vector pcDNA3.1(−) (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA), which was used for all studies involving expression of recombinant proteins. A complete LU cDNA constructed and inserted into the pcDNA3.1(−) vector as described above was used as the template for all further PCR reactions to create constructs encoding domain deletion mutants. The cDNA sequences encoding each IgSF domain were deleted individually from the full-length LU cDNA using deletional oligonucleotide primers in overlapping extension PCR (24Ho S.N. Hunt H.D. Norton R.M. Pullen L.R. Pease L.R. Gene (Amst.). 1989; 77: 51-59Crossref PubMed Scopus (6812) Google Scholar). The forward primers used to produce the 3′ cDNA fragments of each construct are listed in Table I. Complementary reverse oligonucleotide primers were utilized to generate the 5′ fragments of each construct. A first round of PCR reactions was performed using one of the deletional oligonucleotide primers (forward or reverse sense) and a corresponding vector primer under the following cycling conditions: 1 cycle at 94 °C for 3 min; 4 cycles at 94 °C for 1 min, 42 °C for 1 min, 72 °C for 1.5 min; 30 cycles at 94 °C for 1 min, 50 °C for 1 min, 72 °C for 2 min; and finally, 1 cycle at 72 °C for 10 min. The two overlapping cDNA fragments were then used to prime each other for 4 cycles (94 °C for 1 min, 66 °C for 1 min, 72 °C for 1.5 min). The 5′ and 3′ vector primers were then added to the PCR reactions to amplify the entire mutagenized cDNA, and PCR was performed as follows: 30 cycles at 94 °C for 1 min, 50 °C for 1 min, 72 °C for 2 min; and 1 more cycle at 72 °C for 10 min. A LU construct containing only domain 5 (LU5) without domains 1–4 was also generated using the same PCR method and primers as listed in Table I. The amino acids expressed by each LU deletion construct are also listed in Table I, and the structure of all constructs used is illustrated in Fig. 2 A.Table IConstruction of Lutheran Proteins with IgSF Domain DeletionsConstructDeletional oligonucleotide (forward sense)Resulting protein structureLUΔ1GATGCCCAGGCGGAGAAGCCAGAGGCCACTMet1–Glu32, Lys146–Cys628LUΔ2AAGCCAGAGGCCACTCTCACCCTGCACTATMet1–Thr150, Leu258–Cys628LUΔ3CTCACCCTGCACTATGTGGCCTATCTGGACMet1–Thy262, Val358–Cys628LUΔ4GCCTATCTGGACCCCCAAGGCTCGCCAGAGCTMet1–Pro363, Gln445–Cys628LUΔ5CGCCAGAGCTAAAGACACAGACCTCCCAGGMet1–Thr452, Gln543–Cys628LU5GATGCCCAGGCGGAGCAAGGCTCGCCAGAGMet1–Glu32, Gln445–Cys628 Open table in a new tab All cDNAs were subcloned into the pcDNA3.1(−) expression vector; restriction mapping and DNA sequencing confirmed that the vectors contained the desired constructs with deletions, and constructs were transfected into MEL cells by electroporation, as described previously (6Udani M. Zen Q. Cottman M. Leonard N. Jefferson S. Daymont C. Truskey G. Telen M. J. Clin. Invest. 1998; 101: 2550-2558Crossref PubMed Scopus (165) Google Scholar). Transfected cells were grown in RPMI 1640 containing 10% fetal calf serum and 0.5 mg/ml Geneticin (Life Technologies, Inc.), and cells with strong expression of recombinant protein were further selected by immunofluorescence-activated cell sorting. MEL cells (107/ml) transfected with LUΔ2, LUΔ3, LUΔ4, or LUΔ5 constructs and grown for >2 weeks in medium containing Geneticin were incubated with anti-Lub mAb at 4 °C for 1 h, followed by washing with phosphate-buffered saline, pH 7.4, with 1 g/dl bovine serum albumin, and incubation with FITC-linked secondary Ab, and repeated washing. MEL cells expressing LUΔ1 were incubated with human anti-Lu8. MEL/LU5 cells were incubated with mAb 4F2. Transfectants expressing high levels of desired proteins were selected by sterile sorting using a Becton Dickinson FACStar Plus at Duke University Cancer Center. Stably transfected MEL cells were assayed for their ability to bind soluble laminin by incubation with 3 μg/ml human laminin (Life Technologies, Inc.) at 37 °C for 1 h, followed by staining with rabbit anti-laminin and FITC-conjugated secondary Ab, as described previously (6Udani M. Zen Q. Cottman M. Leonard N. Jefferson S. Daymont C. Truskey G. Telen M. J. Clin. Invest. 1998; 101: 2550-2558Crossref PubMed Scopus (165) Google Scholar). Flow cytometric analysis of soluble laminin binding was performed on an Orthocytoron Absolute flow cytometer (Ortho Diagnostic Systems, Inc., Raritan, NJ). Each transfected cell line was tested for its ability to bind laminin a minimum of three times, and data shown are representative of the results obtained. Red cell membrane proteins were prepared as previous described (21Telen M.J. Palker T.J. Haynes B.F. Blood. 