The authority and charter usage of female rulers in medieval Silesia, c .1200– c .1330
2014; Taylor & Francis; Volume: 40; Issue: 1 Linguagem: Inglês
10.1080/03044181.2013.869246
ISSN1873-1279
Autores Tópico(s)Historical and Cultural Studies of Poland
ResumoAbstractAlthough the authority enjoyed by noblewomen and female rulers in medieval Europe varied considerably according to time and place, a constant factor was that, among women, widows had the broadest latitude to act independently. The social acceptance of noblewomen's authority and leading role is well documented in charters, which reveal their influence and legal agency in several contexts – as witnesses, consent givers, seal owners and issuers of their own documents. This paper examines the evidence for the legal and social position and power of widowed female rulers in thirteenth- and early fourteenth-century Silesia. It argues that, while the parameters of charter production by Silesian duchesses did not change significantly during this period, the acceptance of the value of documents issued by widowed duchesses evolved considerably in favour of a growing authority.Keywords: diplomaticcharter productionwomennoble widowsliteracyEast Central EuropeSilesia AcknowledgementsI would like to thank Professor Cynthia J. Neville of Dalhousie University for comments on a draft of this article, as well as the two anonymous readers for their detailed reports and useful suggestions.Notes1 The following abbreviations are used in this paper: APW: Wrocław, Archiwum Państwowe we Wrocławiu [The State Archive]; RSG, 1301–1315: C. Grünhagen and C. Wutke, eds., Regesten zur schlesischen Geschichte. 1301–1315. Codex Diplomaticus Silesiae 16 (Breslau: J. Max & Komp., 1892); RSG, 1316–1326: C. Grünhagen and K. Wutke, eds., Regesten zur schlesischen Geschichte. 1316–1326. Codex diplomaticus Silesiae 18 (Breslau: E. Morgenstern, 1898); SUb I: Heinrich Appelt, ed., Schlesisches Urkundenbuch. Erster Band. 2. Lieferung. 1217–1239. Historische Kommission für Schlesien (Vienna: Böhlau, 1968); SUb II: Winfried Irgang, ed., Schlesisches Urkundenbuch. Zweiter Band. 1231–1250. Historische Kommission für Schlesien (Vienna: Böhlau, 1978); SUb III: Winfried Irgang, ed., Schlesisches Urkundenbuch. Dritter Band. 1251–1266. Historische Kommission für Schlesien (Vienna: Böhlau, 1984); SUb IV: Winfried Irgang, ed., Schlesisches Urkundenbuch. Vierter Band. 1267–1281. Historische Kommission für Schlesien (Vienna: Böhlau, 1988); SUb VI: Winfried Irgang, with Daphne Schadewaldt, eds., Schlesisches Urkundenbuch. Sechster Band. 1291–1300. Historische Kommission für Schlesien (Cologne: Böhlau, 1998).'Ego Viola dei gratia ducissa de Opol cum meis Mescone et Vlodizlao pueris': SUb I, 234, no. 319.2 Edith Ennen, Frauen im Mittelalter. 3rd edn. (Munich: C.H. Beck, 1987), 132–3; Brigitte Janz, 'Frauen und Recht im Sachsenspiegel', in Der Sassen Speyghel. Sachsenspiegel, Recht, Alltag, eds. Egbert Koolman, Ewald Gässler and Friedrich Scheele. Veröffentlichungen des Stadtmuseums Oldenburg 21. Schriften der Landesbibliothek Oldenburg 29 (Oldenburg: Isensee, 1995), 122–5; Kathryn Reyerson and Thomas Kuehn, 'Women and Law in France and Italy', in Women in Medieval Western European Culture, ed. Linda E. Mitchell. Garland Reference Library of the Humanities 2007 (New York and London: Garland, 1999), 132.3 Bettina Elpers, 'Sola sedens domina gentium, principissa provinciarum. Die Beteiligung der Ludowingerinnen an der Landesherrschaft', Hessisches Jahrbuch für Landesgeschichte 46 (1996), 79–113 (103–10); Margaret Wade Labarge, A Small Sound of the Trumpet. Women in Medieval Life (Boston: Beacon Press, 1986), 72; Jennifer Ward, Women in Medieval Europe, 1200–1500 (London: Hambledon Continuum, 2002), 125–32; Christine Owens, 'Noblewomen and Political Activity', in