The British List: A Checklist of Birds of Britain (7th edition)
2006; Wiley; Volume: 148; Issue: 3 Linguagem: Inglês
10.1111/j.1474-919x.2006.00603.x
ISSN1474-919X
AutoresSteve Dudley, Mike L Mc Gee, Chris Kehoe, Tim Melling,
Tópico(s)Isotope Analysis in Ecology
ResumoThis seventh edition of the Checklist of Birds of Britain, now titled The British List, has been prepared as a statement of the status of those species and subspecies that are known to have occurred in Britain and its sea areas (up to a maximum of 200 miles, 320 km; Fig. 1, reproduced from Ibis 130: 337). It incorporates all the changes to the British List up to 1 April 2006 (the 33rd Report of the British Ornithologists' Union Records Committee, Ibis 148: 594) and detailed in the BOURC reports published in Ibis since the publication of the sixth edition (BOU 1992). It records, and will continue to record, the decisions of the BOURC in advance of official publication in subsequent reports. British waters used for recording of at-sea records in relation to the British List. The solid lines mark the boundaries of the areas considered by BOURC for the purposes of the British List. The line follows the 200-mile (320-km) UK Fishery Limits (except for around Northern Ireland) and corresponding limits around Ireland. The sea areas are also shown, their boundaries indicated by dotted lines. (Modified, with permission, from British Birds.) This seventh edition replaces the 1992 Checklist of Birds of Britain and Ireland (sixth edition). This, and future editions of the Checklist, will be published in Ibis (free to view at http://www.bou.org.uk), ensuring the widest possible audience from within the ornithological and birding communities. The British List is the list of birds recorded in Britain and is maintained by the British Ornithologists' Union through its Records Committee (BOURC). The Republic of Ireland List, the Northern Ireland List and the Manx List are maintained by their respective organizations. Decisions of the Manx Ornithological Society (for the Isle of Man) will continue to be published in Ibis within the BOURC reports. However, decisions of the Northern Ireland Birdwatchers' Association (for Northern Ireland) and the Irish Rare Birds Committee (for the Republic of Ireland) are no longer published within BOURC reports. This represents a major change from previous lists. The decision not to publish records from the Republic of Ireland (published in the BOURC's 25th report –Ibis 141: 175–180) followed a request from the Irish Rare Birds Committee that the incorporation of Irish records by the BOURC into a list for the whole zoogeographical region of the British Isles should cease. This took effect from 1 January 1998 (see The British List: new categories and conservation, British Birds 91: 2–11). The decision to cease publication of records for Northern Ireland was published in the BOURC's 30th report (Ibis 146: 192–195) and took effect from 1 January 2004. The British List is under constant revision by the BOURC. New species and subspecies are added, and some are removed following reassessment (the review of many subspecies, at both record and taxonomic levels, has begun as a result of work on this edition of the Checklist). The taxonomy and sequence are reviewed as an ongoing process by the BOURC's Taxonomic Sub-committee. English names are considered when changes in taxonomy occur. New information on distribution and movements is incorporated. In addition, during the course of this update not all outstanding issues relating to many species, and in particular, subspecies, could be resolved, so these items have been left as previously accepted and are now subject to review before the next edition of the checklist. In maintaining the British List, BOURC relies on its Taxonomic Sub-committee (BOURC-TSC) to advise on taxonomic issues relating to the species that form the British List. This advice usually takes the form of recommendations relating to the status of a species or subspecies, which sometimes results in 'splitting' and 'lumping' of species. The guidelines BOURC-TSC use to determine species rank were published in Ibis 144: 518–525. In October 2002, BOURC-TSC published its