1984; 64: 599-606Crossref PubMed Google Scholar, 25Laemmli U.K. Nature. 1970; 227: 680-685Crossref PubMed Scopus (206631) Google Scholar, 26Dodge J.T. Mitchell C. Hanahan D.J. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 1963; 100: 119-130Crossref PubMed Scopus (3628) Google Scholar). MEL cell transfectants were lysed in Tris-buffered saline with 1% Triton X-100, 5 mm EDTA, and 1 mm phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (Sigma). All membrane protein lysates were boiled in non-reducing SDS-PAGE sample buffer for 5 min. Five μg of SS red cell membrane proteins and 10 μg of MEL transfectant membrane lysates were separated by SDS-PAGE and transferred to nitrocellulose (27Towbin H. Staehelin T. Gordon J. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1979; 76: 4350-4354Crossref PubMed Scopus (44843) Google Scholar). A combination of mAbs 4F2 and anti-Lub was used as primary antibody, since no single antibody recognized all the LU deletion mutants expressed. Blots were developed using the ECL system according to manufacturer's directions (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech). Studies of intact cell adhesion to immobilized laminin were performed using a flow chamber system in which a graduated chamber height allowed variable shear stresses to be produced along the length of a single slide, as described previously (6Udani M. Zen Q. Cottman M. Leonard N. Jefferson S. Daymont C. Truskey G. Telen M. J. Clin. Invest. 1998; 101: 2550-2558Crossref PubMed Scopus (165) Google Scholar). In brief, 3 μg/ml human placental laminin (Life Technologies, Inc.) was coated onto a glass slide, which was then mounted into the flow chamber. Following a 15-min static incubation with MEL cell transfectants containing a LU construct or vector only and quantification of cells in each of seven fields along the length of the slide, flow was applied at 20 ml/min for 6 min. After flow, the adherent cells were again counted at the same seven areas of the slide, corresponding to shear stresses ranging from 0.2 to 10 dynes/cm2. Results were calculated as the percentage of cells adherent after flow, compared with the number of cells initially seen in each field after the static adherence phase. Critical shear stress is defined as the shear stress at which 50% of the cells become detached. Each transfected cell line was examined at least twice, with concordant results, by this method. As previous results have suggested that the B-CAM/LU proteins are overexpressed by SS red cells (6Udani M. Zen Q. Cottman M. Leonard N. Jefferson S. Daymont C. Truskey G. Telen M. J. Clin. Invest. 1998; 101: 2550-2558Crossref PubMed Scopus (165) Google Scholar, 28El Nemer W. Gane P. Colin Y. Bony V. Rahuel C. Galacteros F. Cartron J.P. Le Van Kim C. J. Biol. Chem. 1988; 273: 16686-16693Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF Scopus (111) Google Scholar), we measured the direct binding of radiolabeled anti-Lub mAb to determine by Scatchard analysis the copy number of B-CAM/LU expressed by both SS and normal red cells. Red cells from six randomly selected normal blood donors expressed 1550, 1750, 1800, 1820, 1900, and 1970 molecules of B-CAM/LU per cell, with an average of 1798 ± 144 molecules per cell. The red cells from six patients with sickle cell anemia expressed 2500, 2600, 2700, 2980, 3080, and 4300 molecules of B-CAM/LU per cell, with an average copy number per cell of 3027 ± 662 (p < 0.005 compared with red cells from normal donors). Thus, on average, SS red cells expressed about two-thirds more B-CAM/LU molecules than did normal red cells. Similar studies using density fractionated red cells were also performed on red cells from four sickle cell disease patients (TableII) selected to represent a range of B-CAM/LU copy numbers per cell. Although the copy number of B-CAM/LU per cell for low density red cells enriched in reticulocytes was about 40–55% more than that seen in the high density fraction, the B-CAM/LU copy number of unfractionated SS red cells was only 2–9% more than that of the high density fraction (Table II), demonstrating that the presence of reticulocytes with higher numbers of B-CAM/LU molecules per cell affected the overall expression of B-CAM/LU by circulating red cells very little. Furthermore, the binding affinities of the radiolabeled anti-Lub mAb to B-CAM/LU on normal and SS red cells varied only slightly among red cells donors. The range of dissociation constants (K d) observed was 1.0–5.6 pm. In addition, the antibody also showed similar affinities when