Greek Orthodox immigrants and modes of integration within the urban society of Istanbul (1850–1923)
2009; Taylor & Francis; Volume: 24; Issue: 2 Linguagem: Inglês
10.1080/09518960903491471
ISSN1743-940X
Autores Tópico(s)Philippine History and Culture
ResumoAbstract The Greek community in Istanbul prior to the exchange of populations consisted of predominantly second- or third-generation immigrants from rural areas. Despite this background, this originally rural population fully adhered not only to the urban modes of life, but more uniquely to the collective memory of an 'indigenous' community. Agents of this rapid process of integration were schooling, and the social ties created by charity and philanthropy. Keywords: Greek Orthodox of Constantinople/Istanbulcommunity institutionsmigrationurbanization Notes 1. This exchange, which opened a deep and lasting wound within the populations involved, was the object of research and studies shortly after its realization. Among the published studies regarding this subject beginning in the 1920s and 1930s, see especially Kiosséoglou Kiosséoglou, Th.P. 1926. L'échange forcé des minorités d'après le Traité de Lausanne, Nancy: Université de Nancy. 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The series of burial orders consigned in the various parishes attest that people died very young (average age of death below 20 towards the end of the 1870s, excluding from the calculation the children who died before the age of one year), even in the neighbourhoods in the centre of the city (such as Beyoğlu or Galata). 8. For a brief presentation of the life and the works of Dr Paspatis, see Anastassiadou Anastassiadou, Méropi. 16 December 2003. Aλϵξανδρōς Πασπατης, Xíōς 1814–Aθηνα 1891. H πρōτϵραιōτητα της ιστōρικης μνημης. Aπōγϵυματινη, [Google Scholar], «Aλϵξανδρōς Πασπατης, Xíōς 1814–Aθηνα 1891». 9. The Greek hospital was built outside the walls, at Yedikule (Seven Towers), in 1753, after a terrible plague epidemic, on the initiative of the corporation of grocers and with its financial contribution. The first structure did not last long, due to fires and the effects of time. New buildings were built, again made of wood, in 1790, then in 1812. The first solid buildings were inaugurated in 1839. Regarding the Greek hospital in Balıklı, see particularly: Sidiropoulos Sidiropoulos, Fokion. 1999. Tα Eθνικα Φιλανθρωπικα Kαταστηματα στην Kωνσταντινōυπōλη, Nōσōκōμϵíō Bαλōυκλη, Athens: Foundation for the Hellenic World. [Google Scholar], Tα Eθνικα Φιλανθρωπικα Kαταστηματα. 10. Its title being ϒπōμνημα πϵρí τōυ γραικικōυ νōσōκōμϵíōυ των ϵπτα πυργων published in Athens in 1862 (Vilara imprint), this text by doctor Alexandros Paspatis Paspatis, Alexandros. 1862. ϒπōμνημα πϵρí τōυ γραικικōυ νōσōκōμϵíōυ των ϵπτα πυργων, Athens: Vilaras. [Google Scholar] relies to a great extent on the hospital archives which the author had put in order when he became the director of the hospital at the beginning of the 1850s. In his tale, Paspatis expounds in detail on the living conditions among the immigrants, since most of the people hospitalized at Balıklı were migrants. 11. According to Islamic law, biological criteria define the end of childhood and the progressive passage to adult age. Actually, puberty marks this shift, which naturally applies only to boys, who are the only ones to be taken into account by the fiscal and military administration. As soon as they are no longer considered minors (sabi, sagir), they become taxable, but are liable for the minimum rate of tax, in the lowest fiscal category (edna). 12. In the main series of the Ministry of Finance, there are inventories of real-estate of full ownership (mülk), which the research and the archivists of the Başbakanlık call emlak defterleri (real-estate property registries). Besides the description of the property recorded, these documents include information regarding the people who used the property and who lived in it: the master artisan (usta), his helpers (kalfa) and apprentices (çırak). The last are recorded with the greatest care, since they generally live in the back of the shop: their place of work is also their place of residence in Istanbul. 