The Concept of r- and K-Selection: Evidence from Wild Flowers and Some Theoretical Considerations
1972; University of Chicago Press; Volume: 106; Issue: 947 Linguagem: Inglês
10.1086/282748
ISSN1537-5323
AutoresMadhav Gadgil, Otto T. Solbrig,
Tópico(s)Statistical Methods and Inference
ResumoPrevious articleNext article No AccessThe Concept of r- and K-Selection: Evidence from Wild Flowers and Some Theoretical ConsiderationsMadhav Gadgil, and Otto T. SolbrigMadhav Gadgil, and Otto T. SolbrigPDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by The American Naturalist Volume 106, Number 947Jan. - Feb., 1972 Published for The American Society of Naturalists Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/282748 Views: 54Total views on this site Citations: 338Citations are reported from Crossref Copyright 1972 The University of Chicago.PDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Ting-Shen Han, Zheng-Yan Hu, Zhi-Qiang Du, Quan-Jing Zheng, Jia Liu, Thomas Mitchell-Olds, Yao-Wu Xing Adaptive responses drive the success of polyploid yellowcresses (Rorippa, Brassicaceae) in the Hengduan Mountains, a temperate biodiversity hotspot, Plant Diversity 44, no.55 (Sep 2022): 455–467.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pld.2022.02.002Robert R. Junker, Jörg Albrecht, Marcel Becker, Raya Keuth, Nina Farwig, Matthias Schleuning Towards an animal economics spectrum for ecosystem research, Functional Ecology 12 (Apr 2022).https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2435.14051Haiyan Nie, Jike Liu, Baoyang Chen Life‐history traits and fitness of plateau pika ( Ochotona curzoniae ) in alpine meadow ecosystem, Ecology and Evolution 12, no.11 (Jan 2022).https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.8548Abhishek Singh r-Reproductive Strategy, (May 2022): 6131–6136.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-55065-7_450Sterling A. Herron, Matthew J. Rubin, Matthew A. Albrecht, Quinn G. Long, Marissa C. Sandoval, Allison J. Miller The role of genus and life span in predicting seed and vegetative trait variation and correlation in Lathyrus, Phaseolus , and Vicia, American Journal of Botany 108, no.1212 (Dec 2021): 2388–2404.https://doi.org/10.1002/ajb2.1773Renée Van Buren, Allyson B. Searle, Susan E. Meyer Life‐history strategy and extinction risk in the warm desert perennial spring ephemeral Astragalus holmgreniorum (Fabaceae), Ecology and Evolution 11, no.2222 (Nov 2021): 16188–16213.https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.8301Fangyuan Hu, Mingfang Yang, Xiaomei Chi, Peng Ding, Jiangnan Sun, Huiyan Wang, Yushi Yu, Yaqing Chang, Chong Zhao Segregation in multi-layer culture avoids precocious puberty, improves thermal tolerance and decreases disease transmission in the juvenile sea urchin Strongylocentrotus intermedius: a new approach to longline culture, Aquaculture 543 (Oct 2021): 736956.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2021.736956Kimberley J. Simpson, Rebecca R. L. Atkinson, Emily J. Mockford, Christopher Bennett, Colin P. Osborne, Mark Rees Large seeds provide an intrinsic growth advantage that depends on leaf traits and root allocation, Functional Ecology 35, no.1010 (Jul 2021): 2168–2178.https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2435.13871Alberto Pascual-García, Thomas Bell Community-level signatures of ecological succession in natural bacterial communities, Nature Communications 11, no.11 (May 2020).https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-16011-3Pedro B. Mendes, Lucas D.B. Faria The eco-evolutionary dynamics of a predator-prey system across an r/K continuum, Ecological Modelling 436 (Nov 2020): 109269.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2020.109269Sridhar Halali, Erik Bergen, Casper J. Breuker, Paul M. Brakefield, Oskar Brattström, Kavita Isvaran Seasonal environments drive convergent evolution of a faster pace‐of‐life in tropical butterflies, Ecology Letters 4 (Oct 2020).https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.13626Patryk Czortek, Elżbieta Królak, Lidia Borkowska, Aleksandra Bielecka Impacts of soil properties and functional diversity on the performance of invasive plant species Solidago canadensis L. on post-agricultural wastelands, Science of The Total Environment 729 (Aug 2020): 139077.