The relationship between children's rights and business
2014; Routledge; Volume: 18; Issue: 6 Linguagem: Inglês
10.1080/13642987.2014.944805
ISSN1744-053X
Autores Tópico(s)Children's Rights and Participation
ResumoAbstractWhile the connection between business and human rights is beginning to be elaborated in international affairs, there continues to be a significant lack of understanding and academic analysis about the relationship between business and children. International children's rights are more than a legal concern, they provide a framework to interpret and assess situations, and to implement and monitor change. This article poses two questions. First, how can child rights influence the roles and efforts of business? Second, how can business respect and support the implementation of child rights? It is argued that children's rights are a business concern. Furthermore, children's rights can and should influence business relationships, structures, processes and outcomes. Accordingly, this relationship is explored through consideration of the roles and pertinent efforts of states, international organisations, business and young people themselves. The specific contributions of the 'Children's Rights and Business Principles' produced in 2012 by UNICEF, Save the Children, and The Global Compact, the General Comment on State Obligations (2013) from the United Nations (UN) Committee on the Rights of the Child and the UN 'Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights' (2011) are evaluated. This article identifies some successes and challenges of these and other initiatives typically understood to reflect corporate social responsibility (CSR). A conceptual model is proposed to support the consideration of child rights in business relationships, structures, processes and outcomes as they affect children.Keywords: children's rightsinternational human rightsbusinesscorporate social responsibility (CSR) AcknowledgementsThe research process benefitted enormously from various interviews with key informants who generously provided their insight, shared their knowledge and time and I am most grateful for their invaluable support. This article is dedicated to them and their respective efforts to advance sustainability, compliance and/or human/children's rights. Much gratitude is extended: to the focus group participants and coordinators for their outstanding input to, and efforts for this project: to Paul Mayer for his technical PowerPoint expertise; and to Gabrielle Collins, Alyssa Blank, Rachel Roberts, Lara McKendrick and Sylvia Novac for their valuable assistance in support of this work. I warmly thank; Penny Collenette for her inspiration and aid, Sonja Grover for her support and patience, and the Office of the Dean of the Faculty of Community Services and the SRC Travel Grant, Faculty of Community Services, Ryerson University, for the financial support of this research.Earlier versions of this article were presented at: Annual Conference of International Studies Association, in San Francisco, USA in April 2013; 'Bringing Children in From the Margins: Symposium on Child Rights Impact Assessments', in Ottawa in May 2013, and the Peace and Justice Studies Association Conference in October 2013 in Waterloo, Canada.Notes on contributorTara M. Collins, holds a Ph.D. in law focusing on international child rights from the University of London. She has worked on children's rights since 1996. Her professional experience includes work for: Carleton University; Egalitarian World Initiative, School of Social Justice, University College Dublin, Ireland; University of Ottawa; Canadian federal government (Department of Foreign Affairs and Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA)) and Parliament; and the Canadian Coalition for the Rights of Children. Her research interests include: monitoring; child and youth participation; general measures of implementation of the Convention on the Rights of the Child including law reform, budgeting, and child rights education; business rights-based approaches (RBAs); anti-violence efforts; and research methodologies. She is Assistant Professor, School of Child & Youth Care, Ryerson University.Notes1. Quoted in Lester Salamon, Rethinking Corporate Social Engagement: Lessons from Latin America (Sterling VA: Kumarian Press, 2010), 71.2. UNICEF, Global Compact and