Leprosy: pathogenesis updated
1999; Wiley; Volume: 38; Issue: 5 Linguagem: Inglês
10.1046/j.1365-4362.1999.00650.x
ISSN1365-4632
Autores Tópico(s)Autoimmune and Inflammatory Disorders
ResumoInternational Journal of DermatologyVolume 38, Issue 5 p. 321-334 Leprosy: pathogenesis updated Jorge Abulafia MD, Jorge Abulafia MD From the Department of Dermatology, University of Buenos Aires School of Medicine, Buenos Aires, Argentina, and The Department of Dermatology, University of the Republic, Montevideo, UruguaySearch for more papers by this authorRaúl A. Vignale MD, Raúl A. Vignale MD From the Department of Dermatology, University of Buenos Aires School of Medicine, Buenos Aires, Argentina, and The Department of Dermatology, University of the Republic, Montevideo, UruguaySearch for more papers by this author Jorge Abulafia MD, Jorge Abulafia MD From the Department of Dermatology, University of Buenos Aires School of Medicine, Buenos Aires, Argentina, and The Department of Dermatology, University of the Republic, Montevideo, UruguaySearch for more papers by this authorRaúl A. Vignale MD, Raúl A. Vignale MD From the Department of Dermatology, University of Buenos Aires School of Medicine, Buenos Aires, Argentina, and The Department of Dermatology, University of the Republic, Montevideo, UruguaySearch for more papers by this author First published: 25 December 2001 https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-4362.1999.00650.xCitations: 38 Jorge Abulafia, md, Callao 1323, (1023) Buenos Aires, Argentina Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat References 1 Ridley, DS & Jopling, WH. Classification of leprosy according to immunity. A five group system. Int J Lepr 1966; 34, 255 273. 2 Ridley, DS. Histological classification and the immunological spectrum of leprosy. Bull WHO 1974; 51, 451 465. 3 Abulafia, J. Historia natural de la lepra (hanseniasis). Resistencia e inmunidad. Arch Argent Dermat 1982; 32, 281 318. 4 Sehgal, VN, Jain, MK, Srivastava, G. Evolution of the classification of leprosy. Int J Dermatol 1989; 28, 161 167. 5 Goihman-Yahr, M. Leprosy, an overview. Int J Dermatol 1982; 21, 423 431. 6 Klingmüller, G. Die Lepra als Thesaurismose. Arch Klin Exp Derm 1970; 237, 316 323. 7 Turkel, SB, Van Hale, HM, Rea, TH. Ultrastructure of dermal microvasculature in leprosy. Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis 1983; 50, 164 171. 8 Mukherjee, A, Misra, RS, Meyers, WM. An electron microscopic study of lymphatics in dermal lesions of human leprosy. Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis 1989; 57, 506 510. 9 Abulafia, J. Lopes dos Reis A, Calb IL. Sistema monocítico-macrofágico y Mycobacterium leprae. Su importancia en la interpretación patogénica de las distintas formas clínico-patológicas de la lepra . Arch Argent Dermat 1990; 40, 81 116. 10 Treo, MM & Silva, CO. Compartamento do Mycobacterium leprae"in vitro" em sangue total ou plasma de leprosos de differentes formas clínicas. VII Int Cong Leprosy,1963. 11 Beiguelman, B & Barbieri, TA. Comportamento dos macrofagos nas formas polares da lepra. Ciencia Y Cultura 1965; 17, 304 305. 12 Barbieri, TA & Correa, WM. Human macrophage culture. The leprosy prognostic test (LPT). Int J Lepr 1967; 35, 377 381. 13 Pisani, RCG, Beiguelman, B, Opromolla, DVA. "In vitro" behavior of blood derived macrophages against killed M. leprae. Int J Lepr 1973; 41, 12 24. 