Artigo Acesso aberto Revisado por pares

Early operational Numerical Weather Prediction outside the USA: an historical introduction Part III: Endurance and mathematics – British NWP, 1948–1965

2005; Wiley; Volume: 12; Issue: 4 Linguagem: Inglês

10.1017/s1350482705001933

ISSN

1469-8080

Autores

Anders Persson,

Tópico(s)

Science and Climate Studies

Resumo

Meteorological ApplicationsVolume 12, Issue 4 p. 381-413 Research ArticleFree Access Early operational Numerical Weather Prediction outside the USA: an historical introduction Part III: Endurance and mathematics – British NWP, 1948–1965 Anders Persson, Corresponding Author Anders Persson [email protected] Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute (SMHI), SE 60176 Norrk öping, SwedenSwedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute (SMHI), SE 60176 Norrk öping, SwedenSearch for more papers by this author Anders Persson, Corresponding Author Anders Persson [email protected] Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute (SMHI), SE 60176 Norrk öping, SwedenSwedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute (SMHI), SE 60176 Norrk öping, SwedenSearch for more papers by this author First published: 29 December 2006 https://doi.org/10.1017/S1350482705001933Citations: 9AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL References Absalon, H. W. L. (1951) General Assembly of the International Union of Geodesy and Gephysics, Brussels 1951. Meteorol. Mag. 326– 330. Anonymous (1962) Obituary: Charles Sumner Durst. Meteorol. Mag. 343– 344. Austin, J. M., Arnold, G., Ainsworth, J. H., Courtney, F. E. & Lewis, W. (1953) Aspects of intensification and motion of wintertime 500-mb patterns. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 34: 383– 392. Austin, J. M. (1954) The forecasting significance of the Reed-Sanders article. J. Meteorol. June: 253– 254. Berson, F. A. (1991) Clouds on the horizon: reminisciences of an international meteorologist. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 72(2). Best, A. C. (1962) Obituary: Charles Sumner Durst. Meteorol. Mag. p. 55. Blackwell, M. J. (1978) Retirement of Mr E. J. Sumner. Meteorol. Mag. 319– 320. Bolin, B. (1951) Numerical forecast methods for the large-scale motion of the atmosphere. Ch. Avd II, F8 [in Swedish]. Bonacina, L. C. W. (1904) The varying distribution of atmospheric pressure over the surface of the earth. Meteorol. Mag. 62– 65. Bonacina, L. W. C. (1905) The great problem of meteorology. Meteorol. Mag. 7– 10. Bonacina, L. W. C. (1913) Professor Bjerknes on dynamic meteorology and hydrography. Meteorol. Mag. 144– 148. Brunt, D. (1941,1944) Physical and Dynamical Meteorology, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 428 pp. Burton, J. M. C. (1982, 1990) Transcript of three interviews with Professor R. C. Sutcliffe FRS during 1981–83. R. Meteorol. Soc. Bushby, F. H. (1951a) Relaxation methods and their application to meteorological problems. Meteorol. Mag. 71– 77. Bushby, F. H. (1951b) Report on Charney and Eliassen's one-dimensional numerical method for calculating motion of barotropic disturbances in a westerly airstream. Meteorol. Res. Papers 566 (missing in the National Meteorological Library). Bushby, F. H. (1951c) Second report arising from Charney and Eliassen's method of computing forecast 500 mb contour charts. Meteorol. Res. Papers 622. Bushby, F. H. (1951d) Computation of the field of mean vertical velocity in the 1000–500 mb layer of the atmosphere and its effect on the thickness of the layer. Meteorol. Res. Papers 682. Bushby, F. H. (1951e) A report on Charney's two-dimensional method for computing the instantaneous height tendency. Meteorol. Res. Papers 670. Bushby, F. H. (1952a) Forecasting methods based on barotropic wave theory. Meteorol. Mag. 1– 5. Bushby, F. H. (1952b) The evaluation of vertical velocity and thickness tendency from Sutcliffe's theory. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 78: 354– 362. Bushby, F. H. (1956a) The objective analysis of some 500 mb charts. Meteorol. Res. Papers 986. Bushby, F. H. (1956b) The objective analysis of some 500 mb charts, Meteorol. Mag. pp. 339– 340. Bushby, F. H. (1986) A history of numerical weather predication, in short- and medium range Numerical Weather Prediction. Collection of papers presented at the WMO/IUGG NWP symposium, Tokyo 4–8 August NWP symposium. See also Extended Abstracts, WMO/TD-No. 114, 1986. Bushby, F. H. & Mavis K. Hinds (1953a) Computation of the field of atmospheric development by an electronic computer. Meteorol. Res. Papers 765. Bushby, F. H. & Mavis K. Hinds (1953b) Computated 500 mb tendency in a baroclinic atmosphere using an electronic computer. Meteorol. Res. Papers 790. Bushby, F. H. & Mavis K. Hinds (1953c) Computation of the field of the 1000–500 mb thickness tendency, the 1000 mb height tendency and the horizontal field of vertical motion, using an electrnic computer. Meteorol. Res. Papers 794. Bushby, F. H. & Mavis K. Hinds (1953d) The electronic computation of two series of 500 mb, 1000 mb and 500–1000 mb thickness forecast harts by application of the SawyerBushby 2 parameter baroclinc model. Meteorol. Res. Papers 841. Bushby, F. H. & Mavis K. Hinds (1953e) Electronic computation of the field of atmospheric development, Meteorol. Mag. 82: 330– 334. Bushby, F. H. & Mavis K. Hinds (1954a) Computation of tendencies and vertical motion with a two-parameter model of the atmosphere, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 16– 25; Discussion, pp. 642–644. Bushby, F. H. & Mavis K. Hinds (1954b) The computation of forecast charts by application of the Sawyer-Bushby two-parameter model. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 80: 165– 173 ; Weather, 219, Joint discussion 16 June 1954 pp. 642– 644. Bushby, F. H. & Mavis K. Hinds (1954c) A preliminary report on ten computed sets of forecasts based on the Sawyer and Bushby two-parameter atmospheric model. Meteorol. Res. Papers 863. Bushby, F. H. & Mavis K. Hinds (1955) Further computation of the 24-h pressure changes based on a two-parameter model. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 81: 396– 402. Bushby, F. H. & Vera M. Huckle (1956a) The use of a stream function in the Sawyer-Bushby two-parameter model of the atmosphere. Meteorol. Res. Papers 956 ; Meteorol. Mag. 244. Bushby, F. H. & Vera M. Huckle (1956b) The use of a stream function in a two-parameter model of the atmosphere. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 409– 418; Discussion, 1957, p. 391. Bushby, F. H. & Vera M. Huckle (1957) Objective analysis in numerical forecasting. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 83: 232– 247. Bushby, F. H. & Clare J. Whitelam (1961) A three-parameter model of the atmosphere suitable for numerical integration. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 87, pp. 374– 92. Carlin, A. V. (1952) A case study of the dispersion of energy and planetary waves at 700 millibar, Meeting abstract. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. February: 83. Carlin, A. V. (1953) A case study of the dispersion of energy in planetary waves. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 34: 311– 318. Carson, J. E. (1948) The variation of the horizontal solenoid concentration in the middle and lower troposphere during cyclone formation, MSc thesis, University of Chicago, March 1948, 35 pp. Charney, J. G. (1949) On the physical basis for numerical prediction of large-scale motions in the atmosphere, J. Meteorol. 6: 371– 85. Charney, J. & Eliassen, A. (1949) A numerical method for predicting the pertubation of the middle latitude westerlies, Tellus 1: 38– 54. Charney, J. G., Fjørtoft, R. & von Neumann, J. (1950) Numerical integration of the barotropic vorticity equation. Tellus 2: 237– 54. Charney, J. G. (1951) Reply to Scorer (1951), J. Meteorol. 8: 69– 70. Charney, J. G. & Phillips, N. A. (1953) Numerical integration of the quasi-geostrophic equations for barotropic and simple baroclinic flows, J. Meteorol. pp. 71– 99. Charnock, H. (1993) Eady, Eric Thomas, in The Dictionary of National Biography's, Missing Persons, ed. C. S. Nicholls. Chouinard, C., Mailhot, J., Mitchell, H. L., Staniforth, A. & Hogue, R. H. (1994) The Canadian Regional Data Assimilation System: Operational and Research Applications, Mon. Wea. Rev. 1306– 1325. Corby, G. A. (1961) Some experiments in the objective analysis of contour charts. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 87: 34– 42. Cressman, G. P. (1948) On the forecasting of long waves in the upper westerlies. J. Meteorol. 5: 44– 57. Cressman, G. P. (1949) Some effects of Wave-length variations of the long waves in the upper westerlies. J. Meteorol. 6: 56– 60. Cressman, G. P. (1958) Barotropic divergence and very long atmospheric waves. Mon. Wea. Rev. 86: 293– 297. Cressman, G. P. (1963) Review of 'An experiment in operational Numerical Weather Prediction' by Knighting et al. BAMS, p. 412. Cressman, G.-P. & Hubert, W. E. (1957) A study of numerical forecasting errors. Mon. Wea. Rev. pp. 235– 242. Crossley, A. F. (1962) Obituary: Mr Charles Sumner Durst 1888–1961. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. p. 205. Deutscher Wetterdient (1957) Symposium über Numerische Wettervorhersage, Frankfurt am Main, 23–28 May 1956. Berichte des Deutschen Wetterdienstes, Band 5, Nr 38, 97 pp. Drazin, P. (1986) Interview with John S. Sawyer, 12 August 1986. Royal Meteorol. Soc. Durst, C. S. & Sutcliffe, R. C. (1938a) The importance of vertical motion in the development of tropical revolving storms. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 64: 75– 82. Durst, C. S. & Sutcliffe, R. C. (1938b, The effect of vertical motion on the 'geostrophic departure' of the wind. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 64: 240. Durst, C. S. (1948) Assembly of the UGGI meeting at Oslo, 19–28 August 1948. Meteorol. Mag. pp. 265– 270. Durward, J. (1955) Conference of Commonwealth meteorologists 23–26 May 1955. Meteorol. Mag. pp. 267– 271. Döös, B. R., Dobrisman, E. M., Eliassen, A., Hinkelmann, K. H., Ito, H. & Shuman, F. G. (1965) The present situation with regard to the application of numerical methods for routine weather prediction and prospects for the future. Technical Note No 67, WMO, No. 165, TP. 80, Geneva 1965. Eady, E. T. & Sawyer, J. S. (1951) Dynamics of flow patterns in extra-tropical regions. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. Oct 1951 pp. 531– 551. Eady, E. T. (1950) The cause of the general circulation of the atmopshere. Cent. Proc. R. Meteorol. Soc. pp. 156– 172. Eady, E. T. (1952) Note on weather computing and the so-called 21/2 model. Tellus 157– 167. Eady, E. T. (1955) Meteorology in transition. Weather pp. 61– 62. Eliassen, A. (1956) Numerical forecasting. In S. Petterssen (ed.), Weather Analysis and Forecasting, Vol. I. New York: McGraw-Hill: ch. 18. Eliassen, A. (1962) On the vertical circulation in frontal zones, Geophys. Publ. 24(4): 147– 160. Eliassen, A. & Kleinschmidt, E. (1957) Dynamic meteorology, in Handbuch der Physik, Band 48, Geofysik II, Berlin, Springer Verlag, pp. 1– 154. Ertel, H. (1941) Die Unm öglichkeit einer exakten Wetter-prognose auf Grund synoptischen Luftdruckskarten von Teilgebieten der Erde, Meteorol. Zeitschrift 58: 309– 313. Ertel, H. (1944) Wettervorhersage als Randwertproblem. Meteorol. Zeitschrift 61: 181– 190. Ertel, H. (1948) Die Probleme der Wettervorhsage vom Standpunkt der Theoretischen Meteologie. Zeitschrift f ür Meteorol. pp. 97– 106. Evjen, S. (1936) Über die Vertieferung von Zyklonen. Meteorol. Zeitschrift 53: 165– 172. Fjørtoft, R. (1952) On a numerical method of integrating the barotropic vorticty equation. Tellus 3: 179– 194. Fjörtoft, R. (1955) On the use of space-smoothing in physsical weather forecasting. Tellus 462– 80. Fjörtoft, R. (1956) On 'Forecasting with the baro-tropic model', Letter to the Editor. Tellus p. 115. Flohn, H. (1973) Laudatio zur Verleihung der Alfred-Wegener-Medaille an K-H Hinkelmann. Ann. Der Meteorologie, nr 6, pp. 9– 10. Galloway, J. L. (1948) Review and translations, by G. Spence, of three articles by Hans Ertel. UKMO National Met. Library, Transl. 998, 1000 and unnumbered. Gambo, K. (1951) Notes on the energy disperison in the atmosphere. J. Meteorol. Soc. Japan 215– 232. Gold, E. (1947) Weather Forecasts, Symonds Memorial Lecture 16 April. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 151– 185, See also Meteorol. Mag. pp. 112–114. Goldies, A. H. G. (1949) Organisation of the research at the Meteorological Office. Meteorol. Mag. 78: 93– 97. Grant, A. M. (1955) On 'Results of forecasting with the barotropic model', Letter to the Editor. Tellus 275– 276. Haworth, C. (1957) Computed forecast charts. Meteorol. Mag. 380– 381. Herrlin, O. (1956) Numerical forecasting at the Swedish Military Meteorological Office in 1954–56. Bericht des Deutscher Wetterdienstes 38: 53– 55. Hinds, M. K. (1981) Computer story. Meteorol. Mag. 110: 64– 81. Holton, J. R. (1972, 1979, 1992) Introduction to Dynamical Meteorology. Academic Press. Hoskins, B. J., Simmons, A. J. & Andrews, D. S. (1977) Energy dispersion in a barotropic atmosphere. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 103: 553– 567. Hoskins, B. J., James, I. N. & White, G. H. (1983) The shape, propagation and mean-flow interaction of large-scale weather systems. J. Atmos. Sciences 40(7): 1595– 1612. Hovmöller, E. (1949) The trough-ridge diagram. Tellus 62– 66. Huckle, Vera M. (1956) Numerical forecasts based on objective data. Meteorol. Res. Papers 1016. Johnson, D. H. (1956) Objective analysis. Meteorol. Res. Papers 965. Johnson, D. H. (1957) Preliminary research in objective analysis. Tellus 9: 316– 322. Kalnay, E. (2003) Atmospheric Modelling, Data Assimilation and Predictability. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 341 pp. Knighting, E. (1951) Uncertainty in weather forecasting. Weather pp. 131– 134. Knighting, N. (1955) The reduction of truncation errors in symmetrical operators. Technical Memorandum no. 3, Joint Numerical Weather Prediction Unit. 6 pp. Knighting, E. (1956a) Progress in numerical weather prediction. Meteorol. Mag. pp. 176– 179. Knighting, E. (1956b) An atmospheric model for numerical integration including the tropopause effects. Meteorol. Res. Papers 1002. Knighting, E. (1956c) A non-geostrophic extension of the Sawyer-Bushby model of the atmosphere suitable for numerical integration. MRP 1003. Knighting, E. (1957a) The work of the Dunstable research group. Bericht Deutsches Wetterdienstes 5(38): 71– 77. Knighting, E. (1957b) An atmospheric model including the tropopause effects. Bericht Deutsches Wetterdienstes 5(38): 78– 79. Early operational Numerical Weather Prediction outside the USA Knighting, E. (1958) Numerical weather forecasting. Weather pp. 39– 50. Knighting, E. (1960a) On the grid length to be adopted in numerical weather prediction, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. pp. 265– 70. Knighting, E. (1960b) Some computations of the variation of vertical velocity with pressure on a synoptic scale, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. pp. 318– 325. Knighting, E. (1961a) Numerical forecasts with two-and three-parameter models, Meteorol. Mag. pp. 117– 122. Knighting, E. (1961b) Numerical weather analysis and prediction. Meteorol. Mag. pp. 333– 336. Knighting, E. (1961c) Numerical Weather Prediction. Weather, pp. 281– 291. Knighting, E. (1961d) Review of P. D. Thompson's book 'Numerical weather analysis and prediction'. Meteorol. Mag. pp. 333– 336. Knighting, E. (1962a) Mathematics and meteorology. Meteorol. Mag. pp. 49– 53. Knighting, E. (1962b) Numerical methods of weather analysis and forecasting. WMO No. 118, TP 53. Knighting, E. (1962c) Numerical weather forecasting in the British Meteorological Office. Proc. Int. Symposium on NWP, Tokyo, Nov. 7–13, pp. 15– 17. Knighting, E. (1965) Three-dimensional weather prediction. pp. 221– 250. In: Lectures on numerical short-range weather prediction. WMO Regional Training Centre, Hydrometeoizdat, Leningrad, 706 pp. Knighting, E., Jones, D. E. & Mavis K. Hinds (1958) Numerical experiments in the integration of the meteorological equations of motion. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. pp. 91– 107; Discussion pp. 441–443. Knighting, E. & Gilchrist, A. (1959) The effect of stability on computed tendencies and vertical velocity. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. pp. 412– 414. Knighting, E. & Mavis K. Hinds (1960) A report on some experiments in numerical prediction using a stream function. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. pp. 504– 511. Knighting, E., Corby, G. A., Bushby, F. H. & Wallington, C. E. (1961) An experiment in numerical weather prediction, Sci. Pap. Met. Office, No. 5. Knighting, E., Corby, G. A. & Rowntree, P. R. (1962) An experiment in operational numerical weather prediction, Sci. Pap. Met. Office, No. 16. Mason, B. J. (1984) Retirement of Mr F. H. Bushby. Meteorol. Mag. pp. 29– 31. Mason, B. J. & Flood, C. (2004) Obituary, Fred Bushby. Weather, p. 231. Meteorological Magazine (1954) Symposium on weather forecasting. Meteorol. Mag. pp. 372– 374. Meteorological Office (1953) Handbook of Technical Forecasting, Chapter 1: The construction and use of prebaratic charts. MO (R) 574. Meteorological Magazine (1957) Retirement of Charles Sumner Durst. Meteorol. Mag. pp. 343– 344. Meteorological Office (1947) Met. Office Discussions. Meteorol. Mag. pp. 42– 43. Meteorological Office (1954) Met. Office Discussions Dynamical forecasting by numerical methods. Meteorol. Mag. 83: 175– 182. Meteorological Office, Met. Office Discussions, Monday 16 February 1953, The application of wave-length ideas in forecasting. Meteorol. Mag. pp. 148– 53. Meteorological Office (1948) Met. Office Discussions. Meteorol. Mag. 1948, pp. 82– 83. Meteorological Office (1954) Met. Office Monday Evening Discussion 15 Feb. Dynamical forecasting by numerical methods. Meteorol. Mag. pp. 175– 182. Meteorological Office (1956) Met. Office Discussions. Progress in numerical weather prediction. Meteorol. Mag. pp. 176– 179. Meteorological Office (1965) Met. Office Discussions 21 december 1964: Operational numerical forecasting. Meteorol. Mag. 156– 157. Meteorological Office (1961) Met. Office Discussions. Numerical forecasting at Dunstable. Meteorol. Mag. pp. 79– 88. Meteorological Office (1966) Press Conference. Meteorol. Mag. pp. 28– 30. Meteorological Res.Com. (1948) Report on the possibilities of using electronic computing machines in meteorology. No. 412, 17 June 1948. McIntyre, D. P. (1951) The philosophy of the Chicago School of meteorology. Archiv f. Met., Geoph. u. Bioklim. Ser. A (4): 24– 31. Miles, M. K. (1959) Factors leading to the meridional extension of thermal troughs and some forecasting criteria derived from them. Meteorol. Mag. 88: 193– 203. Miles, M. K. (1961) The basis of present-day weather forecasting. Weather pp. 349– 363. Namias, J. & Clapp, P. F. (1949) Confluence theory of the high tropospheric jet stream, J. Meteorol. 6(5): 330– 336. Ogden, R. J. (1985) Interview of Sir John Mason 4 June 1985, R. Meteorol. Soc. Parry, H. D. & Roe, C. (1952) Recond low temperatures in the mid-Atlantic and east central states, October 20–22, 1952. Monthly Weather Review 80(10): 195– 202. Persson, A. (1993) On the operational use of ECMWF forecast products. Fourth Workshop on Meteorological Operational Systems, pp. 116– 23. Persson, A. (2000) Synoptic-dynamic diagnosis of medium range weather forecast systems. Seminar proceedings, Diagnosis of models and adata assimilation systems, 6–10 Sep 1999, pp. 123– 137 [Contains appendix: 'Story of downstream development' with an extensive bibliography]. Persson, A. (2005) Early Operational Numerical Weather Prediction outside the USA: an historical Introduction. Part 1: Internationalism and engineering, NWP in Sweden, 1952–69, Meteorol. Appl. 12, pp. 135– 159. Peters, S. P. (1955) The Meteorological Office faces the future: forecasting and the public services. Meteorol. Mag. pp. 192– 96. Petterssen, S. (1956) Weather Analysis and Forecasting. Vol. I. New York: McGraw-Hill, 428 pp. Phillips, N. A. (1956) The general circulation of the atmosphere: a numerical experiment, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. pp. 123– 164; Discussion 535–539, see also Meteorol. Mag. 1956, p. 342. Phillips, N. A. (1990) The emergence of the quasi-geostrophic theory. In G. W. Platzman et al. (eds. ) 1990, The Atmosphere –A Challenge, The Science of Jule Gregory Chareny, AMS. pp. 177– 206. Phillips, N. A. (1990) Dispersion Processes in Large-scale Weather Prediction, WMO-No 700. Platzman, G. W. (1979) The ENIAC computations of 1950-gateway to numerical weather prediction. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 60: 302– 312. Platzman, G. W., R. S. Lindzen & Lorenz, E. N. (1990) The Atmosphere –A Challenge, The Science of Jule Gregory Chareny, AMS. 321 pp. Pothecary, I. J. W. & Bushby, F. H. (1956) Series of computed forecast charts and the movement of a depression, August 19–21 1954. Meteorol. Mag. pp. 133– 142. Reed, R. J. & Sanders, F. (1953) An investigation of the development of a mid-tropospheric frontal zone and its associated vorticity field. J. Meteorol. 10: 338– 349. Reichelderfer (1952) Introduction to Riehl (1952). Richardson, L. F. (1922) Weather Prediction by Numerical Process. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 236 pp. (Reprinted with a new introduction by Sidney Chapman, Dover Publications, 1965, 236 pp. ). Richardson, N. N. (1961) Numerical tests of a method for dynamical analysis in region of poor data coverage. Tellus pp. 353– 362. Riehl, H. (1951) Introduction, Forecasting in Middle Latitudes, University of Chicago, Dept. of Meteorology, pp. 1– 2. Riehl, H. (1952) Forecasting in Middle Latitudes, Meteorol. Monographs, 1(5). Rossby, C.-G. & collaborators (1939) Relation between variations in the intensity of the zonal circulation of the atmosphere and the displacement of the semipermanent centers of action. J. Marine Res. 2: 38– 55. Rossby, C.-G. (1940) Planetary flow patterns in the atmosphere. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 66: Supplement, pp. 68– 87. Rossby, C. G. (1942) Kinematic and hydrostatic properties of certain long waves in the westerlies. Misc. Rep. No 5, Dep. Met. Univ. Chicago. Rossby, C. G. (1945) On the propagation of frequencies and energy in certain types of oceanic and atmospheric waves. J. Meteorol. 2: 187– 203. Rossby C.-G. (1949a) On a mechanism for the release of potential energy in the atmosphere. J. Meteorol. pp. 163– 180. Rossby, C.-G. (1949b) Dispersion of planetary waves in a barotropic atmosphere. Tellus 1(1): 54– 88. RPWL (1955) O. G. Sutton on 'Mathematics and forecasting'. Weather, pp. 94– 95. RSS (1954) F. H. Bushby on NWP. Weather, p. 219. Ryder, P. (1985) Retirement of Mr. C. V. Smith. Meteorol. Mag. 178– 179. Sawyer, J. S. (1950) An example of cyclogenesis in relation to Sutcliffe's theory of development. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. (centenary edn), pp. 107– 113. Sawyer, J. S. (1952) Electronic computing machines and meteorology. Meteorol. Mag. 81: 74– 77. Sawyer, J. S. & Bushby, F. H. (1953) A baroclinic model atmosphere suitable for numerical integration, J. Meteorol. 10: 54– 59 (initially Meteorol. Res. Papers 715, 27 Feb. 1952, Meteorol. Mag. 1952: 244). Sawyer, J. S. (1954) Some aspects of mobile depressions in a a baroclinic current studied by means of the two-parameter representation of the atmosphere. 1953 Proc Toronto Met Conf. Sawyer, J. S. (1956) The vertical circulation at meteorological fronts and its relation to frontogensis. Proc. Roy. Soc., pp. 246– 262. Sawyer, J. S. (1956) Some calculations of 24-hour changes of 500 mb height and 1000–500 mb thickness based on a 2-parameter model atmosphere. Sc. Proceeding of the Int Ass of Met., Rome Sept. 1954, Int Union of Geodesy and Geophyics, Tenth Gen. Ass. pp. 477– 495. Sawyer, J. S. (1959a) Some mathematical problems in meteorology. Conf Teachers Res Sci Indust Univ Liverpool, April 1957. Sawyer, J. S. (1959b) The introduction of the effects of topography into methods of numerical forecasting. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. pp. 31– 43. Sawyer, J. S. (1962) Research in synoptic and dynamical meteorology and in climatology 1941 to 1962. Meteorol. Mag. pp. 327– 335. Sawyer, J. S. (1964) The role of computations in meteorology. J. Appl. Physics 15: 379– 384. Sawyer, J. S. & Bushby, F. H. (1951) Note on the numerical integration of the equation of meteorological dynamics. Tellus 201– 203. Scorer, R. S. (1951) Atmospheric signal velocity. J. Meteorol. 