Save the Children, How Business Affects Us: Children and Young People Share their Perspectives on How Business Impacts their Lives and Communities, June–August 2011, UNICEF, The Global Compact and Save the Children (2012). http://www.unglobalcompact.org/docs/issues_doc/human_rights/CRBP/How_Business_Affects_Us.pdf (accessed 21 March 2013), 8.3. Examples include: David Weissbrodt, 'The Contribution of International Nongovernmental Organizations to the Protection of Human Rights', in Human Rights in International Law: Legal and Policy Issues, ed. Theodor Meron (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1984): 403–38; Peter Willetts, 'From "Consultative Arrangements" to "Partnership": The Changing Status of NGOs in Diplomacy at the UN', Global Governance 6 (2000): 191–212; Barbara Klugman, 'The Role of NGOs as Agents for Change', Development Dialogue, no. 1–2 (2000): 95–120; Michael Schechter, 'Making Meaningful UN-Sponsored world Conferences of the 1990s: NGOs to the Rescue?' United Nations-Sponsored World Conferences: Focus on Impact and Follow-up, ed. Schechter (Tokyo; New York; Paris: United Nations University Press, 2001), 184–217.4. See further Vikas Bajaj, 'Fatal Fire in Bangladesh Highlights the Dangers Facing Garment Workers', The New York Times, 26 November 2012, A4. http://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/26/world/asia/bangladesh-fire-kills-more-than-100-and-injures-many.html; and Julfikar Ali Manik, Steven Greenhouse and Jim Yardley, 'Western Firms Feel Pressure as Toll Rises in Bangladesh', The New York Times, 26 April 2013, p. A1. http://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/26/world/asia/bangladeshi-collapse-kills-many-garment-workers.html; and Bertrand Marotte, 'Loblaw to Compensate Victims of Deadly Bangladesh Factory Collapse' The Globe and Mail, 24 October 2013. http://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/international-business/loblaw-to-compensate-victims-of-bangladesh-factory-collapse/article15041964 (accessed 24 October 2013).5. Steven Rochlin, 'Foreword', in Alliances for Youth: What Works in CSR Partnership, ed. Mark Nieker, Christy Macy and Sheila Kinkade (Baltimore, MD: International Youth Foundation and Nokia, 2006), 4.6. See further Christina Garsten, 'The United Nations – Soft and Hard: Regulating Social Accountability for Global Business', in Organizing Transnational Accountability, ed. Magnus Boström and Christina Garsten (Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar, 2008), 32–7.7. United Nations, 'Protect, Respect and Remedy: A Framework for Business and Human Rights: Report of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General on the issue of Human Rights and Transnational Corporations and Other Business Enterprises, John Ruggie', UN Doc. A/HRC/8/5, 7 April 2008. http://www.reports-and-materials.org/Ruggie-report-7-Apr-2008.pdf (accessed 25 June 2013).8. The UN process is described in the UN General Assembly Human Rights Council, 'Report of the Special Representative of the UN Secretary-General on the Issue of Human Rights and Transnational Corporations and Other Business Enterprises, John Ruggie', 21 March 2011, UN Doc. A/HRC/17/31, 3–4.9. Indeed: 'Of the 100 largest economies in the world, 51 are corporations; only 49 are countries (based on a comparison of corporate sales and country GDPs)', in Sarah Anderson and John Cavanagh, Top 200: The Rise of Corporate Global Power (Washington, DC: Institute for Policy Studies, 2000). http://www.ips-dc.org/reports/top_200_the_rise_of_corporate_global_power, 3.10. See for example, Oshionebo explores the enormous power of multinational corporations, dependence upon extractive industries, and their particular characteristics in the African context in: Evaristus Oshionebo Regulating Transnational Corporations in Domestic and International Regimes: An African Case Study (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2009).11. As examples, see M. McInnes, I.R. Kerr and J.A. VanDuzer, Managing the Law: The Legal Aspects of Doing Business, 3rd ed. (Toronto: Pearson Canada, 2011); and J.A. VanDuzer, The Law of Partnerships and Corporations, 3rd ed. (Toronto: Irwin Law, 2009).12. See for example, Isabel Borges, 'The Responsibility of Transnational Corporations in the Realisation of Children's Rights' (paper presented at Protecting Human Rights: Duties