Women, ed. Mitchell, 215.4 Labarge, A Small Sound, 72; Reyerson and Kuehn, 'Women', 134; Ward, Women, 126–7.5 Ward, Women, 128–9.6 Władysław Sobociński, 'Historia rządów opiekuńczych w Polsce', Czasopismo Prawno-Historyczne 2 (1949): 227–353; Jolanta Malinowska, 'Wizerunek kobiety w kronice Mistrza Wincentego', Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Historica 64 (1999): 263–98.7 Sobociński, 'Historia rządów', 264–5.8 Sandy Bardsley, Women's Roles in the Middle Ages (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 2007), 197–202; Judith M. Bennett, 'England: Women and Gender', in A Companion to Britain in the Later Middle Ages, ed. S.H. Rigby (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2003), 91; Labarge, A Small Sound, 72–4; Ward, Women, 125–32; Mary Erler and Maryanne Kowaleski, 'Introduction', in Women and Power in the Middle Ages, eds. Mary Erler and Maryanne Kowaleski (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1988), 2.9 G.W.S. Barrow, 'Witnesses and the Attestation of Formal Documents in Scotland, twelfth–thirteenth Centuries', Journal of Legal History 16 (1995): 108; Cynthia J. Neville, 'Women, Charters and Land Ownership in Scotland, 1150–1350', Journal of Legal History 26 (2005): 42–3.10 Examples from Hesse in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries in Elpers, 'Sola', 79–113.11 Gabrielle Schlütter-Schindler, 'Wittelsbacherinnen. Die weltlichen unverheirateten und die geistlichen Töchter im 13. und 14. Jahrhundert', Zeitschrift für Bayerische Landesgeschichte 65 (2002): 373–84.12 Elpers, 'Sola', 91–6; Eva Labouvie, 'Zwischen Geschlechtsvormundschaft und eingeschränkter Rechtsfähigkeit. Frauen im Magdeburger Recht', in Grundlagen für ein neues Europa. Das Magdeburger und Lübecker Recht in Spätmittelalter und früher Neuzeit, eds. Heiner Lück, Matthias Puhle and Andreas Ranft. Quellen und Forschungen zur Geschichte Sachsen-Anhalts 6 (Cologne: Böhlau, 2009), 130–4. On dowry and dower in the Mirror of the Saxons, see Labouvie, 'Zwischen', 125–30.13 Labarge, A Small Sound, 72; Janet S. Loengard, 'Common Law for Margery. Separate But Not Equal', in Women, ed. Mitchell, 121; Ward, Women, 116.14 Labarge, A Small Sound, 72; Amy Livingstone, 'Powerful Allies and Dangerous Adversaries. Noblewomen in Medieval Society', in Women, ed. Mitchell, 14.15 Neville, 'Women', 35–8.16 On medieval Silesia, see Peter Moraw, 'Das Mittelalter (bis 1469)', in Schlesien, ed. Norbert Conrads. Deutsche Geschichte im Osten Europas (Berlin: Siedler, 1994), 37–176; Marek L. Wójcik, 'Dolny Śląsk w latach 1138–1326', in Dolny Śląsk. Monografia historyczna, ed. Wojciech Wrzesiński. Acta Universitatis Wratislaviensis 2880 (Wrocław: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego, 2006), 55–141; Rośćisław Żerelik, 'Dzieje Śląska do 1526 roku', in Historia Śląska, ed. Marek Czapliński. Acta Universitatis Wratislaviensis 3008 (Wrocław: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego, 2007), 18–120.17 The Silesian charters covering the period to 1300 have been published in the six volumes of the Schlesisches Urkundenbuch. For the early fourteenth century, the charters considered here are those at the Lower Silesian State Archives (Archiwum Państwowe), with the main office in Wrocław and branches in Legnica and Jelena Góra. On ducal chanceries in Silesia, see Winfried Irgang, 'Zum fürstlichen Kanzlei- und Urkundenwesen im ducatus Slesie bis zum Ausgang des 13. Jahrhunderts', in idem, Schlesien im Mittelalter. Siedlung – Kirche – Urkunden. Ausgewählte Aufsätze, eds. Norbert Kersken and Jürgen Warmbrunn. Materialien und Studien zur Ostmitteleuropa-Forschung 17 (Marburg: Herder-Institut, 2007) (article first publisehd in 2004), 495–505; idem, 'Urkundenforschung', in Historische Schlesienforschung. Methoden, Themen und