Irish Migration, Networks and Ethnic Identities Since 1750: An Introduction
2005; Taylor & Francis; Volume: 23; Issue: 2-3 Linguagem: Inglês
10.1080/02619280500188013
ISSN1744-0521
AutoresEnda Delaney, Donald M. MacRaild,
Tópico(s)Historical Studies of British Isles
ResumoClick to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Notes [1] Some of the more ultra-revisionist works have sought almost entirely to undermine notions of Irish ‘victimhood’. See, for example, Kennedy, Colonialism, Religion and Nationalism in Ireland Kennedy, Liam. 1996. Colonialism, Religion and Nationalism in Ireland Belfast [Google Scholar], 182–223. [2] Gleeson, The Irish in the South Gleeson, David T. 2001. The Irish in the South, 1815–77, Chapel Hill: NC. [Google Scholar], 6. Gleeson's notion thus supports and adapts, but does not subvert, the still influential and important Miller, Emigrants and Exiles Miller, Kerby A. 1985. Emigrants and Exiles: Ireland and the Irish Exodus to North America New York [Google Scholar]. [3] An exemplary example of this approach is Meagher, Inventing Irish America Meagher, Timothy J. 2001. Inventing Irish America: Generation, Class and Ethnic Identity in a New England City, 1880–1928, Notre Dame: IN. [Google Scholar]. [4] In studies of the Irish in Britain, this change can be charted very clearly in three important volumes which, at each point, brought new scholarship to light: Swift and Gilley, The Irish in the Victorian City Swift, Roger and Gilley, Sheridan, eds. 1985. The Irish in the Victorian City London [Google Scholar]; The Irish in Britain, 1815 Swift, Roger and Gilley, Sheridan. 1989. The Irish in Britain, 1815–1939 London [Google Scholar] –1939; and The Irish in Victorian Britain Swift, Roger and Gilley, Sheridan. 1999. The Irish in Victorian Britain: The Local Dimension Dublin [Google Scholar]. The first volume was famine-centred and focused on the ‘Condition of England’ elements of the poor, outcast Irish. The second volume extended the chronology to the inter-war period and offered a more variegated analysis. The third volume turned to localities and regions in attempting to explain the varieties and complexities of Irish experiences in Great Britain. [5] See MacRaild, The Great Famine and Beyond MacRaild, Donald M., ed. 2000. The Great Famine and Beyond: Irish Migrants in Britain in The Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries Dublin [Google Scholar], 1–13. [6] The introductions, as well as the contributing essays, in two recent volumes demonstrate the growth in this area: O'Connor, The Irish in Europe 1580 O'Connor, Thomas, ed. 2001. The Irish in Europe 1580–1815 Dublin [Google Scholar] –1815; O'Connor and Lyons, Irish Migrants in Europe after Kinsale O'Connor, Thomas and Lyons, Mary Ann, eds. 2003. Irish Migrants in Europe after Kinsale, 1602–1820 Dublin [Google Scholar]. [7] Such an approach has been taken by Donna Gabaccia in her interpretative study of Italian migration over the past 500 years - Italy's Many Diasporas Gabaccia, Donna. 2000. Italy's Many Diasporas London [Google Scholar]. [8] On the pervasive nature of localism in Irish politics in the mid-nineteenth century, see Hoppen, Elections, Politics and Society in Ireland, 1832 Hoppen, K.T. 1984. Elections. Politics and Society in Ireland, : 1832–1885. Oxford [Google Scholar] –1885. [9] See Belchem, “Ribbonism, Nationalism and the Irish Pub” Belchem, John. 2000. “Ribbonism, Nationalism and the Irish Pub”. In Merseypride: Essays in Liverpool Exceptionalism Liverpool [Google Scholar] for the most sophisticated analysis of the Irish pub as a locus of political and sociable networking. [10] Fitzpatrick, “The Irish in Britain: Settlers or Transients?” Fitzpatrick, David. 1993. “The Irish in Britain: Settlers or Transients?”. In The Irish in British Labour History Edited by: Buckland, Patrick and Belchem, John. Liverpool [Google Scholar], 7. [11] The most important contribution to discussions of intergenerational dynamics in the Irish ethnic group is found in Meagher, Inventing Irish America. [12] Meagher, Inventing Irish America. [13] Gleeson and Buttimer, “‘We are Irish Everywhere’”, below, 185. [14] This term of abuse was once used by the British Labour leader, Keir Hardie, to dismiss the Irish who, he thought, were too strongly bound to Liberal/nationalist home rule politics to bring their considerable bloc presence to bear on Labour politics. See O'Leary, “The Cult of Respectability” O'Leary, Paul. 2004. “The Cult of Respectability and the Irish in Mid-Nineteenth Century Wales”. In The Irish in Wales Edited by: O'Leary, Paul. Liverpool [Google Scholar], 119. [15] O'Leary, “The Cult of Respectability”, 119. [16] Many urban and community studies of the Irish detail their dovetailing of ethnic and class relations through labour organisation. One of the best examples is Emmons, The Butte Irish Emmons, David. 