and Responsibilities of States and Non-State Actors, Glasgow, 18–19 June 2012). Important elaboration of child work can be found in: Michael Bourdillon, Deborah Levinson, William Myers and Ben White, Rights and Wrongs of Child Work (New Brunswick, NJ and London: Rutgers University Press, 2010).13. See for example, Myron Weiner, 'Child Labour in Developing Countries: The Indian Case', 2 International Journal of Children's Rights 2 (1994): 121–8; and Children's Chances (2013), 'Without Taking Exceptions into Account, How Long are Children Protected from Hazardous Work?' http://childrenschances.org/global-maps/a-chance-at-childhood/how-long-are-children-protected-from-hazardous-work/ (accessed 8 August 2013).14. A. Crane and B.A. Kazmi, 'Business and Children: Mapping Impacts, Managing Responsibilities', Journal of Business Ethics 91 (2010): 567–86, 567.15. Business actor (China), interview with author, 24 June 2013.16. Judith Ennew, 'The Rights Way Forward', CRIN Newsletter: Children and Macroeconomics, no. 13 (November 2000). http://www.crin.org/docs/resources/publications/CRINvol14e.pdf (accessed 23 February 2012), 16.17. For example, it is estimated that there would be 250 million migrant workers in 2008 in China, according to China's National Bureau of Statistics; Mary Gallagher, Ching Kwan Lee and Sarosh Kuruvilla, 'Introduction and Argument', in From Iron Rice Bowl to Informalization: Markets, Workers, and the State in a Changing China, ed. Sarosh Kuruvilla, Ching Kwan Lee and Mary E. Gallagher (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University, 2011).18. T.M. Collins, 'The Monitoring of the Rights of the Child: A Child Rights-Based Approach' (PhD Law Thesis, Queen Mary & Westfield College, University of London, UK, 2007), 31.19. UN (1989), Convention on the Rights of the Child, 20 November, A/RES/44/25, entered into force 2 September 1990.20. Collins, 'The Monitoring of the Rights of the Child'.21. Geraldine Van Bueren, The International Law on the Rights of the Child (The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1998), 25, 17–25.22. UNICEF, Global Compact and Save the Children, How Business Affects Us; and UN Committee on the Rights of the Child, General Comment No. 16, On State Obligations Regarding the Impact of Business Sector on Children's Rights, UN Doc. CRC/C/GC/16 (2013).23. The CRC outlines in article one that 'a child means every human being below the age of eighteen years unless under the law applicable to the child, majority is attained earlier'.24. Business Dictionary, 'Business: Definition'/ http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/business.html (accessed 25 June 2013).25. UN Committee, General Comment No. 16, 3.26. See such examples as: Jacqui Gallinetti and Daksha Kassan, 'Trafficking of Children in Africa: An Overview of Research, International Obligations and Existing Legal Provisions', in Children's Rights in Africa: A Legal Perspective, ed. Julia Sloth-Nielsen (Surrey: Ashgate, 2008, 2010); and the case study on child-sex tourism in Lisa Martin, 'The Leverage of Economic Theories: Explaining Governance in an Internationalized Industry', in Governance in a Global Economy: Political Authority in Transition, ed. Miles Kahler and David Lake (Princeton, NJ and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2003), 33–59.27. See for example, International Labour Organization, Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific, 'The Informal Sector'. http://www.ilo.org/public/english/region/asro/bangkok/feature/inf_sect.htm (accessed 24 June 2013).28. VanDuzer, Managing the Law, 4.29. Ibid., 4–5.30. Ibid., 5.31. Rachel Yordi, Mamdouh Foad, Jennifer Denomy and Richard Carothers, 'Learning through Work' (Working Paper: Enhancing Education for Working Children – 'Making Rights Work? Exploring Rights Based Programming to Enhance Programming', 2009). http://www.ppic-work.org/download/manuals/PPIC_Work_LTW_Paper.pdf (accessed 17 October 2013), 8.32. This language is affirmed in the preamble of various instruments including the CRC and the United Nations, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, UN Doc. A/RES/217 A (III), 10 December 1948. http://www.un.org/en/documents/udhr/ (accessed 25 April 2012).33. United Nations, Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action on Human Rights, UN Doc. A/CONF.157/24 (1993), paras 