14 Convit, J, Avila, JL, Goihman, M et al. A test for the determination of competency in clearing bacilli in leprosy patients. Bull WHO 1972; 46, 821 826. 15 Convit, J, Pinardi, ME, Rodriguez Ochoa, G et al. Elimination of M. leprae subsequent to local in vivo activation of macrophages in lepromatous leprosy by other mycobacteria . Clin Exp Immunol 1974; 00, 261 265. 16 Rodriguez Santamaria, J, Campbell, IT, Delfini, O et al. HLA na dermatologia: o que existe de concreto. An Bras Dermatol 1996; 71, 32 37. 17 Yamamura, M, Uyemura, K, Deans, RJ et al. Defining protective response to pathogens: cytokine profiles in leprosy lesions. Science 1991; 254, 277 279. 18 Ochoa, MT, Valderrama, L, Ochoa, A et al. Lepromatous and tuberculoid leprosy: clinical presentation and cytokine responses. Int J Dermatol 1966; 35, 786 790. 19 Weddell, G & Palmer, E. Experimental observations related to the histopathology of leprosy. In: Ciba Foundation Study Group 15. Pathogenesis of Leprosy. London: J&A Churchill., 1963: 3 30. 20 Lakshmi, TS, Rao, PN, Krishna, AV et al. Histopathology of skin and nerve and clinical classification in leprosy patients. Indian J Lepr 1996; 68, 258 260. 21 Shepard, CC. Multiplication of Mycobacterium leprae in the footpad of the mouse. Int J Lepr 1962; 30, 291 306. 22 Kramansky, B, Edmonson, H, Peters, RL et al. Lepromatous leprosy in reaction. Arch Pathol 1968; 85, 516 531. 23 Burchard, GD & Bierther, M. Study on the micromorphology of Mycobacterium leprae. Arch Dermatol Res 1985; 277, 220 224. 24 Kumar, B, Jamumdar, S, Dahiya, R et al. Lipid composition of human leprous tissue. Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis 1987; 55, 162 164. 25 Young, DB. Detection of mycobacterial lipids in skin biopsies from leprosy patients. Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis 1981; 49, 198 204. 26 Sakurai, I & Skisnes, O. Lipids in leprosy. Histochemistry of lipids in human leprosy. Int J Lepr 1970; 38, 389 403. 27 Sakurai, I & Skisnes, O. Studies on lipids in leprosy. Chromatographic analysis of lipids in leprosy. Int J Lepr 1971; 39, 113 129. 28 Brennan, PJ & Barrow, WW. Evidence for species specific lipid antigen in Mycobacterium leprae. Int J Lepr 1980; 48, 382 386. 29 Narayanan, RB, Girdhar, BK, Lavania, RK et al. In vitro studies of dermal granulomas of human leprosy: characterization of cells using monoclonal antibodies. Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis 1986; 54, 268 272. 30 Imaeda, T, Convit, J, Lapente, P. Electron microscopic study of borderline leprosy. Int J Lepr 1963; 31, 389 417. 31 Imaeda, T & Convit, J. Electron microscopy study of cutaneous nerves in leprosy. Int J Lepr 1968; 31, 188 210. 32 Job, CK & Desikan, KV. Mycobacterium leprae in nerve lesions of lepromatous leprosy. Int J Lepr 1968; 36, 257 270. 33 Job, CK. Mycobacterium leprae in nerve lesions of lepromatous leprosy. Arch Pathol 1970; 89, 195 207. 34 Imaeda, T & Imaeda, H. Electron microscopy of Mycobacterium leprae in cutaneous nerve components. Cutis 1986; 37, 59 61. 35 Chandi, SM & Chacko, CJ. An ultrastructural study of dermal nerves in early human leprosy. Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis 1987; 55, 515 520. 36 Kumar, V, Narayanan, RB, Girdhar, BK. Comparison of the characteristics of infiltrates in skin and nerve granulomas of leprosy. Acta Lepr 1989; 7, 19 24. 37 Saxena, U, Ramesh, V, Misra, RS et al. Nodularity of nerves in treated leprosy. Int J Dermatol 1990; 29, 497 499. 