13. In his work devoted to the Balkan city, Nikolaj Todorov does not omit to mention the seasonal migration of makers of wool fabric from Filibe to Anatolia in order to stock up on wool: Todorov Todorov, Nikolaj. 1980. La ville balkanique aux XVe–XIXe siècles: développement socio-économique et démographique, Bucarest: Association Internationale d'Études du Sud-est Européen. [Google Scholar], La ville balkanique, 208–10. 14. Two neighbourhoods situated on the eastern and western sides of the Golden Horn respectively. In the nineteenth century, they were the hubs of commerce and had a large number of bekarhane (homes for single men) meant for immigrants – seasonal or not. In the Ottoman Prime Ministry Archives (Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivleri), the registries inventorying the bekâr (single, unmarried men), especially those dated between 1840 and 1850, refer to these neighbourhoods. 15. Located on the Asian coast of the Bosporus, Üsküdar is a neighbourhood on the margin of the Istanbul urban agglomeration, at the 'gates of the city', and therefore a habitual place of settlement of immigrants coming from Anatolia. 16. A street parallel to the quays in Galata. It lends its name to the whole of the neighbourhood close to the sea, between Karaköy and Tophane. 17. In Vlanga (Langa in the Ottoman registries), in the Aksaray neighbourhood. 18. A neighbourhood along the sea, right after Galata, towards the north. 19. See especially, among others, Hometown Organizations in Turkey Hometown Organizations in Turkey. 2005. Special issue, European Journal of Turkish Studies, http://www.ejts.org/sommaire359.html [Google Scholar]. 20. Regarding the geographic spread of the immigrants in the Ottoman city, see as a comparison the case of Thessaloniki in the 1830s: Anastassiadou Anastassiadou, Méropi. 1994. Yanni, Nikola, Lifder et les autres… Le profil démographique et socio-professionnel de la population orthodoxe de Salonique à la veille des Tanzimat. Südost-Forschungen, 53: 73–130. [Google Scholar], 'Yanni, Nikola, Lifder et les autres…'. Regarding the situation within the city fabric of those who 'come from elsewhere', see also Bottin and Calabi Bottin, Jacques and Calabi, Donatella. 1999. Les étrangers dans la ville, Paris: Éditions de la Maison des Sciences de l'Homme. [Google Scholar], Les étrangers dans la ville. 21. The novel Tō συναξαρι τōυ Aνδρϵα Kōρδōπατη, by Thanassis Valtinos Valtinos, Thanassis. 1972. Tō συναξαρι τōυ Aνδρϵα Kōρδōπατη, Athens: Kedros. [Google Scholar], first published in 1964, is a representative example. 22. Quataert Quataert, Donald. 1992. "Premières fumées d'usines'". 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The population registry analysed in this article is also the object of a book published by Dimitriadis Dimitriadis, Vassilis. 1997. Herakleio: Crete University Press. Hθϵσσαλōνíκη της παρακμης. H ϵλληνικη κōινōτητα της Θϵσσαλō-κης κατα τη δϵκαϵτια τōυ 1830 μϵ βαση ϵνα ōθωμανικō καταστιχō απōγραϕης τōυ πληθυσμōυ [Google Scholar] a few years later: H Θϵσσαλōνíκη της παρακμης. 26. These materials (which abound in the archives of the Prime Ministry in Istanbul) were notably studied by Terzibasoğlu Terzibasoğlu, Yücel. 'Landlords, Nomads and Refugees: Struggles over Land and Population Movements in North-Western Anatolia, 1877–1914'. PhD diss., Birkbeck College, University of London, 2003 [Google Scholar] in his doctoral thesis: 'Landlords, Nomads and Refugees'. 27. It is not only in Istanbul that the hospital was the last place of refuge for the poor and the outsiders. This function is well known in European societies as well as in other Ottoman cities of the time. 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