reacted with high, low, and unfractionated SS cells (data not shown), suggesting that the conformation of the B-CAM/LU Lub antigen was similar among cells of different ages.Table IICopy number of B-CAM/LU on density-fractionated and unfractionated SS red cellsMolecules B-CAM/LU per SS red cellUnfractionatedHigh densityLow densityPatient 1322031504600Patient 2303027704400Patient 3330031505120Patient 4217020002800 Open table in a new tab In order to determine whether the presence or absence of the cytoplasmic tail lacking from B-CAM affects laminin binding, stably transfected MEL cells expressing B-CAM or LU were tested for their ability to bind soluble laminin by flow cytometric assay (Fig.1 B). Recombinant B-CAM and LU proteins were easily detected by anti-Lub on the transfectants containing B-CAM or LU cDNAs, but not on cells containing vector alone. Likewise, soluble laminin bound equally well to both B-CAM and LU transfectants but not to the cells transfected with vector alone. This indicates that the cytoplasmic region has little or no effect on laminin binding. To determine the domain of B-CAM/LU that contributes to laminin binding, we expressed cDNA constructs containing LU cDNA from which had been deleted individual regions encoding each of the five IgSF domains (Fig. 2 A). Stably transfected MEL cells expressing these constructs were then examined by immunoblot with anti-Lub and 4F2 (anti-domain 5) mAbs (Fig.2 B). These studies demonstrated double protein bands arising from expression of all the Lutheran deletion constructs expressed in MEL cells; in each case, the lower band was 62–70 kDa and the higher band was 75–85 kDa. We hypothesize that these multiple bands arise from varying degrees of glycosylation in MEL cells. The lower protein bands of the LUΔ1, LUΔ2, LUΔ3, and LUΔ5 mutated proteins were expressed as dominant bands, while the upper ones were expressed weakly; the higher band of MEL/LUΔ5 was barely detectable. However, the two protein bands of LUΔ4 were equally expressed, and the molecular weights of these were lower than that of the other four deletion mutants, consistent with the fact that most of the glycosylation sites are on domain 4 (7Campbell I.G. Foulkes W.D. Senger G. Trowsdale J. Garin-Chesa P. Rettig W.J. Cancer Res. 1994; 54: 5761-5765PubMed Google Scholar, 20Parsons S.F. Mallinson G. Daniels G.L. Green C.A. Smythe J.S. Anstee D.J. Blood. 1997; 89: 4219-4225Crossref PubMed Google Scholar). MEL cells transfected with full-length LU cDNA also showed two bands, with molecular mass values of approximately 80 and 95 kDa, suggesting that in MEL cells, LU protein can be more extensively glycosylated than it is in human red cells. Stably transfected MEL cells expressed all the LU domain deletion constructs to a variable but easily detectable degree (MFC = 106.5–165.3, versusMEL/vector MFC = 59.8) when reacted with either anti-Lub mAb or a human anti-LU8 antibody in flow cytometric assays (Fig.3 A). LU8 recognizes the second IgSF domain of LU (20Parsons S.F. Mallinson G. Daniels G.L. Green C.A. Smythe J.S. Anstee D.J. Blood. 1997; 89: 4219-4225Crossref PubMed Google Scholar) and was therefore used for detecting the expression of LU protein lacking IgSF domain 1 (LUΔ1), because anti-Lub mAb recognizes the first IgSF domain. Binding of LU8 to MEL/vector followed by FITC goat anti-human second Ab resulted in similar "background" fluorescence as that observed with anti-Lub and FITC goat anti-mouse (data not shown). The observed ability of LU proteins without IgSF domains 1, 2, 3, or 4 to bind soluble laminin was variable, most likely in large part due to the different levels of protein expression achieved. Nevertheless, MEL cells expressing the recombinant proteins LUΔ1, LUΔ2, LUΔ3, and LUΔ4 all gave distinctively higher fluorescence when reacted with soluble laminin (MFC = 126.6, 100.3, 110.8, and 120.7, respectively) than did MEL/vector (MFC = 84.7) (Fig.3 B). However, the recombinant LU protein without domain 5 (LUΔ5) bound laminin minimally, with MFC of only about 89.6, even though the expression of LUΔ5 protein detectable by anti-Lub mAb (MFC = 152.4) was much higher than those of LUΔ2 (MFC = 106.5), LUΔ3 (MFC = 117.6), and LUΔ4 (MFC = 139.5). No laminin binding was detected when LUΔ5 was expressed at levels similar in terms of MFC to those of MEL/LUΔ2 or MEL/LUΔ3. These data, therefore, suggested that domain 5 of LU protein is critical for laminin binding. In order to demonstrate that Lutheran domain 5 mediates laminin binding, we deleted from LU cDNA sequences encoding the first four IgSF