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139077Alberto Pascual-García, Sebastian Bonhoeffer, Thomas Bell Metabolically cohesive microbial consortia and ecosystem functioning, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 375, no.17981798 (Mar 2020): 20190245.https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0245Quanhui Ma, Xiaodi Liu, Yibo Li, Lang Li, Hongying Yu, Miao Qi, Guangsheng Zhou, Zhenzhu Xu, Susan Schwinning Nitrogen deposition magnifies the sensitivity of desert steppe plant communities to large changes in precipitation, Journal of Ecology 108, no.22 (Sep 2019): 598–610.https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.13264Lily N. N. Mickaill, Stephen A. J. Bell, Chad T. Beranek Dispersal potential in two restricted and five wide-ranging Senecio (Asteraceae) taxa from central eastern New South Wales, Australia, Australian Journal of Botany 68, no.55 (Jan 2020): 333.https://doi.org/10.1071/BT20015Deborah A. Roach, Erin F. Smith, Jean‐Michel Gaillard Life‐history trade‐offs and senescence in plants, Functional Ecology 34, no.11 (Oct 2019): 17–25.https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2435.13461Hanja Pisa, Joachim Hermisson, Jitka Polechová The influence of fluctuating population densities on evolutionary dynamics, Evolution 73, no.77 (Jun 2019): 1341–1355.https://doi.org/10.1111/evo.13756Guang Gao, Qianqian Fu, John Beardall, Min Wu, Juntian Xu Combination of ocean acidification and warming enhances the competitive advantage of Skeletonema costatum over a green tide alga, Ulva linza, Harmful Algae 85 (May 2019): 101698.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2019.101698Matthew J. McLean, David Mouillot, Nicolas Goascoz, Ivan Schlaich, Arnaud Auber Functional reorganization of marine fish nurseries under climate warming, Global Change Biology 25, no.22 (Dec 2018): 660–674.https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14501Abhishek Singh r-Reproductive Strategy, (Aug 2019): 1–6.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-47829-6_450-1M McLean, D Mouillot, A Auber Ecological and life history traits explain a climate-induced shift in a temperate marine fish community, Marine Ecology Progress Series 606 (Nov 2018): 175–186.https://doi.org/10.3354/meps12766Lauren Nash, Janet C. Steven Patterns of resource allocation in fly poison (Amianthium muscaetoxicum), BIOS 89, no.33 (Sep 2018): 113.https://doi.org/10.1893/0005-3155-89.3.113Martino E. Malerba, Maria M. Palacios, Dustin J. Marshall Do larger individuals cope with resource fluctuations better? An artificial selection approach, Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 285, no.18841884 (Aug 2018): 20181347.https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2018.1347Jeong-Hoon Park, Do-Hyung Kim, Sang-Hyoun Kim, Jeong-Jun Yoon, Hee-Deung Park Effect of substrate concentration on the competition between Clostridium and Lactobacillus during biohydrogen production, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 43, no.2525 (Jun 2018): 11460–11469.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2017.08.150Tingting Duan, Xiaofang Deng, Shi Chen, Zhonglai Luo, Zhongtao Zhao, Tieyao Tu, Nguyen Sinh Khang, Sylvain G. Razafimandimbison, Dianxiang Zhang Evolution of sexual systems and growth habit in Mussaenda (Rubiaceae): Insights into the evolutionary pathways of dioecy, Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 123 (Jun 2018): 113–122.