first report, in which it recommended that the order in which the species on the British List were listed be changed (Ibis 144: 707–710). The order in which birds are listed is meant to reflect their evolution. If one were to draw an evolutionary tree of birds, those families that branch off earliest (i.e. are the most ancient) should be listed first. Previously the British List was based on the Voous Order (Voous 1977). Over 26 phylogenetic studies, many using DNA analysis, have been published in recent years that together form a large body of evidence showing that the order of birds in the British List did not properly reflect their evolution. BOURC-TSC has reviewed these papers and accepted the most likely hypotheses for bird evolution with the following key characters: That the deepest branch point in the evolutionary tree of birds splits them into the Palaeognathae (tinamous and 'ratites') and the Neognathae (all other birds). That within the Neognathae, the deepest branch-point splits them into Galloanserae (see below) and Neoaves (all remaining birds). The Galloanserae are composed of two 'sister' groups – Anseriformes (waterfowl) and Galliformes (turkeys, guineafowl, megapodes, grouse, pheasants, etc.). The World list would therefore start with Palaeognathae, but because only Neognathae occur in Britain, the British List commences with the Galloanserae, as the deepest split from all other birds (Neoaves). Within the Galloanserae there are fewer species of Anseriformes than Galliformes, therefore Anseriformes are listed first in accordance with normal custom. The orders of families within these groups remains unchanged, so the British List now starts with Anatidae (swans, ducks, geese), followed by Tetraonidae and Phasianidae (grouse, pheasants, quail and partridges), followed by all remaining families as in the old order (divers, grebes, etc.). BOURC-TSC publishes its taxonomic recommendations in Ibis, the most recent report appearing in Ibis 147: 821–826. The species-level taxonomy and nomenclature therefore follow the above treatment. Subspecific taxonomy follows the sixth edition of the checklist, as modified in the subsequent BOURC reports. The validity and recognition of subspecies remain a problem, given the clinal nature of much variation and the lack of recent research on many taxa in the Western Palearctic. While accepting that the concept of subspecies has its limitations, we prefer to retain its use. Future reports of the BOURC will give details of changes to the List as new work clarifies the nature of variation in certain taxa. Recognizing the largely shared avifauna and the close working relationship that exists between ornithologists throughout Europe, the BOU participates in discussions with a view to common action, if appropriate, through the Association of European Rarities Committees (AERC), which was formed in 1991. The BOURC actively supports its main aims, which are to foster co-operation between European rarities and records committees, to promote standardization in record assessment and recording, and to help to raise standards. Before the publication of the 1992 checklist, a major project to establish standard internationally recognized English names (as opposed to local vernacular names) of birds had already been instigated by the International Ornithological Congress. This is documented in Ibis 130 (supplement); the 16th report of the Records Committee (Ibis 134: 211–214); and in British Birds 81: 355–377 and British Birds 85: 263–290. Because such extensive changes are understandably disruptive, given the historical and cultural associations of many of the older, established, local vernacular names, and because the proposed international names were at that stage still relatively unfamiliar, the 1992 checklist listed both the proposed international English name (in bold) and, where it differed, the older name. Since the work of the IOC's working group has not yet been completed, we continue this practice with this edition. Each species is categorized, depending on the criteria for its admission to the British List, and the Category (A, B or C) appears to the right of the English name. A few species are assigned more