38 Hirata, T & Harada, N. Electron microscopic observation of small unmyelinated nerve tissue proper in a dermal lesion of a relapsed lepromatous patient. Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis 1994; 62, 619 622. 39 Brady, RR, Pentchev, PG, Gal, AE. Investigations in enzyme replacement therapy in lipid storage diseases. Fed Proc 1975; 34, 1310. 40 Van-Hale, HM, Turkel, SB, Rea, TH. Dermal ultrastructure in leprosy. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1984; 108, 383 386. 41 Poulter, LW, Collings, LA, Tung, KS et al. Parasitism of antigen presenting cells in hyperbacillary leprosy. Clin Exp Immunol 1984; 55, 611 617. 42 Yamamoto, T, Nishiura, M, Harada, N et al. Electron microscopy of ultrathin sections of lepra cells and Mycobacterium leprae. Int J Lepr 1958; 26, 1 8. 43 Caputo, R & Gianotti, F. Cytoplasmic markers ultrastructural features in histiocytic proliferation of the skin. Gior It Derm Vener 1980; 115, 107 120. 44 Imaeda, T. Electron microscopic analysis of the components of lepra cells. Int J Lepr 1960; 28, 22 37. 45 Imaeda, T. Electron microscopy. Approach to leprosy research. Int J Lepr 1963; 33, 669 688. 46 Job, CK. Lysosomal activity of macrophages in leprosy. Arch Pathol 1970; 90, 547 552. 47 Bergel, M. Leprosy as a metabolic disease. Buenos Aires: Inst Invest Leprol1988. 48 Orfanos, C. Phagocytotische insuffizienz und Mitochondrien-Verändwerungen der Leprazelle. Hautarzt 1966; 17, 459 463. 49 Convit, J & Ulrich, M. Recent advances in the immunology of leprosy. Int J Dermatol 1976; 15, 157 170. 50 Levinson, AI, Lisak, R, Zweiman, B. Immunology aspects of leprosy. Int J Dermatol 1977; 16, 103 112. 51 Azulay, RD. Hanseníase: da imunobiologia a imunopatologia. Tesis do Professorado Titular de Dermatologia. Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, 1978. 52 Modlin, RL & Rea, TH. Leprosy: new insight into an ancient disease. J Am Acad Dermatol 1987; 17, 1 13. 53 Sehgal, VN & Joginder, ?, Sharma, VK. Immunology of leprosy. A comprehensive survey. Int J Dermatol 1989; 28, 574 584. 54 Tomimori-Tamashita, J, Miki Maeda, S, Jabur, R et al. Hanseníase: novos metodos e recorsos diagnósticos. An Bras Dermatol 1996; 71, 343 349. 55 Bottella Estrada, R. Linfocitos T colaboradores 1 y 2: Su importancia en dermatología. Piel 1996; 11, 60 63. 56 Cruz García Rodríguez, C. Subpoblaciones de linfocitos T en sangre periférica. Piel 1996; 11, 57 59. 57 Skinsnes, OK. Immunopathology of leprosy: the century in press Pathology, pathogenesis and the development of classification. Int J Lepr 1973; 41, 329 360. 58 Modlin, RL, Hofman, FM, Meyer, PR et al. In situ demonstration of T-lymphocyte subsets in granulomatous inflammation: leprosy, rhinoscleroma and sarcoidosis. Clin Exp Immunol 1983; 51, 430 438. 59 Kaplan, G, Luster, AD, Hancock, G et al. The expression of a gamma interferon-induced protein (IL-10) in delayed immune response in human skin. J Exp Med 1987; 166, 1098 1108. 60 Kaplan, G, Sheftel, G, Job, CK et al. Efficacy of a cell-mediated reaction to the purified protein derivative of tuberculin in the disposal of M. leprae from human skin. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1988; 85, 5210 5214. 61 Kaplan, G. The efficacy of a cell-mediated response in the disposal of M. leprae from human skin. Immunol Lett 1988; 19, 223 227. 62 Suso, L, Nogueira, N, Vieira, LM et al. Correlaçao entre testes cutâneos e produçao de IFN en pacientes com hanseníase. Med Cut I LA 1988; 16, 193 196. 