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2018.02.015Paul A. Rees , ( 2018): 121.https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-809354-2.00005-1F.R. NÚÑEZ FRÉ, V.F. JUAN, H.M. SAINT ANDRÉ, G.R. CHANTRE Demographic and Phenological Studies on David's Spurge (Euphorbia davidii) in the Central Area of Buenos Aires Province, Argentina, Planta Daninha 36, no.00 (Oct 2018).https://doi.org/10.1590/s0100-83582018360100088M. Botha, S.J. Siebert, J. Van den Berg, S.M. Ellis, N. Dreber Plant functional types differ between the grassland and savanna biomes along an agro-ecosystem disturbance gradient in South Africa, South African Journal of Botany 113 (Nov 2017): 308–317.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2017.09.008Gopalakrishnan Kumar, Jeong-Hoon Park, Periyasamy Sivagurunathan, Sang-Hoon Lee, Hee-Deung Park, Sang-Hyoun Kim Microbial responses to various process disturbances in a continuous hydrogen reactor fed with galactose, Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering 123, no.22 (Feb 2017): 216–222.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiosc.2016.08.006Clara J. Scarry Male resource defence during intergroup aggression among tufted capuchin monkeys, Animal Behaviour 123 (Jan 2017): 169–178.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2016.10.015Joshua J. Reynolds, Sean M. McCrea Life History Theory and Exploitative Strategies, Evolutionary Psychology 14, no.33 (Jul 2016): 147470491665948.https://doi.org/10.1177/1474704916659483Laurence Masson, Jacob W. Brownscombe, Michael G. Fox Fine scale spatio-temporal life history shifts in an invasive species at its expansion front, Biological Invasions 18, no.33 (Jan 2016): 775–792.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-015-1047-4Steven J. Cooke, Alexander D. M. Wilson, Chris K. Elvidge, Robert J. Lennox, Niels Jepsen, Alison H. Colotelo, Richard S. Brown Ten practical realities for institutional animal care and use committees when evaluating protocols dealing with fish in the field, Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries 26, no.11 (Nov 2015): 123–133.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11160-015-9413-yJeong-Hoon Park, Sang-Hoon Lee, Hyun-Jun Ju, Sang-Hyoun Kim, Jeong-Jun Yoon, Hee-Deung Park Failure of biohydrogen production by low levels of substrate and lactic acid accumulation, Renewable Energy 86 (Feb 2016): 889–894.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2015.09.016Pablo Szekely, Yael Korem, Uri Moran, Avi Mayo, Uri Alon, Satoru Miyano The Mass-Longevity Triangle: Pareto Optimality and the Geometry of Life-History Trait Space, PLOS Computational Biology 11, no.1010 (Oct 2015): e1004524.https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1004524Joshua J. Reynolds, Sean M. McCrea Exploitative and Deceptive Resource Acquisition Strategies, Evolutionary Psychology 13, no.33 (Jul 2015): 147470491559366.https://doi.org/10.1177/1474704915593664Xianzhong Wang, Daniel R. Taub, Leanne M. Jablonski Reproductive allocation in plants as affected by elevated carbon dioxide and other environmental changes: a synthesis using meta-analysis and graphical vector analysis, Oecologia 177, no.44 (Dec 2014): 1075–1087.https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-014-3191-4GR Demetrio, FF Coelho, MEA Barbosa Body size and clonality consequences for sexual reproduction in a perennial herb of Brazilian rupestrian grasslands, Brazilian Journal of Biology 74, no.33 (Aug 2014): 744–749.https://doi.org/10.1590/bjb.2014.0070Steinar Engen, Russell Lande, and Bernt-Erik Sæther A Quantitative Genetic Model of r- and K-Selection in a Fluctuating Population., The American Naturalist 181, no.66 (Jul 2015): 725–736.https://doi.org/10.1086/670257Sara Guiti Prado, Steven D. Frank Compact plants reduce biological control of Myzus persicae by Aphidius colemani, Biological Control 65, no.22 (May 2013): 184–189.