36–9, respectively.34. For example, see Abdullahi A. An-Nai'im 'Expanding the Limits of Imagination: Human Rights from a Participatory Approach to New Multilateralism', in Innovation in Multilateralism, ed. Schechter (Tokyo: United Nations University Press; London: Macmillan; New York: St. Martin's Press, 1999), 205–22.35. Joel Bakan, Childhood Under Siege: How Big Business Targets Children (New York: Free Press, 2011).36. UN Global Compact, 'Overview of the Global Compact'. http://www.unglobalcompact.org/AboutTheGC/index.html (accessed 9 September 2013).37. Canadian academic, interview with author, March 2013.38. UN Global Compact, 'The Ten Principles', UN Global Compact. http://www.unglobalcompact.org/abouttheGc/TheTenprinciples/index.html39. Beth Simmons, Mobilizing for Human Rights: International Law in Domestic Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009), 366.40. Multinational corporation official, interview with author, March 2013.41. See further Aurora Voiculescu, 'Human Rights and the Normative Ordering of Global Capitalism', in The Business of Human Rights: An Evolving Agenda for Corporate Responsibility, ed. A. Voiculescu and H. Yanacopulos (London and New York: Zed Books, 2011), 12.42. The UN process is described in UN General Assembly, 'Report of the Special Representative of the UN Secretary-General on the Issue of Human Rights and Transnational Corporations and Other Business Enterprises, John Ruggie', 3–4; and Business and Human Rights Resource Centre, 'Business & Human Rights: A Brief Introduction'. http://www.business-humanrights.org/GettingStartedPortal/Intro (accessed 25 June 2013).43. Ibid., 4.44. Business and Human Rights Resource Centre, 'Company Policy Statements on Human Rights'. http://www.business-humanrights.org/Documents/Policies and http://www.business-humanrights.org/GettingStartedPortal/Intro (accessed 18 February 2014).45. Children are identified twice, namely: the commentary related to the state duty to protect human rights should recognise 'the specific challenges' that certain populations may have; and ('B. Operational Principles, General State Regulatory and Policy Functions, Principle 3′, 8) in relation to the corporate responsibility to respect human rights (p. 14); Principles 18, 20, 26, and 27 also require businesses to consider those who may have "heightened risk of vulnerability or marginalization", understood to include children among others. UN General Assembly, 'Report of the Special Representative of the UN Secretary-General on the Issue of Human Rights and Transnational Corporations and Other Business Enterprises, John Ruggie', 4.46. UNICEF, Global Compact and Save the Children, How Business Affects Us; and UN Committee, General Comment No. 16.47. UN Committee, General Comment No. 16.48. International Commission of Jurists, 'ICJ Hails Step Towards Protection of Children against Business Abuses', 21 March 2013. http://www.icj.org/icj-hails-step-towards-protection-of-children-against-business-abuses/ (accessed 25 October 2013).49. For example, see Collins, 'The Monitoring of the Rights of the Child'.50. UN General Assembly, 'Report of the Special Representative of the UN Secretary-General on the Issue of Human Rights and Transnational Corporations and Other Business Enterprises, John Ruggie', 4.51. Some of the children's contributions about the role of business are included throughout this article. UN Global Compact, 'Development of the Children's Rights and Business Principles', 31 January 2012. http://www.unglobalcompact.org/Issues/human_rights/childrens_principles/development.html52. Independent consultant, interview with author, 19 June 2013.53. NGOs and their coalitions or networks, academic institutions and other UN bodies made submissions about the UN Committee's Annotated Outline and draft one of the General Comment, but the business perspective is only formally represented by two submissions from the International Organization of Employers: UN Committee on the Rights of the Child, 'Submissions Received' (2012). http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/crc/SubmissionsCRCBusinessSector.htm and http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/crc/SubmissionsGCBusinessSector.htm54. UN General Assembly, 'Report of the Special Representative of the UN Secretary-General on the Issue of Human Rights and Transnational