domains. This new construct (LU5) was translated into a 25-kDa protein by MEL cells and was detected by immunoblot using the anti-domain 5 mAb 4F2 (Fig. 2 B, lane 9). As shown in Fig. 4, mAb 4F2 bound significantly to MEL/LU5, as did soluble laminin, when examined by flow cytometry. We also studied the ability of various mutated LU proteins expressed by stably transfected MEL cells to mediate intact cell adhesion to immobilized laminin using a flow chamber assay. The MEL/vector control cell line began to detach at a shear stress of 0.3 dyne/cm2, and 50% of cells were detached at a shear stress of 0.7 dyne/cm2 (critical shear stress). In contrast, cells expressing LU or LU deletion constructs LUΔ1, LUΔ2, LUΔ3, or LUΔ4 all showed little detachment at shear stress as high as 10 dynes/cm2 (TableIII). The critical shear stress for LUΔ5 transfected MEL cells, however, was only 2.3 dynes/cm2 (Fig. 5), only slightly above that seen with MEL/vector transfectants. In addition, we also tested the adhesion of MEL/LU5 to immobilized laminin under similar flow conditions. As shown in Fig. 5, the critical shear stress of MEL/LU5 attachment to laminin was above 10 dynes/cm2, indicating that LU domain 5 alone is sufficient to mediate strong cell adhesion to immobilized laminin.Table IIIAdhesion to laminin by MEL cells expressing various rLU proteinsCell line/constructCritical shear stressdynes/cm2MEL/VEC0.7MEL/LU>10MEL/LUΔ1>10MEL/LUΔ2>10MEL/LUΔ3>10MEL/LUΔ4>10MEL/LUΔ52.3 Open table in a new tab Scatchard analysis of 125I-labeled anti-Lub mAb binding to SS and normal red cells allowed us to evaluate red cell expression of B-CAM/LU. Although the expression of B-CAM/LU on SS and normal red cells varied among individuals, on average, SS red cells expressed 67% more molecules of B-CAM/LU than did normal red cells, consistent with our earlier observations using flow cytometric assays (6Udani M. Zen Q. Cottman M. Leonard N. Jefferson S. Daymont C. Truskey G. Telen M. J. Clin. Invest. 1998; 101: 2550-2558Crossref PubMed Scopus (165) Google Scholar). The mechanism of B-CAM/LU overexpression on SS cells is not known. While the expression of B-CAM/LU by reticulocytes from sickle cell disease patients was 40–50% higher than that of unfractionated or high density red cells from sickle cell disease patients, expression of B-CAM/LU by dense SS red cells was only minimally different from that of total circulating cells, indicating that overexpression of B-CAM/LU is a characteristic of the total circulating SS red cell population, not only of the reticulocytes. This is also consistent with our previous results using two-color immunostaining and flow cytometry to characterize B-CAM/LU expression on reticulocytes. 3M. Udani, Q. Zen, and M. Telen, unpublished data. The affinity of 125I-labeled anti-Lub mAb binding to B-CAM/LU on either unfractionated or fractionated SS cells, as well as on normal red cells, did not vary significantly, making it unlikely that the Lub epitope of IgSF domain 1 is activated or altered in sickle cell anemia. However, this does not rule out the possibility of conformational change elsewhere in B-CAM/LU of SS cells, especially at the laminin binding site. Our previous data had suggested that soluble laminin binding to both normal and SS red cells was proportional to B-CAM/LU copy number (6Udani M. Zen Q. Cottman M. Leonard N. Jefferson S. Daymont C. Truskey G. Telen M. J. Clin. Invest. 1998; 101: 2550-2558Crossref PubMed Scopus (165) Google Scholar). However, under conditions of flow, adhesion of SS red cells to immobilized laminin was at least 3-fold stronger than that of normal red cells. Since our current data indicate that the magnitude of the increased expression of B-CAM/LU is less than 2-fold, the increased laminin binding of SS red cells is likely to be due at least in part to factors other than simple overexpression of the laminin receptor. Possible explanations include that increased adhesion might be partially due to an activation process or that increased B-CAM/LU protein expression markedly enhances homotypic aggregation or protein-protein interaction, leading to receptor activation and much stronger cell adhesion. This study also confirms that both B-CAM and LU proteins can mediate laminin binding. We had previously shown that on Western blot both B-CAM and LU proteins from normal and SS red cells bound soluble laminin and that rB-CAM expressed by MEL cells mediated strong adhesion to immobilized laminin (6Udani M. Zen Q. Cottman M. Leonard N. Jefferson S. Daymont C. Truskey G. Telen M. J. Clin. Invest. 