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The Phylogeography of Mitochondrial DNA Haplogroup L3g in Africa and the Atlantic Slave Trade

2004; Elsevier BV; Volume: 75; Issue: 3 Linguagem: Inglês

10.1086/423823

1537-6605

María Cátira Bortolini, Wilson A. Silva, Marco A. Zago, Jacques Élion, Rajagopal Krishnamoorthy, Vanessa F. Gonçalves, Sérgio D.J. Pena,

Blood groups and transfusion

To the Editor: From the 16th to the 19th century, ∼4 million slaves were transported from sub-Saharan Africa to Brazil. With the use of historical records, it is possible to estimate that ∼65% of them were Bantus from west-central Africa, ∼30% originated from western Africa, and ∼5% came from southeastern Africa (Klein Klein, 2002Klein HS As origens Africanas dos escravos brasileiros.in: Pena SDJ Homo brasilis: aspectos genéticos, linguísticos, históricos e socioantropológicos da formação do povo brasileiro. FUNPEC, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil2002: 93-112Google Scholar). Salas et al. (Salas et al., 2004Salas A Richards M Lareu M-V Scozzari R Coppa A Torroni A Macaulay V Carracedo Á The African diaspora: mitochondrial DNA and the Atlantic slave trade.Am J Hum Genet. 2004; 74: 454-465Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (202) Google Scholar) have compared the phylogeography of mtDNA haplogroups in Africa with available data on Brazilians and have concluded that their results agree with these historical estimates. However, they were careful to point out that the west-central African contribution to Brazil, signaled by a high frequency of haplogroups L1c and L3e (Bortolini et al. Bortolini et al., 1997Bortolini MC Zago MA Salzano FM Silva-Junior WA Bonatto SL da Silva MC Weimer TA Evolutionary and anthropological implications of mitochondrial DNA variation in African Brazilian populations.Hum Biol. 1997; 69: 141-159PubMed Google Scholar; Alves-Silva et al. Alves-Silva et al., 2000Alves-Silva J da Silva Santos M Guimarães PEM Ferreira ACS Bandelt H-J Pena SDJ Prado VF The ancestry of Brazilian mtDNA lineages.Am J Hum Genet. 2000; 67: 444-461Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (494) Google Scholar; Bandelt et al. Bandelt et al., 2001Bandelt H-J Alves-Silva J Guimarães PEM Santos MS Brehm A Pereira L Coppa A Larruga JM Rengo C Scozzari R Torroni A Prata MJ Amorim A Prado VF Pena SDJ Phylogeography of the human mitochondrial haplogroup L3e: a snapshot of African prehistory and Atlantic slave trade.Ann Hum Genet. 2001; 65: 549-563Crossref PubMed Scopus (70) Google Scholar), derives largely from an area (the Congo basin) that, thus far, has not been thoroughly analyzed for mtDNA variation. Also, Salas et al. (Salas et al., 2002Salas A Richards M De la Fe T Lareu M-V Sobrino B Sánchez-Diz P Macaulay V Carracedo Á The making of the African mtDNA landscape.Am J Hum Genet. 2002; 71: 1082-1111Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (386) Google Scholar, Salas et al., 2004Salas A Richards M Lareu M-V Scozzari R Coppa A Torroni A Macaulay V Carracedo Á The African diaspora: mitochondrial DNA and the Atlantic slave trade.Am J Hum Genet. 2004; 74: 454-465Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (202) Google Scholar) called attention to the presence of the haplogroup L3g—which they had only encountered in eastern African populations—in three Brazilians (among the 92 African mtDNA haplotypes that were characterized), one Colombian, and one African American individual. On the basis of this observation, they proposed the occurrence of either direct slave trade from eastern Africa to America or hitherto undetected gene flow from eastern Africa into western or southeastern Africa and then into America. Intrigued by this proposal, we tried to identify historical evidence of direct slave trade from eastern Africa to Brazil and, indeed, found some anecdotal reports but certainly not enough to explain the significant frequency of L3g seen among African mtDNA haplogroups in Brazil (proportion, 3.3%; 95% CI, 0.7%–9.2%). We then tried to identify other potential sources for the Brazilian L3g mtDNAs. While studying the mtDNA haplotypes of 10 individuals from Cameroon (described in Da Silva et al. Da Silva et al., 1999Da Silva Jr, WA Bortolini MC Meyer D Salzano FM Elion J Krishnamoorthy R Schneider MPC De Guerra DC Layrisse Z Castellano HM Weimer TA Zago MA Genetic diversity of two African and sixteen South American populations determined on the basis of six hypervariable loci.Am J Phys Anthropol. 1999; 109: 425-437Crossref PubMed Scopus (31) Google Scholar), we identified 1 individual of undisclosed ethnic origin whose mtDNA unequivocally belonged to the L3g haplogroup (fig. 1). This finding stimulated us to search for further mtDNA data from Cameroon, and we came across an article by Destro-Bisol et al. (Destro-Bisol et al., 2004Destro-Bisol G Coia V Boschi I Verginelli F Caglia A Pascali V Spedini G Calafell F The analysis of variation of mtDNA hypervariable region 1 suggests that eastern and western pygmies diverged before the Bantu expansion.Am Nat. 2004; 163: 212-226Crossref PubMed Scopus (62) Google Scholar) in which they reported 4 instances of the L3g haplogroup among 53 Ewondo individuals. Moreover, the same authors described (on the Laboratory of Molecular Anthropology Web site) another 11 instances of the L3g haplogroup in several ethnic groups (Bakaka, Bassa, Ewondo, Daba, Fali, Podowko, and Mandara) from different geographical regions of Cameroon. The 14 mtDNA sequences from Cameroon belonged to only four different haplotypes. We incorporated the four L3g lineages from Cameroon with those from eastern Africa and obtained the median-joining network shown in figure 1. One Brazilian haplotype was identical to the most common Cameroonese haplotype (seen in 8 of the 14 cases), whereas another was closely related. Both the third Brazilian and the single African American haplotype also clustered with Cameroonese sequences. A noteworthy feature of the network was that there did not appear to exist any clear segregation of the Cameroonese L3g haplotypes from the eastern African counterparts. This feature, plus the fact that the putative ancestral haplotype was seen in an individual from Sudan and that there is a much smaller haplotype diversity in Cameroon (0.602) as compared with eastern Africa (0.911, excluding the Hadza), suggests that the Cameroonese L3g lineages might have originated from eastern Africa by transcontinental gene flow, as put forward by Salas et al. (Salas et al., 2004Salas A Richards M Lareu M-V Scozzari R Coppa A Torroni A Macaulay V Carracedo Á The African diaspora: mitochondrial DNA and the Atlantic slave trade.Am J Hum Genet. 2004; 74: 454-465Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (202) Google Scholar) in one of their two possible scenarios. At any rate, it appears that the L3g lineages seen in America probably have their immediate origin in Cameroon or in neighboring regions and not in eastern Africa. We are grateful to Dr. Giovanni Destro-Bisol, Dr. Valentina Coia, and Dr. Gabriella Spedini from the Laboratory of Molecular Anthropology, Department of Animal and Human Biology, University of Rome “La Sapienza,” who very kindly gave us access to their data and allowed us to use their data in this letter. Our research was supported by the Conselho Nacional de Pesquisas of Brazil and the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Ensino Superior.