Corporations and Other Business Enterprises, John Ruggie', 5.55. See further, for example, Milton Friedman, Capitalism and Freedom (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1962).56. The Boston Consulting Group, 'Global CEO Study on Children's Rights and Business Commissioned by World Child and Youth Forum Stockholm March 22 2013, Stockholm, March 22, 2013'. http://www.ccrcsr.com/sites/default/files/BCG_Presentation%20at%20WCYF_GlobalCEOstudy2013_22mar13_1045.pdf (accessed 24 June 2013), 6.57. Multinational corporation representative, interview with author, 20 March 2013; multinational corporate auditing officer, interview with author, 22 April 2013.58. UN Committee, General Comment No. 16, 4.59. International organisation official, interview with the author, March 2013.60. Ibid.61. UN General Assembly, 'Report of the Special Representative of the UN Secretary-General on the Issue of Human Rights and Transnational Corporations and Other Business Enterprises, John Ruggie', 14.62. Helene Yaremko-Jarvis, 'Business Ethics – Not just for the Big Guys', My Store: The Voice of Independent Retail, Your Independent Community Online, Human Resources, March 2011. http://www.ethicscentre.ca/EN/resources/mystore_201203_businessethics.pdf (accessed 18 June 2013), 1–2.63. Legal commentator (Canada), interview with author, 25 July 2013.64. Multinational corporation representative, interview with author, 29 July 2013.65. UNICEF, Children are Everyone's Business: Pilot Workbook (UNICEF, 2013). http://www.unicef.org/csr/88.htm (accessed 18 December 2013); Save the Children Sweden, Children's Rights and Business Principles Self Assessment Tool. http://crbptool.savethechildren.se/ (accessed 16 January 2014).66. See further UNICEF Canada, Bringing Children in From the Margins: Symposium on Child Rights Impact Assessments, University of Ottawa, 14–15 May 2013. http://www.unicef.ca/en/article/child-rights-impact-assessment-symposium67. Juliane Kippenberg, 'New Unicef Guidelines on Children Will Fall Flat Without Backing from Business', The Guardian, Poverty Matters blog, 12 March 2012. http://www.guardian.co.uk/global-development/poverty-matters/2012/mar/12/unicef-guidelines-children-needs-business-backing (accessed 17 April 2012).68. Multinational corporation official, interview with author, March 2013; Multinational corporation representative, interview with author, 20 March 2013; and multinational corporate auditing officer, interview with author, 22 April 2013; Business actor (China), interview with author, 24 June 2013.69. UN Committee, General Comment No. 16, 4.70. Ibid., 8.71. Independent consultant, interview with author, 19 June 2013.72. UN Committee, General Comment No. 16, 10, 20, 20 (respectively).73. See for example, Hon. Landon Pearson and Tara Collins, Not There Yet: Canada's Implementation of the General Measures of the Convention on the Rights of the Child (Florence: UNICEF – Innocenti Research Centre, 2009). http://www.unicef-irc.org/cgi-bin/unicef/Lunga.sql?ProductID=56974. UN Committee, General Comment No. 16, 20.75. UN Global Compact, 'The Ten Principles'.76. Independent consultant, interview with author, 19 June 2013.77. UN General Assembly, 'Report of the Special Representative of the UN Secretary-General on the Issue of Human Rights and Transnational Corporations and Other Business Enterprises, John Ruggie', 14; and UN Committee, General Comment No. 16, 11 and 18 (respectively).78. UNICEF, The Global Compact and Save the Children, How Business Affects Us, 19.79. International organisation official, interview with the author, March 2013.80. UN General Assembly, 'Report of the Special Representative of the UN Secretary-General on the Issue of Human Rights and Transnational Corporations and Other Business Enterprises, John Ruggie', 13.81. Ibid., 5.82. Christina Garsten, 'The United Nations – Soft and Hard: Regulating Social Accountability for Global Business', in Organizing Transnational Accountability, ed. Magnus Bostöm and Christina Garsten (Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing Limited, 2008), 27–45, 29.83. Ibid., 43.84. International organisation official, interview with the author, March 2013.85. Ibid.86. Multinational corporation representative, interview with author, 20 March 2013; international development practitioner involved with small business development and working