Perspektiven zwischen traditioneller Landesgeschichtsschreibung und moderner Kulturwissenschaft, ed. Joachim Bahlcke. Neue Forschungen zur schlesischen Geschichte 11 (Cologne: Böhlau, 2005), 53–67; Tomasz Jurek, 'Stanowisko dokumentu w średniowiecznej Polsce', Studia Źródłoznawcze 40 (2002): 1–18. On the spread of charter usage in Poland, see Anna Adamska, '"From Memory to Written Record" in the Periphery of Medieval Latinitas: the Case of Poland in the Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries', in Charters and the Use of the Written Word in Medieval Society, ed. Karl Heidecker. Utrecht Studies in Medieval Literacy 5 (Turnhout: Brepols, 2000), 83–100; Tomasz Jurek, 'Die Rechtskraft von Urkunden im mittelalterlichen Polen', in The Development of Literate Mentalities in East Central Europe, eds. Anna Adamska and Marco Mostert. Utrecht Studies in Medieval Literacy 9 (Turnhout: Brepols, 2004), 59–91; Krzysztof Skupieński, 'Notariusze i notariat w średniowiecznej Polsce', in Kultura piśmienna średniowiecza i czasów nowożytnych. Problemy i konteksty badawcze. Written Culture of the Middle Ages and of Modern Times. The Research Problems and Contexts, eds. Piotr Dymmel and Barbara Trelińska. Res historica 3 (Lublin: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej, 1998), 165–81. On the introduction of charter usage in East Central Europe, see Anna Adamska, 'The Introduction of Writing in Central Europe (Poland, Hungary and Bohemia)', in New Approaches to Medieval Communication, ed. Marco Mostert. Utrecht Studies in Medieval Literacy 1 (Turnhout: Brepols, 1999), 165–90.18 Irgang, 'Zum fürstlichen Kanzlei- und Urkundenwesen', 498.19 SUb VI.20 Roman Stelmach, ed., Katalog dokumentów przechowywanych w archiwach państwowych Dolnego Śląska, vol. 2, 1301–1327 (Wrocław: Archiwum Państwowe we Wrocławiu, 1991).21 Adamska, '"From Memory … "', 91.22 Irgang, 'Zum fürstlichen Kanzlei- und Urkundenwesen', 501–2; Jurek, 'Die Rechtskraft', 69–70.23 Leo Rzyszczewski and Antoni Muczowski, eds., Codex diplomaticus Poloniae, vol. 1 (Warsaw: Stanisław Strąbski, 1847), 84–6, no. 49. See Jurek, 'Die Rechtskraft', 65; Stanisław Kętrzyński, Zarys nauki o dokumencie polskim wieków średnich, vol. 1 (Warsaw: Kasa im. Mianowskiego, 1934), 145–6.24 Rościsław Żerelik, 'Zmiany w śląskiej kulturze rękopiśmiennej w XIII wieku', in Kultura średniowiecznego Śląska i Czech. 'Rewolucja' XIII wieku, ed. Krzysztof Wachowski. Kultura średniowiecznego Śląska i Czech. Międzynarodowe sympozjum 3 (Wrocław: Uniwersytet Wrocławski, Centrum Badań Śląskoznawczych i Bohemistycznych, 1998), 51–7.25 Jarosław of Opole (d. 1201) was at the same time bishop and duke of Opole. Conrad I of Głogów (d. 1273) almost became bishop of Passau, but opted for a lay career instead. Conrad II Hunchback (d. 1304) was expected to follow a career in the church hierarchy but did not finish studying at university and became duke of Ścinawa. Bolesław (d. 1328), son of Casimir of Bytom (d. 1312), was both bishop of Esztergom and duke of Toszek. John the Scholastic (d. 1372) gave up a career in the church and became duke of Oświęcim, even though he retained some income from the cathedral school in Kraków. See Tomasz Sadowski, Książęta opolscy i ich państwo (Wrocław: Rzeka, 2001), 16–17; Andrzej Jureczko, Henryk III Biały książę wrocławski (1247–1266) (Kraków: Avalon, 2007), 47–70; Kazimierz Jasiński, Rodowód Piastów śląskich. Piastowie wrocławscy, legnicko-brzescy, świdniccy, ziębiccy, głogowscy, żagańscy, oleśniccy, opolscy, cieszyńscy i oświęcimscy (Kraków: Avalon, 2007; first published in 1973), 526–7, 600–4; Jerzy Sperka, 'Henryk I (III)', in Piastowie. Leksykon biograficzny, eds. Stanisław Szczur and Krzysztof Ożóg (Kraków: Wydawnictwo Literackie, 1999), 617–18; Jerzy Rajman, 'Jan I Scholastyk', in Piastowie, eds. Szczur