than one category. Species in Categories D and E do not form part of the main list. Category D species are listed in Appendix 1. Category E species are listed on the BOU website, although this list is acknowledged to be incomplete as few observers bother to report 'obvious' escapes. Where species on Categories A, B or C are known to have occurred as escapes, this is indicated in this checklist. In 1995, the BOU and Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) held a conference on naturalized and introduced birds in Britain (Holmes & Simons 1996). This led to a review of the process of establishment of such species and the terms that best describe their status (Holmes & Stroud 1995) as well as a major review of the categorization of species on the British List (Holmes et al. 1998). Further redefinitions of the categories have occurred since and these are summarized in the BOURC's 31st Report (Ibis 147: 246–250), and a further review was carried out as part of a review of Category C species for this checklist (Dudley 2005), which further redefined existing categories and introduced a new subcategory within Category C (see below). Note that Category B used to refer to records up to 31 December 1957 but, to accord with European practice, is now to 31 December 1949. The categories are defined as follows: Species that have been recorded in an apparently natural state at least once since 1 January 1950. Species that were recorded in an apparently natural state at least once between 1 January 1800 and 31 December 1949, but have not been recorded subsequently. Species that, although introduced, now derive from the resulting self-sustaining populations. Naturalized introduced species– species that have occurred only as a result of introduction, e.g. Egyptian Goose Alopochen aegyptiaca. Naturalized established species– species with established populations resulting from introduction by Man, but which also occur in an apparently natural state, e.g. Greylag Goose Anser anser. Naturalized re-established species– species with populations successfully re-established by Man in areas of former occurrence, e.g. Red Kite Milvus milvus. Naturalized feral species– domesticated species with populations established in the wild, e.g. Rock Pigeon (Dove)/Feral Pigeon Columba livia. Vagrant naturalized species– species from established naturalized populations abroad, e.g. Sacred Ibis Threskiornis aethiopicus from the naturalized French populations. There are currently no species in category C5. Former naturalized species– species formerly placed in C1 whose naturalized populations are either no longer self-sustaining or are considered extinct, e.g. Lady Amherst's Pheasant Chrysolophus amherstiae. Species that would otherwise appear in Category A except that there is reasonable doubt that they have ever occurred in a natural state. Species placed in Category D only form no part of the British List, and are not included in the species totals. Species that have been recorded as introductions, human-assisted transportees or escapees from captivity, and whose breeding populations (if any) are thought not to be self-sustaining. Species in Category E that have bred in the wild in Britain are designated as E*. Category E species form no part of the British List (unless already included within Categories A, B or C). A species is usually placed in only one category, but some are placed in multiple categories, for example, those species occurring in Category A that now have naturalized populations (e.g. Red Kite). The British List comprises only those species in Categories A, B and C. Many records committees around the world have based their own species categories on these BOU categories. Abbreviated codes are given for the status of each race on the List: RB Resident Breeder HB Hybrid Breeder MB Migrant Breeder WM Winter Migrant NB Naturalized Breeder PM Passage Migrant CB Casual Breeder SM Scarce Migrant FB Former Breeder V Vagrant Some of these codes are only generalizations. For example, many forms listed as WM may occasionally be found in summer. RB and MB together imply that the species is a partial migrant in which a proportion of the population leaves Britain in winter. CB