Portal de Periódicos da CAPES

Policing Elections in India

2005; Routledge; Volume: 4; Issue: 3-4 Linguagem: Inglês

10.1080/14736480500302217

1557-3036

Arvind Verma,

Politics and Conflicts in Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Middle East

Abstract Notes I wish to thank Sumit Ganguly for encouraging me to write this article. My special thanks to the anonymous reviewers for reshaping the arguments and the editorial staff of India Review for their helpful comments and in polishing the manuscript. 1. The Election Commission of India, “Statistical Reports on General Elections 2004, to the 14th Lok Sabha,” vol. 1, http://www.eci.gov.in, pp. 4–14. 2. “The world's biggest election begins,” The Guardian, April 19, 2004, http://www.guardian.co.uk. 3. Ramesh Thakur, “India Girds For World's Biggest Tamasha,” The Japan Times, April 11, 2004, http://www.japantimes.co.jp. 4. “India Elections,” Yahoo News-India, April 18, 2004, http://www.in.news.yahoo.com. 5. The Indian police functions at the district level under the general control and guidance of District Magistrate (DM) who is the chief administrator and election officer in the district. In this research note, whenever the role of the police is discussed it includes the role played by the DM and the Home Ministry that controls the police department. 6. I was deputed for security duties and this observation is based on personal knowledge. 7. Abdul Qadir, “Scale of Poll Violence Baffles Gaya Watchers,” Times of India, April 30, 2002, http://www.timesofindia.indiatimes.com. 8. Ayanjit Sen, “Wednesday voting around India,” BBC-news, May 5, 2004, http://www.news.bbc.co.uk. 9. Kuldip Nayar, “Yes, Prime Minister,” Indian Express, June 25, 2000, http://www.indianexpress.com. 10. “Police officers now file complaint on transfers,” Deccan Herald, March 8, 2004, http://www.deccanherald.com. 11. Election Commission's Letter No. 434/1/96, dated February 8, 1996, addressed to the Chief Secretaries of all States and Union Territories, http://www.eci.gov.in. 12. “Election Trivia, 2004: Interesting Facts about Indian Elections,” Indian Elections, 2004, http://www.indian-elections.com. 13. Rajeev Dhavan, “Fraud by Ordinance,” The Hindu, September 6, 2003, http://www.hindu.com. 14. Sharat Pradhan, “Criminal Tag Dogs 32 Uttar Pradesh Candidates,” South Asia Monitor, June 22, 2004, http://www.southasiamonitor.org. 15. M. J. Akbar, “Crime and Reward,” Asian Age, Sunday May 2, 2004, http://www.asianage.com. 16. Vir Sanghvi, “The Myth of Political Morality,” Mid-Day, June 13, 2004, http://www.mid-day.com. 17. A. T. Jayanti, “PM for law to keep ‘tainted’ out of Cabinet,” Deccan Chronicle, August 1, 2004, http://www.deccan.com. 18. “Jharkhand Cops Chasing Union Minister with Arrest Warrant,” Rediff.com, July 21, 2004, http://www.rediff.com. 19. Ministry of Home Affairs, Report I of the National Police Commission (New Delhi, 1979). 20. Arvind Verma, “Policing of Public Order in India,” International Journal of Police Science and Management Vol. 3, No. 3 (2001), pp. 213–25. 21. Shashi Ahluwalia and Meenakshi Ahluwalia, Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi (New Delhi: Mittal Publications, 1991). 22. Sumantra Bose, “A Culture of Corruption? Democracy and Power in India,” Global Policy, 2002, http://www.globalpolicy.org. 23. Personal observation. 24. IPS – Indian Police Service; IPS officers hold all senior positions in the police organization. 25. Ministry of Home Affairs, Report I of the National Police Commission. 26. Praveen Swami, “National Security: Stalled Reforms,” Frontline, Vol. 20, No. 9 (April 26–May 9, 2003), http://www.frontlineonnet.com. 27. K. Subrahmanua, “Top Cops Brace for Election Encounters,” The Telegraph, April 5, 2004, http://www.telegraphindia.com. 28. Sen, Wednesday Voting around India. 29. Lloyd Rudolph and Susanne Rudolph, The Modernity of Tradition: Political Development in India (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1967). 30. Paul Brass, Factional Politics in an Indian State (Berkeley: University of California, 1965). 31. Myron Weiner, Party Building in a New Nation (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1967). 32. Thakur, “India Girds For World's Biggest Tamasha.” 33. “Significance of Chapra,” The Hindu, May 13, 2004, http://www.hindu.com. 34. Onkar Singh, “Repoll in Chapra on May 31,” Rediff.com, May 10, 2004, http://www.rediff.com. 35. Election Commission, Statistical Reports on General Elections 2004. 36. National Crime Records Bureau, Crime in India 2002 (Faridabad: Government of India Press, 2003). 37. Imran Khan, “Rigging, Violence Mar Polling in Bihar; Three Killed,” South Asia Monitor, June 22, 2004, http://www.southasiamonitor.org. 38. Mark Tully, “Gandhi Dwarfed by Caste in Stone” The Telegraph, April 26, 2004, http://www.telegraphindia.com. 39. Election Commission, Statistical Reports on General Elections 2004. 40. Election Commission, Statistical Reports on General Elections 2004. 41. James Michael Lyngdoh, Chronicle of an Impossible Election (New Delhi: Penguin-Viking, 2004). 42. Steve Wilkinson, “Cleansing Political Institutions,” Seminar Number 506, 2001, http://www.india-seminar.com. 43. “Not much Poll Violence in Bihar during the 2nd Phase: CEC,” Hindustan Times, May 7, 2004, http://www.hindustantimes.com. 44. “Role of NGOs in panchayat polls debated,” India Social, 2004, http://www.indiasocial.org. 45. “Work done and results,” Association for Democratic Reforms, 2004, http://www.adrindia.org. 46. Debashish Mukerji, “We, The People: Voters Support Supreme Court Verdict On Candidates' Antecedents,” The Week, March 30, 2003, http://www.the-week.com. 47. See http://www.indiandemocracy.com; http://www.indianngos.com; http://www.braintrustindia.com. 48. Patralekha Chatterjee, “Civil Society in India: A Necessary Corrective in a Representative Democracy,” Development and Cooperation No. 6 (November/December 2001), pp. 23–4. 49. “Election Watch,” Lok Satta: People Power, 2005, http://www.loksatta.org. 50. “This journalist demands his rights,” Indiatogether, September 2004, http://www.Indiatogether.org. 51. K. C. Davis, Discretionary Justice- A Preliminary Inquiry (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press. 1969). 52. Kirpal Dhillon, “Police and Politics in India: Colonial Concepts, Democratic Compulsions- Indian Police 1947–2002 (New Delhi: Manohar Publications, 2005).