children/child rights, interview with author, March 2013; former international development NGO representative, interview with author, March 2013; international development NGO representative, interview with author, March 2013; and multinational corporate auditing officer, interview with author, 22 April 2013.87. Academic focusing on corporate law, interview with author, 26 March 2013.88. Ibid.89. Adefolake Adeyeye, Corporate Social Responsibility of Multinational Corporations in Developing Countries (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012), 170.90. Shi (1985), cited in John Colley, Jacqueline Doyle, George Logan and Wallace Stettinius, Corporate Governance (New York: McGraw-Hill, 2003), 6.91. Ibid.92. Business academic (UK), interview with the author, 18 June 2013.93. See further below about the tension between these concepts.94. Paul Polman, CEO Unilever, 'Bata Lecture on Responsible Capitalism', 11 February 2013, York University, Canada. http://www.unilever.com/images/Paul-Polman-Bata-Lecture-on-Responsible-Capitalism-February-2013_tcm13-345845.pdf (accessed 18 November, 2013).95. Mattel, Code of Conduct, May 2011. http://corporate.mattel.com/about-us/code_of_conduct.aspx (accessed 21 January 2014).96. H&M, 'Human Rights Policy', 2012. http://about.hm.com/en/About/Sustainability/Reporting-and-Resources/Policies/human-rights-policy.html (accessed 29 October 2013).97. Ibid.98. Lego, 'Human Rights', https://aboutus.lego.com/en-us/sustainability/human-rights (accessed 18 November 2013).99. International organisation official, interview with the author, March 2013.100. Business actor (China), interview with author, 24 June 2013.101. IKEA, People & Planet Positive IKEA Group Sustainability Strategy for 2020. http://www.ikea.com/ms/en_GB/pdf/people_planet_positive/People_planet_positive.pdf (accessed 21 January 2014), 9.102. Kuoni, 'Annual Report 2012: Corporate Responsibility: Human Rights' (2012). http://2012.kuoni-annualreport.com/en/corp-responsibility/human-rights/1 (accessed 21 January 2014).103. International organisation official, interview with the author, March 2013.104. Kuoni, Assessing Human Rights Impacts: Kenya Pilot Project Report, November 2012. http://www.kuoni.com/docs/assessing_human_rights_impacts_0.pdf (accessed 21 January 2014), 18.105. Institute for Human Rights and Business, 'Review of How Child Rights are Addressed in Selected Companies' Human Rights Policies and Practices' (Unpublished paper on file with the author, n.d.).106. Max Nisen 'How Nike Solved its Sweatshop Problem', Business Insider, 9 May 2013. http://www.businessinsider.com/how-nike-solved-its-sweatshop-problem-2013-5 (accessed 16 January 2014).107. See details about Nike's response in L. Fitterman, 'The Maria Effect', McGill News (Fall/Winter 2012), 22–6. http://publications.mcgill.ca/mcgillnews/2012/12/06/the-maria-effect/ (accessed 15 March 2013), 24.108. Multinational corporate auditing officer, interview with author, 22 April 2013.109. Ibid.110. Ibid.111. Social Accountability International, 'SA8000 Standard: SA8000 Standard: 2008'. http://www.sa-intl.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=Page.ViewPage&PageID=937 (accessed 16 January 2014).112. UN Committee, General Comment No. 16, 17.113. Business actor (China), interview with author, 24 June 2013.114. Adeyeye, Corporate Social Responsibility of Multinational Corporations in Developing Countries, 9.115. For example, multinational corporation representative, interview with author, March 2013.116. This connection is reinforced by the publication of Matthew Bishop and Michael Green, Philanthro-capitalism: How the Rich Can Save the World (New York: Bloomsbury Press, 2008).117. Muhammad Yunus with Karl Weber, Building Social Business: The New Kind of Capitalism that Serves Humanity's Most Pressing Needs (New York: PublicAffairs, 2010), 9.118. Salamon, Rethinking Corporate Social Engagement, 9.119. Multinational corporation representative, interview with author, 20 March 2013.120. Ibid.121. James Orbinski, 'Plenary Session: "Equity in Global Health"' (Keynote presentation, Peace and Justice Studies Association Conference, Waterloo, Canada, 18 October 2013). http://www.peacejusticestudies.org/conference/sessions.php?con=P.3 (accessed 25 October 2013).122. Multinational corporation official, interview with author, March 2013.123. For