includes those where there are fewer than ten breeding attempts each year. HB is introduced for the first time to denote those species that have been recorded breeding with another closely related species (e.g. Pied-billed Grebe Podilymbus podiceps with Little Grebe Tachybaptus ruficollis). HB does not attempt to cover all species which have formed hybrid pairings. V is reserved for rare taxa; descriptions are required for many of these species by the British Birds Rarities Committee (BBRC) (denoted by † within the systematic list) and some of the rarer races not usually identifiable in the field. For vagrants in particular, the acceptance of the subspecies named as having occurred in Britain should be treated with a degree of caution. Many races gained admission to the list on the basis of a single individual, often many decades ago. Chance or other factors may have led to the identification of a race which is not the one which occurs most frequently. The number of birds that have ever occurred is noted where the total is fewer than 100. This information is based on data to 31 December 2004, extracted from records held by BBRC. Details of the first record of each of these species are given. The number of species recorded in Britain, within category, are as follows: Category Total A 552 B 10 C 10 Total 572 Species in Categories D and E do not form part of the British List. Order Anseriformes Family Anatidae Mute Swan AC2 Cygnus olor (Gmelin) RB monotypic. Tundra Swan AE Bewick's Swan Cygnus columbianus (Ord) WM bewickii Yarrell. V columbianus† (Ord). First record: adult, Hay Moor and Curry Moor, Somerset, January 1986. The same bird, Ibsley, Hampshire, December 1986–January 1987, returning to Somerset each winter to 1990. 2 individuals. Whooper Swan AE* Cygnus cygnus (Linnaeus) CB WM monotypic. Bean Goose AE Anser fabalis (Latham) WM fabalis (Latham) WM rossicus Buturlin. Pink-footed Goose AE Anser brachyrhynchus Baillon WM monotypic. Greater White-fronted Goose AE White-fronted Goose Anser albifrons (Scopoli) WM flavirostris Dalgety & Scott WM albifrons (Scopoli). Lesser White-fronted Goose† AE* Anser erythropus (Linnaeus) V monotypic. Greylag Goose AC2C4E* Anser anser (Linnaeus) RB NB WM anser (Linnaeus). Snow Goose AC2E* Anser caerulescens (Linnaeus) V caerulescens (Linnaeus). V atlanticus (Kennard). Admitted to C2 on the basis of naturalized population established in Argyll. Greater Canada Goose C2E* Canada Goose Branta canadensis (Linnaeus) NB canadensis (Linnaeus). Barnacle Goose AC2E* Branta leucopsis (Bechstein) WM monotypic. Admitted to C2 on the basis of several naturalized populations established in England. Brent Goose AE Branta bernicla (Linnaeus) WM hrota (O.F. Müller) WM bernicla (Linnaeus) SM nigricans (Lawrence). Red-breasted Goose† AE Branta ruficollis (Pallas) First record: Greater London (Middlesex), early 1776. 70 individuals. V monotypic. Egyptian Goose C1E* Alopochen aegyptiaca (Linnaeus) NB monotypic. Ruddy Shelduck† BDE* Tadorna ferruginea (Pallas) V monotypic. Last recorded in an apparently wild state in 1946. All recent records are considered to be of captive origin. Common Shelduck A Tadorna tadorna (Linnaeus) MB RB WM monotypic. Mandarin Duck C1E* Aix galericulata (Linnaeus) NB monotypic. Eurasian Wigeon AE* Wigeon Anas penelope Linnaeus RB WM monotypic. American Wigeon AE Anas americana Gmelin SM monotypic. Gadwall AC2 Anas strepera Linnaeus NB RB MB WM monotypic. Eurasian Teal A Teal Anas crecca Linnaeus RB WM PM crecca Linnaeus. Green-winged Teal A Anas carolinensis Gmelin SM monotypic. Mallard AC2C4E* Anas platyrhynchos Linnaeus RB NB FB WM platyrhynchos Linnaeus. Large numbers released annually for hunting, many of which naturalize into the wild population. These releases, and birds from other captive sources, contain individuals of domestic origin. American Black Duck† A Black Duck Anas rubripes Brewster. First record: male, Stoke, Kent, March 1967. 30 individuals. V HB monotypic. Hybrid pairing with Mallard. Northern Pintail AE Pintail Anas acuta Linnaeus RB or MB WM acuta Linnaeus. Garganey A Anas querquedula Linnaeus MB PM monotypic. Blue-winged Teal† AE Anas discors Linnaeus V HB monotypic. Hybrid pairing with Northern Shoveler. Northern Shoveler/Shoveler A Anas clypeata (Linnaeus) MB WM PM monotypic. Red-crested Pochard AC2E* Netta rufina (Pallas) NB SM monotypic. Canvasback† AE Aythya valisineria (Wilson) First record: male, Cliffe, Kent, 7 December 1996. 