Artigo Revisado por pares

‘Sadly Neglected’ – Hunting and Gendered Identities: A Study in Gender Construction

2005; Routledge; Volume: 22; Issue: 4 Linguagem: Inglês

10.1080/09523360500122848

ISSN

1743-9035

Autores

Callum Mckenzie,

Tópico(s)

Sport and Mega-Event Impacts

Resumo

Abstract I welcome the opportunity to pay tribute to Professor J.A. Mangan. My abiding memory of my studies, and later co-authorship, with him is a series of master classes in analysis, composition and presentation. I will always be grateful for the opportunity to have worked with him. Notes J.A. Mangan, Athleticism in the Victorian and Edwardian Public School (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981, repr. with new introduction, London and Portland, OR: Frank Cass, 2000); see in particular Chapter 7, ‘ Fez, “Blood’ and Hunting Crop: the Symbols and Rituals of a Spartan Culture’, pp.141–78. Mangan, incidentally, has also explored the militarism associated with English, imperial and European masculinity in a series of studies including (with R. Holt and P. Lanfranchi) European Heroes: Myth, Identity and Sport (London and Portland, OR: Frank Cass, 1996). See also his Making European Masculinities: Sport, Europe, Gender (London and Portland, OR: Frank Cass, 2000); Shaping the Superman: Fascist Body as Political Icon (London and Portland, OR: Frank Cass, 1999); also The Imperial Curriculum: Racial Images and Education in the British Colonial Experience (London: Routledge, 1993). The latter contains an important chapter on militarism and symbolism as mechanisms for ensuring imperial self-confidence – ‘Images for Confident Control: Stereotypes in Imperial Discourse’, pp.6–22. G. Whannel, Media Sports Stars, Masculinities and Moralities (London: Routledge, 2002), p.252; M. Roper and J. Tosh (eds.), Manful Assertions: Masculinities in Britain since 1800 (London: Routledge, 1991), p.2. J. Mackenzie, The Empire of Nature (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1988), p.1. J. Reiger, American Sportsmen and the Origins of Conservation (Corvallis, OR: Oregon State University Press, 2001), p.194. Timothy Smout, Edinburgh University, letter to author, November 1992. R. Hummel, Hunting, Fishing and Shooting for Sport (Bowling Green, OH: Bowling Green Press, 1998), Ch.1. J. Lowerson, Sport and the English Middle Classes (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1988), p.171. J.A. Mangan, ‘The History of Modern Sport as a History of Modern Ideas’, European Sports History Review, 4 (2002), 255. J. Nauright and T. Chandler, Making Men: Rugby and Masculine Identity (London and Portland, OR: Frank Cass, 1996), p.1. Andrew Clark, ‘School Life; its Sports and Pastimes’, Baily's Magazine, 1 (April 1861), 370; A. Lang, ‘The Old Sportsman’, Badminton Magazine, 1 (1895), 370–5. D.J. Watkin-Pitchford, Tide's Ending (London: Joseph, 1950), p.18. Quoted in H. Salt, The Company I have Kept, (London, 1930), pp.168–9. J. Mackillop, H. Hutchinson, K. Dawson, Letters to Young Sportsmen (London: Country Life, 1920), p.3. E.S. Grogan and A. Sharpe, From the Cape to Cairo (London: Hurst and Blackett, 1900), p.172. Ibid. Sir H. Seton-Karr, My Sporting Holidays (London: Edward Arnold, 1904), p.6; H.F. Wallace, Hunting Winds (London: Eyre and Spottiswoode, 1949), Ch.5; A.E. Pease, Hunting Reminiscences (London: W. Thaker and Co., 1898), pp.159–60; The Lord Ormathwaite, ‘My First Stag’, Badminton Magazine, 6 (June 1897), 119–32. Parker Gilmore (pseud. ‘Ubique’), Accessible Field Sports (London, 1871), p.11 (emphasis added). ‘Boys and Shooting’, The Field, 143 (January 1924), 97. Ibid. J. Otho-Paget, G.A. Dewer, A.B Portman and A.I. Shand, Horses, Guns, and Dogs (London, 1903), p.121. R.S. Baden-Powell, Scouting for Boys (London: C. Arthur Pearson, 1908), p.226; Sir Henry Newbolt, The Book of Good Hunting (London: Longmans and Co., 1922), pp.22–3. See also J. Hearn, Men in the Public Eye (London: Routledge, 1992), p.109, and J. Hearn, ‘Reviewing Men and Masculinities – or Mostly Boys’ Own Papers’, Theory, Culture and Society, 6 (1989), 18–20. Lord Suffolk and Lord Berkshire (eds.), The Encyclopaedia of Sport (4 vols), Vol.1 (London: William Heinemann, 