1989. The Butte Irish: Class And Ethnicity in an American Mining Town, 1875–1925 Urbana, IL [Google Scholar]. Another recent example of a fascinating local study of the Irish is Mulrooney, Black Powder, White Lace Mulrooney, Margaret M. 2003. Black Powder, White Lace: The Du Pont Irish and Cultural Identity in Nineteenth-Century America, Hanover: NH. [Google Scholar]. [17] Brown, Irish-American Nationalism Brown, Thomas N. 1966. Irish-American Nationalism, 1870–1890 New York [Google Scholar]. [18] Jenkins, “Deconstructing Diasporas”, below. [19] An exemplary example of this transnational approach is Kenny, Making Sense of the Molly Maguires Kenny, Kevin. 1998. Making Sense of the Molly Maguires New York [Google Scholar]. [20] Emmons, The Butte Irish, 180. [21] Miskell, “Informal Arrangements” Miskell, Louise. 2003. “Informal Arrangements: Irish Associational Culture and the Immigrant Household in Industrial South Wales”. In Irish and Polish Migration in Comparative Perspective Edited by: Belchem, John and Tenfelde, Klaus. Essen [Google Scholar]. [22] Such connections form an important part of recent studies of women's street culture by Tebbutt; see Making Ends Meet Tebbut, Melanie. 1983. Making Ends Meet: Pawnbroking and Working-Class Credit Leicester [Google Scholar] and Women's Talk Tebbut, Melanie. 1995. Women's Talk: A Social History Of ‘Gossip’ in Working-Class Neighbourhoods, 1880–1960 Aldershot [Google Scholar]. [23] See, for example, Tyler Anbinder's fascinating reconstruction of a now familiar Irish landscape, Five Points Anbinder, Tyler. 2001. Five Points: The 19th Century New York City Neighbourhood that Invented Tap Dance, Stole Elections, and Became the World's Most Notorious Slum New York [Google Scholar]. Anbinder achieves that sense of urban community, and of the networks that tied it together. The same quality eludes Martin Scorsese in his film, Gangs of New York, which is set in the same place. [24] For varying perspectives, particularly on the religious character of the Irish ethnic group in the United States, see Akenson Akenson, Donald Harman. 1992. “The Historiography of the Irish in the United States”. In The Irish in the New Communities Edited by: O'Sullivan, Patrick. London [Google Scholar], “The Historiography of the Irish in the United States” and McCaffrey, The Irish Catholic Diaspora in America McCaffrey, Lawrence J. 1997. The Irish Catholic Diaspora in America Washington [Google Scholar]. [25] Feldman, “Migrants, Immigrants and Welfare” Feldman, David. 2003. Migrants, Immigrants and Welfare from the Old Poor Law to the Welfare State. Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, XIII: 79–104. 6th series[Crossref] , [Google Scholar], 81–82, and the sources cited therein. [26] Belchem, “Priests, Publicans and the Irish Poor”, below, 208. [27] Miskell, “‘Operating in the Ethnic Sphere’”, below, 249. [28] O'Leary, “Networking Respectability”, below, 257. [29] This debate has gone on since the 1970s. In part it was inspired by Emmet Larkin's essay on the ‘devotional revolution’ (as well as by rejections of its main tenets). In Britain, the debate was shaped by discussions cutting across ethnic and class lines, and involving labour historians, historians of ethnicity, and scholars of religion. For analyses of these issues, and the major participants, see Gilley, “Roman Catholicism and the Irish in England” Gilley, Sheridan. 2000. “Roman Catholicism and the Irish in England”. In The Great Famine and Beyond: Irish Migrants in Britain in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries Edited by: MacRaild, Donald M. Dublin [Google Scholar]; a recent discussion is contained in MacRaild, “‘Abandon Hibernicisation’” MacRaild, Donald M. 2003. ‘Abandon Hibernicisation’: Priests, Ribbonmen and an Irish Street Fight in the North-East of England in 1858. Historical Research, 76(194): 557–73. [Crossref] , [Google Scholar]. [30] The broader sense of these migrations is discussed in an interesting new study comparing America, Australia and Britain: Kirk, Comrades and Cousins Kirk, Neville. 2003. Comrades and Cousins: Globalization, Workers and Labour Movements in Britain, the USA and Australia from the 1880s to 1914 London [Google Scholar]. [31] Gleeson, The Irish in the South, introduction. [32] McCarthy, “‘Bands of Fellowship’”, below, 340. [33] Fraser, To Tara via Holyhead Fraser, Lyndon. 1997. To Tara via Holyhead: Irish Catholic Immigrants in Nineteenth-Century Christchurch Auckland [Google Scholar]. [34] Fitzpatrick, Oceans of Consolation Fitzpatrick, David. 1994. Oceans of Consolation: Personal Accounts of Irish Migration to Australia Cork [Google Scholar]. [35] Kevin Kenny, “Diaspora and Comparison” Kenny, Kevin. 2003. Diaspora and Comparison: The Global Irish as a Case Study. Journal of American History, 90(1): 134–62. [Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]. [36] Jenkins, “Deconstructing Diasporas”, 360. [37] Fitzpatrick, “The Irish in Britain”, 7. Additional informationNotes on contributorsEnda DelaneyEnda Delaney is a Lecturer in Modern Irish History at the University of AberdeenDonald M. MacRaildDonald M. MacRaild is Professor of History at Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand,
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