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2013.03.004P. Minissale, S. Sciandrello A relic wood of Juniperus turbinata Guss. (Cupressaceae) in Sicily: Structural and ecological features, conservation perspectives, Plant Biosystems - An International Journal Dealing with all Aspects of Plant Biology 147, no.11 (Dec 2012): 145–157.https://doi.org/10.1080/11263504.2012.743931Elise S. Gornish Effects of density and fire on the vital rates and population growth of a perennial goldenaster, AoB PLANTS 5 (Nov 2013).https://doi.org/10.1093/aobpla/plt041J. J. Leisner, J. Haaber Intraguild predation provides a selection mechanism for bacterial antagonistic compounds, Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 279, no.17471747 (Sep 2012): 4513–4521.https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2012.1179Per-Arne Amundsen, Erno Salonen, Teuvo Niva, Karl Øystein Gjelland, Kim Præbel, Odd Terje Sandlund, Rune Knudsen, Thomas Bøhn Invader population speeds up life history during colonization, Biological Invasions 14, no.77 (Jan 2012): 1501–1513.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-012-0175-3G. Anthony Verboom, Timothy E. Moore, Vera Hoffmann, Michael D. Cramer The roles of climate and soil nutrients in shaping the life histories of grasses native to the Cape Floristic Region, Plant and Soil 355, no.1-21-2 (Jan 2012): 323–340.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-011-1102-6Lindsay A. Turnbull, Christopher D. Philipson, Drew W. Purves, Rebecca L. Atkinson, Jennifer Cunniff, Anne Goodenough, Yann Hautier, Jennie Houghton, Toby R. Marthews, Colin P. Osborne, Cloé Paul-Victor, Karen E. Rose, Philippe Saner, Samuel H. Taylor, F. Ian Woodward, Andy Hector, Mark Rees Plant growth rates and seed size: a re-evaluation, Ecology 93, no.66 (Jun 2012): 1283–1289.https://doi.org/10.1890/11-0261.1Annett Lipowsky, Christiane Roscher, Jens Schumacher, Bernhard Schmid, Frederick R. Adler Density-Independent Mortality and Increasing Plant Diversity Are Associated with Differentiation of Taraxacum officinale into r- and K-Strategists, PLoS ONE 7, no.11 (Jan 2012): e28121.https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0028121Omri Gillath, Mark J. Landau, Emre Selcuk, Jamie L. Goldenberg Effects of low survivability cues and participant sex on physiological and behavioral responses to sexual stimuli, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 47, no.66 (Nov 2011): 1219–1224.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2011.05.003J. Wang, R. C. Baillie, N. O. I. Cogan, N. M. McFarlane, M. P. Dupal, K. F. Smith, J. W. Forster Molecular genetic marker-based analysis of species-differentiated phenotypic characters in an interspecific ryegrass mapping population, Crop and Pasture Science 62, no.1010 (Jan 2011): 892.https://doi.org/10.1071/CP11199Mauricio Cifuentes, Ina Krueger, Clément P. Dumont, Mark Lenz, Martin Thiel Does primary colonization or community structure determine the succession of fouling communities?, Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 395, no.1-21-2 (Nov 2010): 10–20.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jembe.2010.08.019Olivia J. Burton, Ben L. Phillips, Justin M. J. Travis Trade-offs and the evolution of life-histories during range expansion, Ecology Letters 13, no.1010 (Aug 2010): 1210–1220.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2010.01505.xGuozhen Du, Wei Qi Trade-offs between flowering time, plant height, and seed size within and across 11 communities of a QingHai-Tibetan flora, Plant Ecology 209, no.22 (Apr 2010): 321–333.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11258-010-9763-4Cyd E. Hamilton, Thomas E. Dowling, Stanley H. Faeth Hybridization in Endophyte Symbionts Alters Host Response to Moisture and Nutrient Treatments, Microbial Ecology 59, no.44 (Nov 2009): 768–775.https://doi.org/10.1007/s00248-009-9606-9Hélène Magalon, Thibault Nidelet, Guillaume Martin, Oliver Kaltz HOST GROWTH CONDITIONS INFLUENCE EXPERIMENTAL EVOLUTION OF LIFE HISTORY AND VIRULENCE OF A PARASITE WITH VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL TRANSMISSION, Evolution 13 (Mar 2010).https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.2010.00974.xGuozhen Du, Wei Qi Trade-offs between flowering time, plant height, and seed size within and across 11 communities of a QingHai-Tibetan flora, (Jan 2010): 141–153.