and Ożóg, 785–6. Master Nicholas, chancellor of Bolesław II the Bald of Legnica (d. 1278), taught the duke's sons. The three sons of Conrad I of Głogów received a basic training at the collegiate church through his chancellor, Nicholas. Dominic, Casimir of Bytom's notary and probably chancellor of his son Bolesław of Toszek, taught Casimir's sons. See Winfried Irgang, 'Einleitung', in SUb IV, xvii; Irgang, 'Einleitung', in SUb VI, xix; Tomasz Jurek, Dziedzic królestwa polskiego książę głogowski Henryk (1274–1309) (Kraków: Wydawnictwo Avalon, 2010), 18. Henry IV Probus of Wrocław was a patron of poets and probably a poet himself. See Anna Waśko, 'Henryk IV Prawy (Probus)', in Piastowie, eds. Szczur and Ożóg, 431.26 Edward Potkowski, 'Kobiety a książka w średniowieczu – wybrane problemy', Kwartalnik Historyczny 105, no. 3 (1998): 4–18; Krzysztof Ratajczak, 'Świeckie akcenty w dworskiej edukacji córek polskich królów i książąt z rodu Piastów', in Cognitioni gestorum. Studia z dziejów średniowiecza dedykowane Profesorowi Jerzemu Strzelczykowi, eds. Dariusz Andrzej Sikorski and Andrzej Marek Wyrwa (Poznań: DiG, 2006), 348–50.27 For the features of charter production in Poland, see Kętrzyński, Zarys, 271–400. It is generally assumed that the issuer had to consent to the preparation and execution of a charter. However, the degree to which this responsibility may have been delegated to a chancellor might vary greatly. See Olivier Guyotjeannin, Jacques Pycke and Benoît-Michel Tock, Diplomatique médiévale. L'Atelier du médiéviste 2 (Turnhout: Brepols, 1993), 227–8. During the earliest phase of charter production in Poland, most documents were produced by the recipient and the role of the issuer, apart from agreeing to have his seal attached, must have been minimal. The issuer seems to have played a more active role when documents were produced by members of his own chancery; Kętrzyński lists a few examples of ducal charters where the personal wish of the duke is expressed. The personal role of the duke seems, however, to have gradually declined as the chanceries became more complex organisations. An indication of this may lie in the phrase 'presentem paginam conscribi fecimus', which, while common in the early thirteenth century, becomes rare in the fourteenth century. See Kętrzyński, Zarys, 271–2.28 Sławomir Gawlas, O kształt zjednoczonego królestwa. Niemieckie władztwo terytorialne a geneza społeczno-ustrowej odrębności Polski. Res Humanae. Studia 1 (Warsaw: DiG, 2000, first published in 1996); Gawlas, 'Piastowie śląscy jako pionerzy modernizacji', in Piastowie śląscy w kulturze i europejskich dziejach, ed. Antoni Barciak (Katowice: Societas Scientiis Favendis Silesiae Superioris, 2007), 37–49; Wojciech Iwańczak, 'Höfische Kultur und ritterliche Lebensformen in Polen vor dem Hintergrund der europäischen Entwicklung', in Das Reich und Polen. Parallelen, Interaktionen und Formen der Akkulturation im hohen und späten Mittelalter, ed. Thomas Wünsch, in co-operation with Alexander Patschovsky. Vorträge und Forschungen 69 (Ostfildern: Thorbecke, 2003), 277–300.29 Her Bulgarian origin is only attested in the fifteenth-century work of Jan Długosz. According to Władysław Dziewuski, however, this information is plausible. The duchy of Opole was close to Hungary and a daughter of the Hungarian King Andrew II had married the Bulgarian czar. See Władysław Dziewulski, 'Bułgarka księżną opolską', Śląski Kwartalnik Historyczny Sobótka 24 (1969): 159–70.30 German: Oppeln.31 Jasiński, Rodowód, 501–2.32 'Cum tutelam et gubernationem filiorum dilecti fratris nostri ducis Casimiri, Mesconis scilicet et Wlodislavi, gerentes essemus': SUb II, 52, no. 80.33 Tomasz Sadowski, Książęta opolscy i ich państwo (Wrocław: Rzeka, 2001), 39–44, 50; Kazimierz Popiołek, Śląskie dzieje (Warsaw: Panstwowe wydawnictwo naukowe, 1976), 30–1.34 Dziewulski, 'Bułgarka', 172–4. Rajman believes, however, that Dziewułski exaggerated the tension between Viola and Henry the Bearded. See Jerzy Rajman, 'Mieszko II Otyły książę opolsko-raciborski (1239–1246)', Kwartalnik Historyczny 100, no. 3 (1993): 19–37.35 SUb II, 33–4, no. 50.36 German: Breslau.37 SUb II, 34, no. 52.38 Sadowski, Książęta, 50–2; Benedykt Zientara, Henryk Brodaty i jego czasy (Warsaw: Trio, 1997), 314–15.39 SUb I, 234–5, no. 319.40 For this practice, see Marian Gumowski, 'Pieczęcie śląskie do końca XIV wieku', in Historja Śląska od najdawniejszych czasów do roku 1400, vol. 3, ed. Władysław Semkowicz (Kraków: Nakład Polskiej Akademji Umieje̜tności, 1936), 249–50.41 See the editor's note: SUb I, 234, no. 319. Marek L. Wójcik, Dokumenty i kancelarie książąt opolsko-raciborskich do początków XIV wieku. Acta Universitatis Wratislaviensis 2170. Historia 139 (Wrocław: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego, 1999), 57.42 The witnesses are named as 'dux Heinricus et filius suus Heinricus et pronepos suus Boleslaus, dux Bohemiae Boleslaus, ducissa de Oppol cum filio suo Mesechone, Naslaus archidiaconus, comes Conradus de Croscecz, comes Sbroslaus de Oppol et gener suus Lassota'. SUb II, 1, no. 1.43 SUb II, 51–2, no. 80.44 German: Czarnowanz.45 Dziewulski, 'Bułgarka', 173.46 SUb II, 106–7, no. 166. The text is only known from a sixteenth-century copy.47 Dziewulski, 'Bułgarka', 176.48 SUb II, 72, no. 105.49 Wójcik, Dokumenty, 55–6.50 SUb II, 100–1, no. 156. The text is only known from an eighteenth-century copy.51 Wójcik, Dokumenty, 57–60.52 SUb II, 146–7, no. 243.53 Wójcik, Dokumenty, 55–6.54 Description in Gumowski, 'Pieczęcie śląskie', 433, no. 79, and the reproduction, plate 115.55 Prior to Viola, only Władysław Herman (d. 1102) is known to have used one. See Zenon Piech, Ikonografia pieczęci Piastów (Kraków: Universitas, 1993), 69.56 Gumowski, 'Pieczęcie śląskie', 296.57 SUb II, 101–2, no. 158.58 It is unclear if Ruda and Kalisz were given to Viola and her son by Henry the Bearded or by Henry II shortly after his father's death. See Dziewulski, 'Bułgarka', 174–7.59 August Bielowski, ed., Rocznik Górnoszląski, in Monumenta Poloniae Historica/Pomniki dziejowe Polski, vol. 3 (Lwów/Lviv, 1878), 715, a. 1251. See Wilhelm Wattenbach, 'Necrolog des Klosters Czarnowanz', Zeitschrift des Vereins für die Geschichte Schlesiens 1, no. 1 (1855): 228; Dziewulsi, 'Bułgarka', 181–2.60 SUb II, 51–3, no. 80; 72, no. 105.61 SUb II, 72, no. 10562 See Heinrich Appelt, 'Berthold IV., Graf von Andechs, Herzog von Kroatien, Dalmatien und Meranien', in Neue deutsche Biographie (Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, 1953–, in progress), 2: 151–2; Leopold Auer, 'Andechs', in Lexikon des Mittelalters, 10 vols. (Munich: Artemis, 1977–99), 1: 593–4.63 Jasiński, Rodowód, 89–90.64 For Hedwig, see Ewald Walter, Studien zum Leben der heiligen Hedwig, Herzogin von Schlesien (Stuttgart: Theiss, 1972); Halina Manikowska, 'Legenda sw. Jadwigi – obieg i transformacja', in Kultura elitarna a kultura masowa w Polsce późnego średniowiecza, ed. Bronisław Geremek (Wrocław: Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich, 1978), 155–71; Joseph Gottschalk, St. Hedwig, Herzogin von Schlesien. Forschungen und Quellen zur Kirchen- und Kulturgeschichte Ostdeutschlands 2 (Cologne: Böhlau, 1964); Sabine Seelbach, 'Translatio sanctitatis. Die heilige Hedwig als Integrationsfigur deutscher Adelsdynastien im Spätmittelalter. Habsburg – Oettingen – Henneberg', Jahrbuch der Schlesischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität zu Breslau 49 (2008): 11–31; Alois Schütz, Hedwig von Andechs. Eine deutsch-polnische Heilige (Munich: Haus der Bayerischen Geschichte, 1992).65 'Dux Polonię Wladizlauus, dux Zlezie