1998; 101: 2550-2558Crossref PubMed Scopus (165) Google Scholar). We have now shown that both B-CAM and LU on intact cells mediated both binding of soluble laminin and adhesion to immobilized laminin equally well. Thus, presence or absence of the cytoplasmic tail of LU does not appear to affect laminin binding. The role of the putative SH3 binding domain or of possible serine/threonine phosphorylation of the cytoplasmic domain of LU, as well as the potential functional differences between B-CAM and LU, thus require further study. Expression of LU cDNAs by MEL cells resulted in double bands on Western blot. For the complete LU cDNA, the higher band demonstrated a molecular mass of 95 kDa, even higher than the 85-kDa LU band of red cells. LU deletion mutants also gave two bands. We hypothesize that this phenomenon results from differences in the glycosylation process. Since all five putativeN-glycosylation sites are within domains 3 and 4 (8Parsons S.F. Mallinson G. Holmes C.H. Houlihan J.M. Simpson K.L. Mawby W.J. Spurr N.K. Warne D. Barclay A.N. Anstee D.J. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1995; 92: 5496-5500Crossref PubMed Scopus (106) Google Scholar), deletion of which does not affect laminin binding, it is therefore likely that laminin binding to LU is glycosylation-independent. Studies designed to identify the laminin binding domain of LU by both flow cytometry and flow chamber assays revealed that LU IgSF domain 5 is both critical and sufficient for laminin binding. Only deletion of domain 5 (MEL/LUΔ5) significantly decreased soluble laminin binding to transfected MEL cells, and MEL/LUΔ5 cells detached from immobilized laminin easily at low shear stress (critical shear stress = 2.3 dynes/cm2) under flow conditions. Deletion of all of the other four IgSF domains did not abrogate laminin binding. In addition, MEL/LU5 adhered strongly to immobilized laminin under high shear stress, although, in flow cytometric assays, soluble laminin did not bind to MEL/LU5 as strongly as it bound to MEL/LU. One possibility is that deletion of all first four IgSF domains affected the conformation of the remaining domain 5, altering its ability to bind soluble laminin. A second possibility is that the level of expression of LU5 achieved, which was lower than the level of expression achieved for LU, resulted in lower laminin binding. A third possibility is that additional LU domains may contribute to the localizing of laminin to its binding site on domain 5. So far, structural studies identifying the functional domains of other IgSF proteins, especially IgSF adhesins, have shown the N-terminal IgSF domain(s) as the major heterotypic binding site(s) (13Staunton D.E. Dustin M.L. Erickson H.P. Springer T.A. Cell. 1990; 61: 243-254Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (568) Google Scholar, 14Klickstein L.B. York M.R. de Fougerolles A.R. Springer T.A. J. Biol. Chem. 1996; 271: 23920-23927Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (47) Google Scholar). However, our work shows that a membrane-proximal IgSF domain can also be a major heterotypic binding site. Laminin, a family of heterotrimeric molecules with molecular masses up to 800 kDa, might be imagined to have difficulty accessing such a membrane-proximal domain. Thus, although LU domain 5 alone could bind to both soluble and immobilized laminin directly, it may not be the first contact point for laminin in vivo. A non-critical site might exist elsewhere in B-CAM/LU and act as a preliminary docking site for laminin, thereby facilitating the attachment of laminin to LU domain 5. With the identification of the active laminin-binding domain of LU, further studies are now feasible to determine the importance of red cell adhesion to laminin in sickle cell vaso-occlusion. We anticipate the generation of inhibitory antibodies or other ligands directed against domain 5, followed by in vivo studies, perhaps in current murine models of sickle cell disease, to determine the physiologic effect of blocking red cell adhesion to laminin. If adhesion to laminin should prove physiologically important in sickle cell anemia, as we suspect, B-CAM/LU may become a new target for therapeutic intervention in this disease. In addition, further investigation into the mechanism of B-CAM/LU overexpression and activation on SS red cells should offer additional opportunities to understand and modulate the vaso-occlusion process. We are indebted to Manisha Udani for technical assistance and many thoughtful suggestions.
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