6 individuals. V monotypic. Common Pochard AE* Pochard Aythya ferina (Linnaeus) MB or RB WM PM monotypic. Redhead† AE Aythya americana (Eyton) First record: male, Bleasby, Nottinghamshire, March 1996. 3 individuals. V monotypic. Ring-necked Duck A Aythya collaris (Donovan) SM monotypic. Ferruginous Duck AE Aythya nyroca (Güldenstädt) SM monotypic. Tufted Duck A Aythya fuligula (Linnaeus) RB WM PM monotypic. Greater Scaup A Scaup Aythya marila (Linnaeus) CB WM PM marila (Linnaeus). Lesser Scaup† A Aythya affinis (Eyton) First record: first-winter male, Chasewater (Staffs.), West Midlands, March–April 1987. 78 individuals. V monotypic. Common Eider A Eider Somateria mollissima (Linnaeus) RB WM mollissima (Linnaeus) V borealis† (C.L. Brehm). One record: found dead, Musselburgh, Lothian, 2 September 1978. King Eider A Somateria spectabilis (Linnaeus) SM monotypic. Steller's Eider† A Polysticta stelleri (Pallas) First record: subadult male, Caister, Norfolk, February 1830. 15 individuals. V monotypic. Harlequin Duck† A Histrionicus histrionicus (Linnaeus) First record: male, Filey, North Yorkshire, autumn 1862 17 individuals. V monotypic. Long-tailed Duck A Clangula hyemalis (Linnaeus) CB WM monotypic. Common Scoter A Melanitta nigra (Linnaeus) RB or MB WM PM monotypic. Black Scoter† A Melanitta americana (Swainson). First record: adult male, Gosford Bay, Lothian, December 1987–January 1988. 7 individuals. V monotypic. Surf Scoter A Melanitta perspicillata (Linnaeus) SM monotypic. Velvet Scoter A Melanitta fusca (Linnaeus) WM PM monotypic. Bufflehead† A Bucephala albeola (Linnaeus) First record: female or immature, Tresco, Scilly, January 1920. 12 individuals. V monotypic. Barrow's Goldeneye† AE Bucephala islandica (Gmelin) One record: adult male, Irvine, Ayrshire, November–December 1979. V monotypic. Common Goldeneye/Goldeneye AE* Bucephala clangula (Linnaeus) RB WM PM clangula (Linnaeus). Smew A Mergellus albellus Linnaeus WM monotypic. Red-breasted Merganser A Mergus serrator Linnaeus RB WM monotypic. Goosander A Mergus merganser Linnaeus RB WM merganser Linnaeus. Ruddy Duck C1E* Oxyura jamaicensis (Gmelin) NB jamaicensis (Gmelin). Order Galliformes Family Tetraonidae Willow Ptarmigan A Red Grouse Lagopus lagopus (Linnaeus) RB scotica (Latham). Rock Ptarmigan/Ptarmigan A Lagopus muta (Montin) RB millaisi Hartert. Black Grouse AE Tetrao tetrix Linnaeus RB britannicus (Witherby & Lönnberg). Western Capercaillie BC3 Capercaillie Tetrao urogallus Linnaeus FB NB urogallus Linnaeus. Family Phasianidae Red-legged Partridge C1E* Alectoris rufa (Linnaeus) NB rufa (Linnaeus). Grey Partridge AC2E* Perdix perdix (Linnaeus) RB NB perdix (Linnaeus). Common Quail A Quail Coturnix coturnix (Linnaeus) MB coturnix (Linnaeus). Common Pheasant C1E* Pheasant Phasianus colchicus Linnaeus NB colchicus Linnaeus NB torquatus Gmelin NB mongolicus Brandt NB principalis PL Sclater NB pallasi Rothschild NB satscheuensis Pleske The population consists largely of intraspecific hybrids. Golden Pheasant C1E* Chrysolophus pictus (Linnaeus) NB monotypic. Lady Amherst's Pheasant C6E* Chrysolophus amherstiae (Leadbeater) NB monotypic. Formerly C1. Order Gaviiformes Family Gaviidae Red-throated Diver A Gavia stellata (Pontoppidan) MB RB WM PM monotypic. Black-throated Diver A Gavia arctica (Linnaeus) MB or RB, WM arctica (Linnaeus). Great Northern Diver A Gavia immer (Brünnich) CB WM monotypic. Yellow-billed Diver† A White-billed Diver Gavia adamsii (Gray) V monotypic. Order Podicipediformes Family Podicipedidae Pied-billed Grebe† A Podilymbus podiceps (Linnaeus) First record: Blagdon Lake, Somerset, December 1963. 