Henricus, Conradus Henrici filius et Henricus eiusdem Henrici iunior filius, Lypoltus Sbyzlauę filius, Sbyzlaua, Lucia uxor Wladizlaui, Eduiga uxor Henrici, archiepiscopus Henricus, Arnoldus Poznaniensis episcopus, Laurentius Zlezię episcopus, Laurentius Lubusensis episcopus, Gunterus abbas de Lubes, Vincentius cancelarius Wlad[izlaui], Sandiuoy frater eius, Ian Iancouich, Potrek Cesslauich, Stephanus de Legnich castellanus, Chanstobor, Stephanus Andreyouich, Gebardus de Glagou castellanus, Iuan Sechezlauich, Boguzlau Iuanouich, Dyrzicray tribunus de Kalis': SUb I, 85–6, no. 116; the same witness list appears in SUb I, 86–7, no. 117. See Gottschalk, St. Hedwig, 6–7.66 German: Trebnitz.67 German: Leubus.68 SUb I, 117–18, no. 164; Gottschalk, St. Hedwig, 7.69 Gumowski, 'Pieczęcie śląskie', 295; description, 433, no. 78; reproduction, plate 115.70 SUb I, 210–11, no. 287.71 German: Lähn.72 Gottschalk, St. Hedwig, 7–8; Heinrich Appelt, 'Zur Siedlungsgeschichte der Kastellanei Lähn', Zeitschrift des Vereins für Geschichte und Alterthum Schlesiens 73 (1939): 9.73 SUb II, 141–2, no. 234.74 Gottschalk, St. Hedwig, 8; Maciej Michalski, 'Women and Power in the Thirteenth Century Poland. The Authority of Sainthood', in Geschlechterrollen in der Geschichte aus polnischer und deutscher Sicht, ed. Karl H. Schneider (Münster: Lit, 2004), 147–57.75 Gottschalk, St. Hedwig, 8.76 Marek L. Wójcik, 'Problem prowenencji kancelaryjnej dokumentu księżnej Jadwigi dla cysterek trzebnickich z datą 24 VIII 1242', in Księga Jadwiżańska. Międzynarodowe Sympozjum Naukowe 'Święa Jadwiga w dziejach i kulturze Śląska', Wrocław-Trzebnica, 21–23 września 1993 roku, eds. Michał Kaczmarek and Marek L. Wójcik (Wrocław: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego, 1995), 223–31.77 Maciej Michalski, Kobiety i świętość w żywotach trzynastowiecznych księżnych polskich (Poznań: Wydawnictwo Poznańskie, 2004), 61–8.78 See Josef Žemlička, Přemysl Otakar I. Panovník, stát a česká společnost na prahu vrcholného feudalismu (Prague: Svoboda, 1990).79 Jasiński, Rodowód, 104–6.80 SUb II, 139, no. 230.81 She is depicted on her seal with garments resembling those usual for German aristocratic women. See Gumowski, 'Pieczęcie śląskie', 295–6.82 SUb II, 144, no. 239.83 German: Striegau.84 See the editor's note.85 SUb III, 116, no. 163. The text is known from a fourteenth-century copy.86 SUb III, 152–3, no. 228. A year earlier, Anna had received a papal bull requiring the bishops of Wrocław and Lebus to support her plan to build this convent. See SUb III, 131–2, no. 193.87 SUb III, 50–1, no 60. According to Irgang the scribe belonged to the recipient's chancery, but the formulation displays traces of the influence of the ducal chancery.88 SUb II, 150–1, no. 252. The charter is probably a product of the recipient.89 SUb II, 246–7, no. 389. The charter is probably a product of the recipient.90 SUb III, 154–5, no. 230. It is unclear where the charter was produced.91 'Matre nostra, domina Iutta iuniore ducissa Slesie, domino Cunzone notario, magistro Gozuino, comite Iaxa, Desprino, Iohanne Ossina et aliis multis': SUb III, 36, no. 36; 'matre nostra, domino W[ilhelmo] Lubucensi episcopo, fratre Herbordo, fratre Iacobo Polono, canonicis Wratislauiensibus domino Ecardo, domino Leonardo': SUb III, 38, no. 40; 'mater nostra senior ducissa, similiter et iunior ducissa domina Iutta, comes Mrotsco, Iohannes de Werbina, Sbelut, Cunradus Sueuus, Desprinus, Olricus, Paulus Slupouitz et alii plures': SUb III, 44–5, no. 51; 'reveranda mater nostra Anna senior Slesie ducissa, uxor nostra Iutha iunior ducissa, venerabilis pater noster dominus Thomas episcopus Wratislauiensis, Mrozcho, Gebhardus, Spilud, Iohannes de Wirbna, Cunradus Sweuus, Vlricus, Ianusius et frater eius Predezlauus, Ianusius Mensiz, Dezco, Vogen venator, Petrus