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-9993-8_13Craig A. Davis, Joseph R. Bidwell, Karen R. Hickman Effects of hydrological regimes on competitive interactions of Schoenoplectus fluviatilis and two co-occurring wetland plants, Aquatic Botany 91, no.44 (Nov 2009): 267–272.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquabot.2009.07.005Jesse Chambers, Lonnie W. Aarssen Offspring for the next generation: most are produced by small plants within herbaceous populations, Evolutionary Ecology 23, no.55 (Jun 2008): 737–751.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10682-008-9269-xStephen D. Hopper OCBIL theory: towards an integrated understanding of the evolution, ecology and conservation of biodiversity on old, climatically buffered, infertile landscapes, Plant and Soil 322, no.1-21-2 (Jul 2009): 49–86.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-009-0068-0R. Trifonova, V. Babini, J. Postma, J.J.M.H. Ketelaars, J.D. van Elsas Colonization of torrefied grass fibers by plant-beneficial microorganisms, Applied Soil Ecology 41, no.11 (Jan 2009): 98–106.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2008.09.005 Plant strategies, (Sep 2008): 275–291.https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511805530.020 Vegetation dynamics, (Sep 2008): 326–346.https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511805530.023J I MUOGHALU Growth, reproduction and resource allocation of Tithonia diversifolia and Tithonia rotundifolia, Weed Research 48, no.22 (Apr 2008): 157–162.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3180.2007.00613.xShannon Nix-Stohr, Riina Moshe, John Dighton Effects of Propagule Density and Survival Strategies on Establishment and Growth: Further Investigations in the Phylloplane Fungal Model System, Microbial Ecology 55, no.11 (Apr 2007): 38–44.https://doi.org/10.1007/s00248-007-9248-8Weile Wang, Bruce T. Anderson, Dara Entekhabi, Dong Huang, Yin Su, Robert K. Kaufmann, Ranga B. Myneni Intraseasonal Interactions between Temperature and Vegetation over the Boreal Forests, Earth Interactions 11, no.1818 (Jul 2009): 1–30.https://doi.org/10.1175/EI219.1Déborah Closset-Kopp, Olivier Chabrerie, Bertille Valentin, Hermine Delachapelle, Guillaume Decocq When Oskar meets Alice: Does a lack of trade-off in r/K-strategies make Prunus serotina a successful invader of European forests?, Forest Ecology and Management 247, no.1-31-3 (Aug 2007): 120–130.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2007.04.023Aurelio José Figueredo, Geneva Vásquez, Barbara Hagenah Brumbach, Stephanie M. R. Schneider The K-factor, Covitality, and personality, Human Nature 18, no.11 (Mar 2007): 47–73.https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02820846E.J. Sacks, M.P. Dhanapala, M.T. Sta. Cruz, R. Sallan Clonal performance of perennial Oryza sativa/O. rufipogon selections and their combining ability with O. sativa cultivars for survival, stolon production and yield, Field Crops Research 100, no.2-32-3 (Feb 2007): 155–167.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2006.06.003MOHAMMED H. ABU-DIEYEH, ALAN K. WATSON Grass overseeding and a fungus combine to control Taraxacum officinale, Journal of Applied Ecology 44, no.11 (Oct 2006): 115–124.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2664.2006.01247.xS.S. Shaukat, I.A. Siddiqui Comparative population ecology of Senna occidentalis (L.) Link, a monsoon desert annual, in two different habitats, Journal of Arid Environments 68, no.22 (Jan 2007): 223–236.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2006.05.008Chinavenmeni S. Velu, Natesan Munuswamy Scanning electron microscope study of the development of mandibular structure and the molar surface morphology of Branchinella maduraiensis and Streptocephalus dichotomus (Crustacea, Anostraca), Canadian Journal of Zoology 84, no.99 (Sep 2006): 1248–1262.https://doi.org/10.1139/z06-113Denis Vile, Bill Shipley, Eric Garnier A STRUCTURAL EQUATION MODEL TO INTEGRATE CHANGES IN FUNCTIONAL STRATEGIES DURING OLD-FIELD SUCCESSION, Ecology 87, no.22 (Feb 2006): 504–517.https://doi.org/10.1890/05-0822Aurelio José Figueredo, Geneva Vásquez, Barbara Hagenah Brumbach, Jon Adam Sefcek, Beth R. Kirsner, W. Jake Jacobs The K-factor: Individual differences in life history strategy, Personality and Individual Differences 39, no.88 (Dec 2005): 1349–1360.