1911), preface. Alligator-hunting seems have aroused contrasting emotions in hunters and non-hunters, owing perhaps to its aggressive nature and ‘prehistoric’ physical characteristics. For a criticism of the persecution which these animals suffered at the hands of imperial hunters, see G.S. Sandilands, Atalanta or the Future of Sport (London: Kigan Paul and Co., 1928}, pp.9–10. ‘Sport and Matrimony’, The Field, 39 (January 1872), 49; A. Haig-Brown, ‘Women and Sport’, Baily's Magazine, 83 (1905), pp. 25–6. ‘Woman and Sport’. Ibid. Pease, Hunting Reminiscences, pp.159–60. Ibid. ‘Sport and Matrimony’, 49. ‘Pig-shooting in Albania’, Badminton Magazine, 4 (1897), 239–41. Amy C. Menzies, ‘Skirts and Guns’, Badminton Magazine, 5 (1899), 761. W.L. Leale, ‘Rifle-Shooting’, in ?? Greville (ed.), Ladies in the Field (London: Beatrice, Violet Ward and Downey, 1899) pp.159–72. Daily Telegraph, 26th July 2000, 33. I am grateful to Professor J.A. Mangan for this reference. See also Badminton Magazine, 4 (June 1897), pp. 238–41. Ibid. Ibid. Baily's Magazine, 120 (November 1923), p.223. F.G. Aflalo, ‘The Sports Woman’, Fortnightly Review, n.s., 77 (May 1905), 891–9. I. Savory, Sportswomen in India (London, 1900), p.3. Ibid., p.255. Ibid., p.267. Ibid., pp.47, 255, 262–7. Ibid., p.267. Ibid., p.47. R.B. Cunningham, ‘A Lady's Experience of Elephant and Rhino Hunting’, Badminton Magazine, 26 (1908), pp. 503–515, 512. Lady Boynton, ‘Shooting’, in Greville, Ladies in the Field, pp.199–200, 230. Ibid. Ibid. T.S. St Clair, ‘The Subaltern in India’, Baily's Magazine, 48 (1888), 97–105. Review of White Woman in Central Africa by Helen Caddick (London: Fisher Unwin, 1903), in The Field, 95 (August 1903), 256; Lord Cranworth, Profit and Sport in British East Africa (London: MacMillan, 1919), p.321. C. Stigand and D. Lyell, Hunting the Elephant in Africa (New York: MacMillan Co, 1913), p.4. M. Asher, Thesiger (London: Viking, 1994). A. Menzies, ‘Skirts and Guns’, Badminton Magazine, 5 (May 1899), 759–68. Ibid. T. Claye-Shaw, ‘Women in Sport’, Baily's Magazine, 40 (June 1913), 408. J. Hargreaves, quoted in C. Rojeck (ed.), Leisure for Leisure: Critical Essays (New York: Macmillan, 1990), p.134; A.M. Hall, Feminism and Sporting Bodies (Champaign, IL: A.M. Hall, 1996), preface, pp.23–6; and, ‘Where's the Virtue, Where's the Grace’, Theory, Culture, and Society, 3 (1986), 108–9. F.A.M. Webster, Splendid Stories for Boys (London: J.F. Shaw and Co., 1932), pp.19–29. See also Edward, Duke of Windsor, A King's Story, The Memoirs of the Duke of Windsor (New York, 1947), p.87. A.A.A. Kinloch, Large Game Shooting in Tibet, Himalayas and Central India (Calcutta, 1885), Introduction, p.4. Ibid. Ibid. Ibid. Ibid. A machan was a safe area built into a tree top where the sportsman could see and from which he could shoot his quarry. E.P. Stebbing, The Diary of a Sportsman Naturalist in India (London: John Lane, 1920), pp.30–50. Ibid. Mahseer is a salmon-like fish hunted for sport and food. Mrs M. Handley, Roughing it in Southern India (London: Edward Arnold, 1911), pp.3–38. F. Swayne, A Woman's Pleasure Trip in Somaliland (Bristol: John Wright and Co., 1907), preface. Ibid., pp.1–3. Pease, Hunting Reminiscences, p.160. See D. Itzkowitz, Peculiar Privilege; A Social History of English Foxhunting, 1753–1885, (Hassocks: Harvester Press, 1977), pp.48–9. ‘Impecunious’, ‘Ladies and Field Sports’, The Field, 105 (January 1905), 43–4. ‘The Progress of Sport in Scotland’, Baily's Magazine, 70 (December 1888), 157. The Field, 10 (December 1857), 180. See also J. Strutt, The Sports and Pastimes of the People of England, 3rd edn (London: Thomas Tegg, 1838), p.13; R. Longrigg, The History of Foxhunting (London: Macmillan, 1975), p.30; T. Wright, A History of Domestic Manners and Sentiments in England During the Middle Ages (London: Chapman and Hall, 1862), pp.305–10; S. Shahar, The Fourth Estate, trans. Chaya Galai (London: Methuen, 1983), p.152; A. Guttman, Women's Sports (London, 1992), p.18. For female hunting prowess in the classical world, see E.T. Vermeule, Greece in the Bronze Age (Chicago, 1964), p.194, and R. Dawkins, Artemis Orthia (London, 1929), pp.150–1. ‘Foxhunter’, The Field, 10 (October 