37 individuals. V HB race undetermined but unlikely to have been other than podiceps (Linnaeus). Hybrid pairing with Little Grebe. Little Grebe A Tachybaptus ruficollis (Pallas) RB MB WM ruficollis (Pallas). Great Crested Grebe A Podiceps cristatus (Linnaeus) RB WM cristatus (Linnaeus). Red-necked Grebe A Podiceps grisegena (Boddaert) CB WM grisegena (Boddaert) V holboellii Reinhardt. One record: Aultbea, Wester Ross, Highland, September 1925. Slavonian Grebe A Podiceps auritus (Linnaeus) RB WM auritus (Linnaeus). Black-necked Grebe A Podiceps nigricollis C.L. Brehm MB or RB WM PM nigricollis C.L. Brehm. Order Procellariiformes Family Diomedeidae Black-browed Albatross† A Thalassarche melanophris Temminck First record: subadult, Linton, Cambridgeshire, July 1897. 21 individuals. V melanophris Temminck. Single, long-staying bird built nest. Family Procellariidae Northern Fulmar A Fulmar Fulmarus glacialis (Linnaeus) RB MB PM glacialis (Linnaeus). Fea's Petrel† A Pterodroma feae (Salvadori) First record: 8 July 2001, at sea off Isles of Scilly. V race undetermined. Since August 1989, at least 34 records of Madeira/Fea's Petrels P. madeira/feae which have not been assigned to species. Capped Petrel† A Pterodroma hasitata (Kuhl) First record: Swaffham, Norfolk, March or April 1850. 2 individuals. V hasitata (Kuhl). Cory's Shearwater A Calonectris diomedea (Scopoli) SM borealis (Cory). Great Shearwater A Puffinus gravis (O'Reilly) PM monotypic. Sooty Shearwater A Puffinus griseus (Gmelin) PM monotypic. Manx Shearwater A Puffinus puffinus (Brünnich) MB monotypic. Balearic Shearwater A Mediterranean Shearwater Puffinus mauretanicus (Lowe) PM monotypic. Macaronesian Shearwater† A Little Shearwater Puffinus baroli (Bonaparte) First record: male, near Earsham, Norfolk, April 1858. 60 individuals. V baroli (Bonaparte). Family Hydrobatidae Wilson's Storm-petrel A Wilson's Petrel Oceanites oceanicus (Kuhl) SM exasperatus Mathews. White-faced Storm-petrel† B Frigate Petrel Pelagodroma marina (Latham) One record: immature female, Colonsay, Argyll, January 1897. V hypoleuca (Webb, Berthelot and Moquin-Tandon). European Storm-petrel A Storm Petrel Hydrobates pelagicus (Linnaeus) MB monotypic. Leach's Storm-petrel A Leach's Petrel Oceanodroma leucorhoa (Vieillot) MB PM leucorhoa (Vieillot). Swinhoe's Storm-petrel† A Swinhoe's Petrel Oceanodroma monorhis (Swinhoe) First record: female, Tynemouth, Northumberland, July 1989. 4 individuals. V monotypic. Madeiran Storm-petrel† B Madeiran Petrel Oceanodroma castro (Harcourt) One record: Milford, Hampshire, November 1911. V monotypic. Order Pelecaniformes Family Phaethontidae Red-billed Tropicbird† AE Phaethon aethereus Linnaeus First record: at sea 20 miles (32 km) SSE of the Isles of Scilly, June 2001. 3 individuals. V race undetermined but probably mesonauta. Family Sulidae Northern Gannet A Morus bassanus (Linnaeus) MB RB PM monotypic. Family Phalacrocoracidae Great Cormorant A Cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo (Linnaeus) RB MB carbo (Linnaeus) RB PM WM sinensis (Blumenbach). Double-crested Cormorant† A Phalacrocorax auritus (Lesson). One record: Billingham, Cleveland, January–April 1989. V race undetermined. European Shag A Shag Phalacrocorax aristotelis (Linnaeus) RB aristotelis (Linnaeus). Family Fregatidae Ascension Frigatebird† A Fregata aquila Linnaeus One record: immature female, Tiree, Argyll, July 1953. V monotypic. [There have been 3 further records of frigatebirds not identified to species.] Order Ciconiiformes Family Ardeidae Great Bittern A Bittern Botaurus stellaris (Linnaeus) RB WM stellaris (Linnaeus). American Bittern† A Botaurus lentiginosus (Rackett) First record: Puddletown, Dorset, autumn 1804. 40 individuals. V monotypic. Little Bittern† A Ixobrychus minutus (Linnaeus) CB V minutus (Linnaeus). Black-crowned Night Heron AE* Night Heron Nycticorax nycticorax (Linnaeus) SM nycticorax (Linnaeus). Green Heron† A Green-backed Heron Butorides virescens (Linnaeus) First record: immature, Penrice, Cornwall, October 1889. 