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2005.06.009V. Krištůfek, D. Elhottová, A. Chroňáková, I. Dostálková, T. Picek, J. Kalčík Growth strategy of heterotrophic bacterial population along successional sequence on spoil of brown coal colliery substrate, Folia Microbiologica 50, no.55 (Sep 2005).https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02931425Masahiko KITAHARA, Koichi FUJII Analysis and understanding of butterfly community composition based on multivariate approaches and the concept of generalist/specialist strategies, Entomological Science 8, no.22 (Jun 2005): 137–149.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1479-8298.2005.00109.xL.R. DeHaan, D.L. Van Tassel, T.S. Cox Perennial grain crops: A synthesis of ecology and plant breeding, Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 20, no.11 (Feb 2007): 5–14.https://doi.org/10.1079/RAF200496Michael Fenner, Ken Thompson The Ecology of Seeds, 108 (Dec 2009).https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511614101P. Staffan Karlsson, Marcos Méndez The Resource Economy of Plant Reproduction, (Jan 2005): 1–49.https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-012088386-8/50001-6Laurence D. Mueller, Casandra L. Rauser, Michael R. Rose Population Dynamics, Life History, and Demography: Lessons From Drosophila, (Jan 2005): 77–99.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2504(04)37003-0T. S. Cox, C. Picone, W. Jackson Research Priorities in Natural Systems Agriculture, Journal of Crop Improvement 12, no.1-21-2 (Dec 2004): 511–531.https://doi.org/10.1300/J411v12n01_10Michael A. Rasheed Recovery and succession in a multi-species tropical seagrass meadow following experimental disturbance: the role of sexual and asexual reproduction, Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 310, no.11 (Oct 2004): 13–45.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jembe.2004.03.022Michael A. Abney, Chet F. Rakocinski Life-History Variation in Caribbean gambusia, Gambusia puncticulata puncticulata (Poeciliidae) from the Cayman Islands, British West Indies, Environmental Biology of Fishes 70, no.11 (May 2004): 67–79.https://doi.org/10.1023/B:EBFI.0000022854.58506.8dGordon B. Bonan, Samuel Levis, Stephen Sitch, Mariana Vertenstein, Keith W. Oleson A dynamic global vegetation model for use with climate models: concepts and description of simulated vegetation dynamics, Global Change Biology 9, no.1111 (Oct 2003): 1543–1566.https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00681.xMasahiko Kitahara, Maki Watanabe Diversity and rarity hotspots and conservation of butterfly communities in and around the Aokigahara woodland of Mount Fuji, central Japan, Ecological Research 18, no.55 (Sep 2003): 503–522.https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-1703.2003.00574.xMarcel E. Dorken, Spencer C. H. Barrett LIFE-HISTORY DIFFERENTIATION AND THE MAINTENANCE OF MONOECY AND DIOECY IN SAGITTARIA LATIFOLIA (ALISMATACEAE), Evolution 57, no.99 (Sep 2003): 1973–1988.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0014-3820.2003.tb00378.xS. Shahid Shaukat ., Imran Ali Siddiqui ., Zarina Ali ., Maria Hamid . Competitive Interactions Between the Perennial Shrub Ziziphus ummularia and an Annual Herb Rhynchosia minima, Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences 6, no.99 (Sep 2003): 854–859.https://doi.org/10.3923/pjbs.2003.854.859Paweł Olejniczak Optimal allocation to vegetative and sexual reproduction in plants: the effect of ramet density, Evolutionary Ecology 17, no.33 (May 2003): 265–275.https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1025572713483Peter W. Price