1857), p.251. R.S. Surtees, Analysis of the Hunting Field (London: R. Ackermann, 1846), pp.4 and 21; E.C. Wingfield-Stratford, The Victorian Sunset (London: Routledge, 1932), p.76; G. Maxwell, The House of Elrig (London: Longmans, 1965), pp.138–40; G. Kitson Clark, The Making of Victorian England (London: Methuen, 1962), p.255. Quoted in The Field, 301 (January 2003), 38–9. Ibid. Andrew Clark (pseudonym), ‘The Gentleman in Black’, worked for Baily's Magazine from 1861 until the 1870s. Women and their Habits', Baily's Magazine, 4 (February 1862), 163. The Field, 10 (December 1857), 180; ‘The Progress of Sport in Scotland’, Baily's Magazine, 50 (December 1888), p.157. ‘Fair Huntresses’, Baily's Magazine, 46 (January 1896), 33. The Field, 105 (April 1895), 514. ‘Fair Huntresses’; ‘Ladies and Field Sports’, The Field, 105 (January 1905), 44. See also Surtees, Analysis of the Hunting Field, p.295, and A. Trollope, Hunting Sketches (London: Chapman and Hall, 1865), p.30. ‘Fair Huntresses’. ‘The Gentleman in Black’; ‘Women and their Habits’, 163. T. Shaw-Claye, ‘Women’, Baily's Magazine, 40 (June 1913), 407. F. Slaughter (ed.), The Sportswoman's Library, 2 volumes (London, 1898), Vol.1, pp.6, 30–1; Shaw-Claye, ‘Women’. ‘Ladies Hunting’, The Field, 8 (September 1857), 180, 196; (October 1857), 251. Ibid. Ibid. ‘Ladies and Field Sports’, The Field, 105 (January 1905), p.44. See Violet Greville, The Greville Memoirs (London: Longmans, Green and Co., 1899); The Gentlewoman's Book of Sports (London, 1892); The Gentlewoman in Society (London, 1892); Alice M. Hayes, The Horsewoman (London: W. Thacker and Co., 1893); Slaughter, The Sportswoman's Library; F. Alys Serrell, With Hounds and Terrier in the Field (Edinburgh, 1904); Amy C. Menzies, Women in the Hunting Field (London, 1913); Maud Isabel Harvey, Hunting on Foot with Some Yorkshire Packs (Monkton, 1913). See also Jennifer Hargreaves quoted in E. Dunning, J. Maguire and R. Pearlon (eds.), The Sports Process (Champaign, IL: Leeds, 1993), p.80. Mabel Howard, ‘Ladies in the Hunting Field’, Badminton Magazine, 4 (1897), 110–20. ‘The Rights of Women to Sport’, The Field, 65 (September 1885), 449–50. ‘Borderer’, Baily's Magazine, 86 (November 1906), 354. ‘Borderer’, was the pseudonym of Sir Richard Dansey Greene-Price (1862–1909). See also ‘Hunting From a Woman's Point of View’, in A.E.T. Watson (ed.), English Sport (London: MacMillan and Co., 1903), p.33; ‘Borderer’, Baily's Magazine, 86 (November 1906), 354; M. Wynter and C.M. Creswell, ‘Hunting Ladies’, Baily's Magazine, 85 (March 1906), 234–7; C. Cordley, ‘Women in the Hunting Field’, Baily's Magazine, 80 (April 1900), 269–72. ‘Fair Huntresses’ and ‘The Fashions of Hunting’, both Baily's Magazine, 65 (March 1896), 33–40 and 163–166 respectively; ‘Hunting Dress, Ancient and Modern’, The Field, 73 (January 1900), 19–23; ‘Women and their Dress’, The Field, 99 (March 1902), 452. Serrell, With Hounds and Terrier, pp.39, 111–12. Northampton Record Office: MS Hunting Diaries: Lady Sophie Scott's Hunting Diaries, 1894–1936, YZ 8773–7; The Pytchley, The Hunting Diaries of Charles King, 1800–18; William Scarth-Dixon, ZA 7791, c.1900; Diaries of William Wilson, 1833–76, ZA 3801; The Fitzwilliam Hunt, Diaries of V.H.Sykes, c.1900, ZB 772; The Grafton Hunt, Lord Euston, c.1860s, G 3947-6. Miss Augusta Samaurez Tawk, Hunting Recollections (Essex: printed privately, 1911); V. Bullock Webster (Mrs Armel O'Connor), The Sport of the Past and the Future (Ludlow, 1929). Slaughter, The Sportswoman's Library, Vol.2, preface and p.145. Ibid. J.A.Mangan and Roberta J. Park, From Fair Sex to Feminism: Sport and the Socialization of Women in the Industrial Post Industrial Era (London and Portland, OR: Frank Cass, 1987), p.3. Ibid. Lowerson, Sport and the English Middle Classes, Ch.7, p.203. Ibid., p.204. Ibid. Ibid. Fan Hong and J.A. Mangan (eds.), Foreword, in Soccer, Women, Sexual Liberation: Kicking Off a New Era (London and Portland, OR: Frank Cass, 2004), p.xi. J.A. Mangan, Foreword to J.A. Mangan and Fan Hong (eds.), Freeing the Female Body: Inspirational Icons (London and Portland, OR: Frank: Cass, 2001), p.ix.

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