marscalcus et alii quam plures': SUb III, 46–7, no. 55; 'illustris domina mater nostra senior ducissa Slesie, comes Jacza, castellanus Wrat[islaviensis], comes Joannes de Wirbna castellanus de Teschel, Conradus pincerna, Boguslaus Jaworii filius, Olricus dapifer, Petrus filius Iliconis, Berwicus advocatus de Legnitz, dominus Valentinus notarius curie, magister Waltherus curie scriptor, camerarii domini Stanislaus, Laurencius frater ejus, Joannes Woda et servientes domini Imramus, Nenkerus, Simon et alii quam plures': SUb III, 103–5, no. 147; 'domina Anna matre nostra, comite Iohanne de Wirbina, magistro Gozwino fisico, magistro Walthero, qui hanc litteram conposuit, et aliis quam pluribus': SUb III, 106, no. 150; 'dilecta matre nostra Anna ducissa Slesie, fratre Herbordo de ordine Minorum, comite Iaxza, comite Iohanne de Wirbna et aliis multis': SUb III, ed. Irgang, 227, no. 347; 'domina illustri ducissa, magistro Gozuino, Cunzone notario, Leonardo canonicis Vratislauiensibus, Albrachto castellano Vratislauiensi, Olrico subdapifero, Laurentio clavigero et Stanislao fratre eius et aliis pluribus': SUb III, 19–20, no. 8; 'illustris ducissa mater nostra, dominus Thomas episcopus Wratislauiensis, comes Morotsco, comes Albertus cum Barba, Boguzlauus senex, dominus Cunradus notarius, magister Ghozwinus, Michahel frater Yconis, Olricus subdapifer, Detco subpincerna, Paulus Slupouiz, claviger noster Laurentius, Boghfalus et Michahel wlodarii illius temporis, comes Daniel, Sizlauus et frater suus Paulus Szopa et alii plures, quorum nomina non sunt notata': SUb III, 29–30, no. 23.92 'In presencia domine matris nostre, fratris Herbordi ordinis fratrum Minorum, magistri Petri canonici beati Ioannis, Ottonis de Nidecke nostri militis, Hartmanni nostri notarii, Henrici de Cis': SUb III, 212–13, no. 320.93 'Venerabilis mater nostra domina Anna maior ducissa Slezie, Heinricus illustris dux frater noster, venerabilis in Christo pater dominus Thomas episcopus Wratislauiensis, dominus Boguzlaus prepositus ibidem, dominus Valentinus canonicus Wratislauiensis, dominus Ramuoldus cancellarius Glogouiensis, frater Herbordus de ordine Minorum et alii quam plures': SUb III, 129–30, no. 191.94 SUb II, 141–2, no. 234.95 SUb II, 142–3, no. 235–6.96 SUb II, 180–1, no. 300.97 SUb II, 247–8, no. 390.98 SUb III, 98–9, no. 140.99 SUb III, 103–5, no. 147.100 German: Oels.101 German: Heinrichau.102 SUb III, 106–7, no. 151.103 'Presente domina matre nostra, que pro eodem facto instanter nos rogavit': SUb III, 163–4, no. 247.104 SUb III, 241–3, nos. 373–4.105 SUb III, 214, no. 324.106 See Otto von Heinemann, 'Otto V., Markgraf von Brandenburg', in Allgemeine deutsche Biographie, vol. 24 (Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot, 1887), 663. See also the article on Otto V's father, Otto III: Felix Escher, 'Otto III., Markgraf von Brandenburg', in Neue deutsche Biographie, 19: 676–7.107 German: Schweidnitz.108 German: Jauer.109 German: Kosel.110 Jasiński, Rodowód, 150.111 Gumowski, 'Pieczęcie śląskie', 296–7; description in RSG, 1301–1315, 116, no. 2962.112 Piech, Ikonografia, 64.113 Gumowski, 'Pieczęcie śląskie', 297.114 APW, Rep. 123, no. 2 (Stelmach, ed. Katalog, 2: 24, no. 72); RSG, 1301–1315, 68, no. 2831.115 Polish: Książ.116 APW, Rep. 123, no. 5 (Stelmach, ed., Katalog, 2: 37, no. 133); RSG, 1301–1315, 117, no. 2967.117 APW, Rep. 123, no. 3 (Stelmach, ed., Katalog, 2: 36, no. 129); RSG, 1301–1315, 116, no. 2962.118 APW, Rep. 123, no. 6 (Stelmach, ed., Katalog, 2: 37, no. 134); RSG, 1301–1315, 118, no. 2968.119 RSG, 1301–1315, 120, no. 2977. The text is preserved in a fifteenth-century cartulary.120 APW, Rep. 123, no. 11 (Stelmach, ed., Katalog, 2: 40, no. 149); RSG. 1301–1315, 128–9, no. 3012.121 See the references in RSG, 1301–1315, 68, no. 2831; 118, no. 2968; 120, no. 