8: 68– 69. Scorer, R. S. (1952) Sonic and advective disturbances. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 76– 81. Scrase, P. J. (1962) The history of the Meteorological Research Committee. Meteorol. Mag. 310– 314. Shaw, W. N. (1913) The calculus of the upper air and the results of the British soundings in the International Week, May 5–11 1913, J. Scottish Meteorol. Soc. 16: 167– 178. Shaw, W. N. (1914) Principia Atmospherica: a study of the circulation of the atmosphere. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 77– 112. Simmons A. J. & Hoskins, B. J. (1979) The downstream and upstreeam development of unstable baroclinic waves. J. Atmos. Sciences 36: 1239– 1254. Smagorinsky, J. (1953) The dynamical influence of large-scale heat sources and sinks of the quasi-stationary mean motions of the atmosphere. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. pp. 342– 66. Smedbye, S. J. (1953) Tendency computations with a continous 2-parametric atmospheric model. Tellus 5: 219– 23. Smith, C. V. & Forsdyke, A. G. (1952) Some downstream effects associated with large-scale amplitude troughs in upper flow patterns. Meteorol. Res. Papers 752. Smith, C. V. & Forsdyke, A. G. (1953) Some downstream effects associated with large-scale amplitude troughs in upper flow patterns. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 79, 414ff, Discussion p. 462. Smith, C. V. (1959) Synoptic Evolution of 500 millibar Flow Pattern, A Medium-Range Forecasting Aid. Met. Reports no. 21 HMSO London 68 pp. Smith, F. B. (1961) The effect of advection in a region of no data, an alternative derivation of Thompson's equation, Tellus 6: 350– 52. Smith, F. B. (1962) Objective analysis of the vorticity field within a region of no data, Tellus 12 March, pp. 281– 289. Southwell, R. V. (1940) Relaxation Methods in Engineering Science. A Treatise on Approximate Computation. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 252 pp. Southwell, R. V. (1946) Relaxation Methods in Theoretical Physics: A Continuation of the Treatise. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 248 pp. Spekat, A. (2001) 50th Anniversary of Numerical Weather Prediction, Commemorative Symposium in Potsdam, 9–19 March 2000, 255 pp. Staff members (1954) Inst. of Meteorology, University of Stockholm Results of forecasting with the barotropic model on an electronic computer (BESK). Tellus 6: 139– 149. Staff Members (1955a) Tokyo Univ. (S. Syono, K. Gambo, K. Miyakoda, M. Aihura, S. Manabe and K. Katow) Report on the Numerical Prediction of 500 mb Contour Height Change with Double Fourier Series Method. J. Meteorol. Soc. Japan, 174– 176. Staff Members (1955b) Tokyo Univ. The quantitative forecast of precipitation with the numerical prediction method. J. Meteorol. Soc. Japan, pp. 205– 216. Staniforth, A. (1994) André Robert (1929–93) His Pioneering Contributions to Numerical Modelling, in Lin et al. (1994), pp. 25– 54. Staniforth, A. (1997) Regional modelling: a theoretical discussion. Meteorol. & Atmos. Physics, pp. 15– 29. Sumner, E. J. (1950) The significance of the vertical stability in synoptic developments. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 76: 384– 392. Sumner, E. J. (1951) A test of the Rossby formula as applied to the movement of long atmospheric waves at the 500 mb level. Meteorol. Res. Papers p. 605. Sumner, E. J. (1964) A new computer system for the Meteorological Office. Meteorol. Mag. 93: 18– 24. Sutcliffe, R. C. (1938) On development in the field of barometric pressure. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 64: 495– 509. Sutcliffe, R. C. (1939) Cyclonic and anticyclonic development. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 65: 518– 524. Sutcliffe, R. C. (1941) Rapid development where cold and warm air masses move towards each other. Syn. Div. Tech. Mem. No 12. Sutcliffe, R. C. (1947) A contribution to the problem of development. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 73: 370– 383. Sutcliffe, R. C. (1948) Discussion of Sutcliffe (1947) 18 Feb. at the Royal Met. Soc. and 19 April 1948 at the UKMO. Meteorol. Mag. 1948: 83– 84. Sutcliffe, R. C. & Forsdyke, A. G. (1950) The theory and use of upper air thickness patterns in forecasting. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 76: 189– 217. Sutcliffe, R. C. (1955) The Meteorological Office faces the future: science, research and development. Meteorol. Mag. pp. 183– 187. Sutcliffe, R. C. (1956) Review of 'The foreseeable future' by Sir George Thomson. Weather pp. 299– 300. Sutcliffe, R. C. (1957a) An outlook on meteorology and the society. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. pp. 285– 289. Sutcliffe, R. C. (1958) A decade of research. Meteorol. Mag. pp. 321– 331. Sutcliffe, R. C. (1960) Weather forecasting as a problem in fluid dynamics. Yearbook of Phys. Soc., London, p. 9. Sutcliffe, R. C. (1959) The future of weather forecasting. Weather, p. 163. Sutcliffe, R. C. & Godart, O. H. (1943) Upper air isobaric analysis, SDTM 50. Sutton, O. G. (1951) Mathematics and the future of meteorology. Weather, pp. 291– 296. Sutton, O. G. (1954a) Conference on high speed computing. Meteorol. Mag. pp. 193– 194. Sutton, O. G. (1954b) The development of meteorology as an exact science, 28 April 1954. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. pp. 328– 338; see also Weather June 1954, p. 187; and Meteorol. Mag. 1954, pp. 243–245. Sutton, O. G. (1955a) High-speed computing and the operational meteorologist. Weather pp. 190– 193. Sutton, O. G. (1955b) Weather forecasting: the future outlook. Nature 176: 993 ff. Sutton, O. G. (1961) Numerical weather forecasting in the Brittish Meteorological Office, International Geophysical Year, 1957/1958, Annals 11: 23– 25. Taba, H. (1981) The Bulletin Interviews: Reginal C. Sutcliffe. WMO Bulletin 30(3): 169– 181. Taba, H. (1984) The Bulletin Interviews: Alf Nyberg. WMO Bulletin 33(4): 275– 287. Taba, H. (1989) The Bulletin Interviews: Etienne. A. Bernard. WMO Bulletin 38(3): 3– 13. Taba, H. (1995) The Bulletin Interviews: Sir John Mason. WMO Bulletin 44(4): 314– 325. Taba, H. (1997a) The Bulletin Interviews: John S. Sawyer. WMO Bulletin 96(2): 105– 115. Tellus (1952) Note on NWP conference 13–18 October 1952. Tellus p. 389. Thompson, P. D. (1953) On the theory of large-scale disturbances in a two dimensional baroclinic equivalent of the atmosphere. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. pp. 51– 69 (17 Sept. / 18 Nov. 1952); Meteorol. Mag. 1953, pp. 23–24; Discussion 21 Oct. 1954, pp. 108–109. Thompson, P. D. (1961a) A dynamical method of analysing meteorological data. Tellus 8(3): 334– 349. Thompson, P. D. (1961b) Numerical Weather Analysis and Prediction, New York, 170 pp. Tokyo (1962) Proceedings of the Symposium on Numerical Weather Prediction in Tokyo, 26 November–4 December 1960, published by the Jap. Met Agency, 1962. Tokyo (1969) Proceedings of the WMO/IUGG Symposium on Numerical Weather Prediction in Tokyo, 1968, WMO/ IUGG, published by the Jap. Met Agency, March 1969. Wallington, C. E. (1962a) The use of smoothing or filtering operators in numerical forecasting. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. pp. 470– 484. Wallington, C. E. (1962b) Three-parameter numerical forecasts at Dunstable –a study of the error fields. Sci Pap Met Office, No. 13. Welander, P. (1956) Analysis of the 500 mb surface over a region of no data. Unpublished report for Royal Swedish Air Force, quoted by Richardson (1961). Wiin-Nielsen, A. (1991) The birth of numerical weather prediction. Tellus 43 AB: 36– 52. Wiin-Nielsen, A. (1997) 'Everybody talks about it …' Mat. Fys. Medd. 44(4), Royal Danish Academy of Science and Letters, 96 pp. Winston, J. S. (1954) Physical aspects of rapid cyclogenesis in the Gulf of Alaska. Tellus VII: 481– 500. Wolff, P. M. (1958) The error in numerical forecasts due to retrogression of ultra-long waves. Mon. Wea. Rev. 86: 245– 250. Yeh, T.-C. (1949) On energy dispersion in the atmosphere. J. Meteorol. 6: 1– 16. Citing Literature Volume12, Issue4December 2005Pages 381-413 ReferencesRelatedInformation

Referência(s)
Altmetric
PlumX