Macroevolutionary Theory on Macroecological Patterns, 1956 (Dec 2009).https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511615030M.F. Braby Life history strategies and habitat templets of tropical butterflies in north-eastern Australia, Evolutionary Ecology 16, no.44 (Jul 2002): 399–413.https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1020226426031Gordon B. Bonan, Samuel Levis, Laurent Kergoat, Keith W. Oleson Landscapes as patches of plant functional types: An integrating concept for climate and ecosystem models, Global Biogeochemical Cycles 16, no.22 (May 2002): 5-1–5-23.https://doi.org/10.1029/2000GB001360 References, (Jan 2002): 490–587.https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-012652840-4/50019-XRosilda de M. Queiroz, Gothardo Marcon, Clodoaldo J. da Anunciação Filho, Valderez P. Matos, Roberta de A. Cisneiros, , , , , Estratégias adaptativas de populações de Stylosanthes scabra provenientes de três regiões ecogeográficas de Pernambuco, Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental 5, no.22 (May 2001): 320–325.https://doi.org/10.1590/S1415-43662001000200024S. E. Meyer, S. L. Carlson Achene mass variation in Ericameria nauseosus (Asteraceae) in relation to dispersal ability and seedling fitness, Functional Ecology 15, no.22 (Sep 2008): 274–281.https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2435.2001.00520.xStephen Welter Contrasting Plant Responses to Herbivory in Wild and Domesticated Habitats, (Jan 2010).https://doi.org/10.1201/9781420040753.ch10J. Forrest Meekins, Brian C. McCarthy Responses of the biennial forest herb Alliaria petiolata to variation in population density, nutrient addition and light availability, Journal of Ecology 88, no.33 (Jun 2000): 447–463.https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2745.2000.00461.xA. F. S. Taylor, F. Martin, D. J. Read Fungal Diversity in Ectomycorrhizal Communities of Norway Spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] and Beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) Along North-South Transects in Europe, (Jan 2000): 343–365.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-57219-7_16Michael Kleyer Distribution of plant functional types along gradients of disturbance intensity and resource supply in an agricultural landscape, Journal of Vegetation Science 10, no.55 (Feb 2009): 697–708.https://doi.org/10.2307/3237084Shea N. Gardner, Marc Mangel MODELING INVESTMENTS IN SEEDS, CLONAL OFFSPRING, AND TRANSLOCATION IN A CLONAL PLANT, Ecology 80, no.44 (Jun 1999): 1202–1220.https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(1999)080[1202:MIISCO]2.0.CO;2Edward G. Reekie Resource Allocation, Trade-Offs, and Reproductive Effort in Plants, (Jan 1999): 173–193.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-9460-3_5Amitabh Joshi, Wan-Pin Wu, Laurence D. Mueller Density-dependent natural selection in Drosophila: Adaptation to adult crowding, Evolutionary Ecology 12, no.33 (Mar 1998): 363–376.https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006508418493Miguel A. Rodríguez, Valerie K. Brown Plant competition and slug herbivory: Effects on the yield and biomass allocation pattern of Poa annua L, Acta Oecologica 19, no.11 (Jan 1998): 37–46.https://doi.org/10.1016/S1146-609X(98)80006-4Laurence D. Mueller Theoretical and Empirical Examination of Density-Dependent Selection, Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 28, no.11 (Nov 1997): 269–288.https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.28.1.269LEE ELLIS, ANTHONY WALSH GENE-BASED EVOLUTIONARY THEORIES IN CRIMINOLOGY *, Criminology 35, no.22 (May 1997): 229–276.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.1997.tb00876.xYoshinari Tanaka DENSITY-DEPENDENT SELECTION ON CONTINUOUS CHARACTERS: A QUANTITATIVE GENETIC MODEL, Evolution 50, no.55 (May 2017): 1775–1785.