4 individuals. V monotypic. Squacco Heron† A Ardeola ralloides (Scopoli) V monotypic. Cattle Egret† AE Bubulcus ibis (Linnaeus) V ibis (Linnaeus). Snowy Egret† A Egretta thula (Molina) One record: Seil Island, Argyll, November 2001, and various west and southwest Scottish coast localities into 2002. V race undetermined. Little Egret A Egretta garzetta (Linnaeus) RB PM garzetta (Linnaeus). Great Egret A Great White Egret Ardea alba (Linnaeus) SM alba (Linnaeus). Grey Heron A Heron Ardea cinerea Linnaeus RB WM cinerea Linnaeus. Purple Heron A Ardea purpurea Linnaeus SM purpurea Linnaeus. Family Ciconiidae Black Stork† AE Ciconia nigra (Linnaeus) V monotypic. White Stork AE Ciconia ciconia (Linnaeus) FB SM ciconia (Linnaeus). Family Threskiornithidae Glossy Ibis† AE Plegadis falcinellus (Linnaeus) V falcinellus (Linnaeus). Eurasian Spoonbill AE Spoonbill Platalea leucorodia Linnaeus CB FB SM leucorodia Linnaeus. Order Accipitriformes Family Accipitridae European Honey-buzzard A Honey Buzzard Pernis apivorus (Linnaeus) MB PM monotypic. Black Kite AE Milvus migrans (Boddaert) SM migrans (Boddaert). Red Kite AC3E Milvus milvus (Linnaeus) RB NB WM PM milvus (Linnaeus). Naturalized populations now in England and Scotland following release of birds (from 1989) from Spain and Scandinavia. White-tailed Eagle AC3E Haliaeetus albicilla (Linnaeus) FB NB V monotypic. Naturalized population now established in western Scotland. Egyptian Vulture† BE Neophron percnopterus (Linnaeus) First record: immature, Bridgewater Bay, Somerset, October 1825. Last recorded in 1868. 2 individuals. V percnopterus (Linnaeus). Short-toed Eagle† A Circaetus gallicus (Gmelin) One record: juvenile, St Agnes (and later other islands), Scilly, October 1999. V monotypic. Eurasian Marsh Harrier A Marsh Harrier Circus aeruginosus (Linnaeus) RB MB PM aeruginosus (Linnaeus). Hen Harrier A Circus cyaneus (Linnaeus) RB MB PM WM cyaneus (Linnaeus). Pallid Harrier† A Circus macrourus (Gmelin) First record: second-year male, Fair Isle, Shetland, April–May 1931. 20 individuals. V HB monotypic. Hybrid pairing with Hen Harrier. Montagu's Harrier A Circus pygargus (Linnaeus) MB PM monotypic. Northern Goshawk AC3E* Goshawk Accipiter gentilis (Linnaeus) FB NB gentilis (Linnaeus) V atricapillus† (Wilson). One record: male, Tresco, Scilly, December 1935. Eurasian Sparrowhawk A Sparrowhawk Accipiter nisus (Linnaeus) RB PM WM nisus (Linnaeus). Common Buzzard AE* Buzzard Buteo buteo (Linnaeus) RB PM WM buteo (Linnaeus). Rough-legged Buzzard A Buteo lagopus (Pontoppidan) WM PM lagopus (Pontoppidan). Greater Spotted Eagle† B Spotted Eagle Aquila clanga Pallas First record: near Cheesering, Cornwall, December 1860. Last recorded 1915. 12 individuals. V monotypic. Golden Eagle AE Aquila chrysaetos (Linnaeus) RB chrysaetos (Linnaeus). Family Pandionidae Osprey AE* Pandion haliaetus (Linnaeus) MB PM haliaetus (Linnaeus). Order Falconiformes Family Falconidae Lesser Kestrel† A Falco naumanni Fleischer First record: second-year male, near Green Hammerton, North Yorkshire, November 1867. 17 individuals. V monotypic. Common Kestrel A Kestrel Falco tinnunculus Linnaeus RB MB PM WM tinnunculus Linnaeus. American Kestrel† AE Falco sparverius Linnaeus First record: male, Fair Isle, Shetland, May 1976. 2 individuals. V sparverius Linnaeus. Red-footed Falcon A Falco vespertinus Linnaeus SM monotypic. Merlin A Falco columbarius Linnaeus RB MB PM WM aesalon Tunstall. Eurasian Hobby A Hobby Falco subbuteo Linnaeus MB PM subbuteo Linnaeus. Eleonora's Falcon† A Falco eleonorae Géné First record: first-summer, Formby Point, Lancashire and North Merseyside, August 1977. 5 individuals. V monotypic. Gyr Falcon† AE Falco rusticolus Linnaeus V monotypic. Peregrine Falcon AE Peregrine Falco peregrinus Tunstall RB PM WM peregrinus Tunstall. Order Gruiformes Family Rallidae Water Rail A Rallus aquaticus Linnaeus RB PM WM aquaticus Linnaeus. Spotted Crake A Porzana porzana (Linnaeus) CB PM monotypic. Sora† A Sora Rail Porzana carolina (Linnaeus) First record: near Newbury, Berkshire, October 1864. 13 individuals. V monotypic. Little Crake† A Porzana parva (Scopoli) First record: Catsfield, East Sussex, March 1791. 94 individuals. V monotypic. Baillon's Crake† A Porzana pusilla (Pallas) First record: near Beccles, Suffolk, pre 1819. 81 individuals; 13 since 31 December 1949. FB V intermedia (Hermann). Corn Crake A Corncrake Crex crex (Linnaeus) MB PM monotypic. Common Moorhen A Moorhen Gallinula chloropus (Linnaeus) RB WM chloropus (Linnaeus). Allen's Gallinule† A Porphyrula alleni (Thomson) First record: juvenile, off Hopton, Norfolk (then Suffolk), January 1902. 2 individua
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