example, Business actor (China), interview with author, 24 June 2013124. Yunus and Weber, Building Social Business, 6–7.125. Laura and Isabella respectively, both 16 years old, in T.M. Collins, 'Business Case for Child Rights-Based Approach' (Focus Group facilitated by author with young people, approved by Ryerson University Research Ethics Board REB 2013-074, 17 March 2013, Transcripts on file with author) (Toronto, 27 August 2013).126. Jebb, cited in Save the Children, An Introduction to Child Rights Programming: Concept and Application (London: The Save the Children Fund, 2001), 5.127. Multinational corporation representative, interview with author, 29 July 2013.128. Business actor (China), interview with author, 24 June 2013.129. Salamon, Rethinking Corporate Social Engagement, 71–2.130. Ibid.131. For example, see Brigitte Hamm and Christian Scheper, Human Rights Impact Assessments for Implementing Corporate Responsibility. Conceptual Challenges and Practical Approaches. INEF Research Paper Series on Human Rights, Corporate Responsibility and Sustainable Development 10/2012. Duisburg: Institute for Development and Peace, University of Duisburg-Essen, 2012).132. Salamon, Rethinking Corporate Social Engagement, 85.133. Business academic (UK), interview with the author, 18 June 2013.134. Mark Nieker, 'Introduction', in Alliances for Youth: What Works in CSR Partnerships, ed. Mark Nieker, Christy Macy and Sheila Kinkade (Baltimore, MD: International Youth Foundation and Nokia, 2006), 9.135. Ibid.136. UN Committee, General Comment No. 16, 4–5.137. UNICEF, Global Compact and Save the Children, How Business Affects Us, 5, 16.138. UN General Assembly, 'Report of the Special Representative of the UN Secretary-General on the Issue of Human Rights and Transnational Corporations and Other Business Enterprises, John Ruggie', 16.139. UNICEF, Global Compact and Save the Children, How Business Affects Us, 5, 16.140. Business actor (China), interview with author, 24 June 2013.141. Collins, quoted in Pearson and Collins, Not There Yet, 60.142. Laura Hartman, Denis Arnold and Sandra Waddock 'Rising above Sweatshops: An Introduction to the Text and to the Issues', in Rising above Sweatshops: Innovative Approaches to Global Labour Challenges, ed. Laura Hartman, Denis Arnold and Richard Wokutch (Westport and London: Praeger, 2003), 11.143. Multinational corporation representative, interview with author, 29 July 2013.144. See examples: Peter Foster, 'Unilever's Most Dangerous Brand', Financial Post, 14 February 2013. http://opinion.financialpost.com/2013/02/14/peter-foster-unilevers-most-dangerous-brand/; and The Economist, 'Doing Well By Doing Good', The Economist, 20 April 2000. http://www.economist.com/node/304119145. Leisinger, in Andrew Crane and Dirk Matten, 'The Elephant in the Room', Global Compact Leaders Global Summit, New York, June 2010, in Crane and Matten blog, Friday, 25 June 2010. http://craneandmatten.blogspot.ca/2010/06/elephant-in-room.html (accessed 17 June 2013).146. Siemens and Grupo Losgrobo, in ibid.147. Paul Polman, CEO Unilever, 'Bata Lecture on Responsible Capitalism', 11 February 2013, York University, Canada. http://www.unilever.com/images/Paul-Polman-Bata-Lecture-on-Responsible-Capitalism-February-2013_tcm13-345845.pdf (accessed 18 November 2013).148. Business actor (China), interview with author, 24 June 2013.149. Ken Block, 'Foreword', in Rising above Sweatshops, ed. Laura Hartman, Denis Arnold and Richard Wokutch (Westport and London: Praeger, 2003), xiv.150. Thanya, Laura and Isabella, all 16 years old, in Collins, 'Business Case for Child Rights-Based Approach' (Toronto, 27 August 2013).151. International academic (USA), interview with the author, 26 March 2013.152. Academic focusing on corporate law, interview with author, 26 March 2013.153. Ibid.154. Emily Gosden, 'BP Warns Gulf Spill Costs Will Exceed $42.4bn as Compensation Costs Rise', The Telegraph, 30 July 2013. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/energy/oilandgas/10210318/BP-warns-Gulf-spill-costs-will-exceed-42.4bn-as-compensation-costs-rise.html (accessed 24 January 2014).155. Academic focusing on corporate law, interview with author, 26 March 2013.156. Multinational corporate auditing officer, interview with author, 22 April 2013.157. See for example, PWC, '
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