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.1996.tb03564.xM. H. Barrat-Segretain Strategies of reproduction, dispersion, and competition in river plants: A review, Vegetatio 123, no.11 (Mar 1996): 13–37.https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00044885E. T. F. Witkowski, Byron B. Lamont Disproportionate allocation of mineral nutrients and carbon between vegetative and reproductive structures in Banksia hookeriana, Oecologia 105, no.11 (Jan 1996): 38–42.https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00328789F. PEREZ-GARCIA, J.M. IRIONDO, J.B. MARTINEZ-LABORDE Germination behaviour in seeds of Diplotaxis erucoides and D. virgata, Weed Research 35, no.66 (Dec 1995): 495–502.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3180.1995.tb01647.xHiroshi Kudoh, Yoshio Ishiguri, Shoichi Kawano Phenotypic plasticity in Cardamine flexuosa: variation among populations in plastic response to chilling treatments and photoperiods, Oecologia 103, no.22 (Jan 1995): 148–156.https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00329074Terry A. Hedderson, Royce E. Longton Patterns of life history variation in the Funariales, Polytrichales and Pottiales, Journal of Bryology 18, no.44 (Jul 2013): 639–675.https://doi.org/10.1179/jbr.1995.18.4.639Masahiko Kitahara, Koichi Fujii Biodiversity and community structure of temperate butterfly species within a gradient of human disturbance: An analysis based on the concept of generalist vs. Specialist strategies, Researches on Population Ecology 36, no.22 (Dec 1994): 187–199.https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02514935Peter Convey Modelling reproductive effort in sub-and maritime Antarctic mosses, Oecologia 100-100, no.1-21-2 (Nov 1994): 45–53.https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00317129O. T. Solbrig Plant Traits and Adaptive Strategies: Their Role in Ecosystem Function, (Jan 1994): 97–116.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-58001-7_5Frank K. Mckinney Carboniferous biogeography of the bryozoan Archimedes in North America, Historical Biology 7, no.11 (Jul 1993): 71–90.https://doi.org/10.1080/10292389309380444B. Eriksen, U. Molau, M. Svensson Reproductive strategies in two arctic Pedicularis species (Scrophulariaceae), Ecography 16, no.22 (Apr 1993): 154–166.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0587.1993.tb00067.xT. Herben, F. Krahulec, V. Hadincová, M. Kováf ova Small-scale spatial dynamics of plant species in a grassland community over six years, Journal of Vegetation Science 4, no.22 (Apr 1993): 171–178.https://doi.org/10.2307/3236102Wolfgang Schmidt, Martina Briibach Plant distribution patterns during early succession on an artificial protosoil, Journal of Vegetation Science 4, no.22 (Apr 1993): 247–254.https://doi.org/10.2307/3236111James B. Grace The adaptive significance of clonal reproduction in angiosperms: an aquatic perspective, Aquatic Botany 44, no.2-32-3 (Jan 1993): 159–180.https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3770(93)90070-DMatthias Hilligardt Durchsetzungs- und Reproduktionsstrategien bei Trifolium pallescens Schreb. und Trifolium thalii Vill., Flora 188 (Jan 1993): 175–195.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0367-2530(17)32263-6Pierre Meerts An experimental investigation of life history and plasticity in two cytotypes of Polygonum aviculare L. subsp. aviculare that coexist in an abandoned arable field, Oecologia 92, no.33 (Dec 1992): 442–449.https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00317471Thomas F. Hansen Evolution of stability parameters in single-species population models: Stability or chaos?, Theoretical Population Biology 42, no.22 (Oct 1992): 199–217.https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-5809(92)90012-IClaus Holzapfel, Wolfgang Schmidt, Avishai Shmida Effects of Human-Caused Disturbances on the Flora along a Mediterranean-Desert Gradient, Flora 186, no.3-43-4 (Apr 1992): 261–270.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0367-2530(17)30544-3John P. Phelan Genetic variability and rodent models of human aging, Experimental Gerontology 27, no.22 (Jan 1992): 147–159.https://doi.org
Referência(s)