2977. Priests are mentioned in 128–9, no. 3012.122 APW, Rep. 123, no. 8 (Stelmach, ed., Katalog, 2: 38, no. 139); RSG, 1301–1315, 121–2, no. 2985.123 APW, Rep. 88, nos. 63 and 64 (Stelmach, ed., Katalog, 2: 18, no. 45); RSG, 1301–1315, 41, no. 2751.124 Bernard: APW Rep. 67, no. 147 (Stelmach, ed., Katalog, 59–60, no. 237); Henry: APW Rep. 91, no. 277 (copy made in 1339; see Stelmach, ed., Katalog, 2: 63, no. 255).125 'Ducissa quondam Slesie, sed modo ducissa Koslensis': APW Rep. 123, no. 13 (Stelmach, ed., Katalog, 2: 59, no. 236); RSG, 1301–1315, 196, no. 3213.126 RSG, 1301–1315, 28, no. 2709.127 RSG, 1301–1315, 83–4, no. 2869. Ducal chaplains are mentioned amongst the witnesses.128 APW Rep. 121, no. 5; RSG, 1301–1315, 117, no. 2965. The text is inserted in a charter of 1308. See Stelmach, ed., Katalog, 2: 37, no. 131.129 Irgang, 'Zum fürstlichen Kanzlei- und Urkundenwesen', 502; Jurek, 'Stanowisko', 6; Jurek, 'Die Rechtskraft', 66–71.130 Hans Patze, 'Albrecht I., Hzg. von Braunschweig und Lüneburg', in Lexikon des Mittelalters, 1: 318–19; Hans Butzmann, 'Albrecht I., der Große, Herzog von Braunschweig', in Neue deutsche Biographie, 1: 164.131 On Henry III of Głogów, see Jurek, Dziedzic, passim.132 German: Glogau.133 German: Sagan.134 Jasiński, Rodowód, 352–3.135 APW Rep. 91, no. 149 (Stelmach, ed., Katalog, 2: 47, no. 181); RSG, 1301–1315, 153, no. 3087.136 Gumowski, 'Pieczęcie śląskie', 297–8; description: 433–4, no. 81; reproduction, plate 116. See also Piech, Ikonografia, 64.137 APW Rep. 76, no. 31 (Stelmach, ed., Katalog, 2: 57, no. 224). Protonotary: Zachary; see Żerelik, Dokumenty, 110.138 RSG, 1301–1315, 189–90, no. 3192. The text is preserved in a fifteenth-century cartulary.139 APW Rep. 76, no. 32 (Stelmach, ed., Katalog, 2: 61, no. 243). Protonotary: Zachary; see Żerelik, Dokumenty, 110.140 RSG, 1301–1315, 228, no. 3303.141 APW Rep. 76, no. 35 (Stelmach, ed., Katalog, 2: 71, no. 288). Protonotary: Frederick of Buntense; see Żerelik, Dokumenty, 108.142 APW Rep. 76, no. 36 (Stelmach, ed., Katalog, 2: 87, no. 364). Protonotary: Frederick of Buntense; see Żerelik, Dokumenty, 108.143 APW Rep. 79, no. 6 (Stelmach, ed., Katalog, 2: 49, no. 190). Protonotary: Frederick of Buntense; see Żerelik, Dokumenty, 108.144 German: Beuthen.145 APW Rep. 120, no. 224 (copy of 1530; see Stelmach, ed., Katalog, 2: 63, no. 252). Protonotary: Frederick of Buntense; see Żerelik, Dokumenty, 108.146 APW Rep. 76, no. 34 (Stelmach, ed., Katalog, 2: 63, no. 253). Protonotary: Frederick of Buntense; see Żerelik, Dokumenty, 108.147 APW Rep. 79, no. 8 (Stelmach, ed., Katalog, 2: 78, no. 322). Protonotary: Erinbert; see Żerelik, Dokumenty, 111.148 APW Rep. 76, no. 40 (Stelmach, ed., Katalog, 2: 106, no. 447, 106). Protonotary: Erinbert; see Żerelik, Dokumenty, 111.149 'Sigilla nostrum nostrorumque dictorum filiorum': Matilda's and Henry's seals are preserved; the third seal, for which only the cord survives, has to be that of John.150 'Consensu filiorum nostrorum Henrici et Iohannis'.151 APW Rep. 79, no. 6 (Stelmach, ed., Katalog, 2: 49, no. 190); APW Rep. 76, no. 34 (Stelmach, ed., Katalog, 2: 63, no. 253); APW Rep. 76, no. 35 (Stelmach, ed., Katalog, 2: 71, no. 288); APW Rep. 76, no. 36 (Stelmach, ed., Katalog, 2: 87, no. 364); Żerelik, Dokumenty, 85–6, 108–9, 126.152 APW Rep. 76, no. 32 (Stelmach, ed., Katalog, 2: 61, no. 243); APW Rep. 76, no. 31 (Stelmach, ed., Katalog, 2: 57, no. 224). Rościsław Żerelik, Dokumenty i kancelarie książąt głogowskich w latach 1250–1331. Acta Universitatis Wratislaviensis 902, Historia 59 (Wrocław: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego, 1988), 110, 126–7.153 APW Rep. 79, no. 8 (Stelmach, ed., Katalog, 2: 78, no. 322); APW Rep. 76, no. 40 (Stelmach, ed., Katalog, 2: 106, no.
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