63 Damasco, MH, Sarno, EN, Lobao, AS et al. Effect of cutaneous cell-mediated immune response to rINF gamma on M. leprae viability in the lesions of lepromatous leprosy. Braz J Med Biol Res 1992; 25, 457 465. 64 Modlin, RL. Th1-Th2 paradigm: insights from leprosy. J Invest Dermatol 1994; 102, 828 832. 65 Sehgal, VN, Gupta, RP, Karmakar, S et al. In situ characterization of lymphocytic immunophenotypes and interleukin-2 in cutaneous tuberculosis and leprosy: a comparative evaluation. Clin Exp Dermatol 1994; 19, 312 316. 66 Howe, RC, Wondimu, A, Demissee, A et al. Functional heterogeneity among CD4+ T-cell clones from blood and skin lesions of leprosy patients. Identification of T-cell clones distinct from Th0, Th1 and Th2. Immunology 1995; 84, 585 594. 67 Rea, TH. Immune responses in leprosy, cytokines and new archetypes for dermatology. Clin Exp Dermatol 1995; 20, 89 97. 68 Rao, TD & Rao, PR. Enhanced cell-mediated immune responses in erythema nodosum leprosum reactions of leprosy. Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis 1987; 55, 36 41. 69 Vazquez-Botet, M & Sanchez, JL. Erythema nodosum leprosum. Int J Dermatol 1987; 26, 436 437. 70 Sehgal, VN & Sharma, V. Reactions in leprosy. A prospective study of clinical, bacteriological, immunological and histopathological parameters in thirty-five Indians. J Dermatol 1988; 15, 412 419. 71 Sehgal, VN. Reactions in leprosy. Clinical aspects. Int J Dermatol 1987; 26, 278 285. 72 Sehgal, VN, Srivastava, G, Sundharam, JA. Immunology of reactions in leprosy. Current status. Int J Dermatol 1988; 28, 157 162. 73 Rao, TD & Rao, PR. Serum immune complexes in erythema nodosum leprosum reactions of leprosy. Indian J Lepr 1988; 60, 189 195. 74 Modlin, RL, Mehra, V, Jordan, R et al. In situ and in vivo characterization of the cellular immune response in erythema nodosum leprosum. J Immunol 1986; 136, 883 886. 75 Sehgal, VN, Bhattacharya, SN, Shah, Y et al. Reactions in leprosy: acute phase reactant response during and after remission. Int J Dermatol 1992; 31, 632 634. 76 Vieira, LM, Sampaio, EP, Nery, JA et al. Immunological status in ENL patients: its relationship to bacterial load and levels of circulating IL-2. Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 1966; 38, 103 111. 77 Khanolkar-Young, S, Rayment, N, Brickell, PM et al. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha synthesis is associated with the skin and peripheral nerve pathology of leprosy reversal reactions. Clin Exp Immunol 1995; 99, 196 202. 78 Rea, TH & Ridley, DS. Lucio's phenomenon: a comparative histological study. Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis 1979; 47, 161 166. 79 Gibert, E, Cubria, JL, Gratacos, R et al. Lucio's leprosy. Med Cut I LA 1982; 10, 41 46. 80 Sehgal, VN, Srivastava, G, Sharma, VK. Contemplative immune mechanism of Lucio phenomenon and its global status. J Dermatol 1987; 14, 580 585. 81 Chin, A, -Lien, RAM, Altes-Levy, HRK, Naafs, B. Midborderline (BB) -borderline lepromatous (BL) leprosy with reversal reaction (RR). Br J Dermatol 1994; 131, 720 721. 82 Lazaro-Medina, A, Tianci, EA, Avila, JM. Additional markers for the type 1 reactional states of borderline leprosy. Am J Dermatol 1990; 12, 417 421. 83 Wade, HW. The histoid variety of lepromatous leprosy. Int J Lepr 1963; 31, 129 142. 84 Sehgal, VN & Srivastava, G. Status of histoid leprosy: a clinical, bacteriological, histopathological and immunological appraisal. J Dermatol 1987; 14, 38 42. 85 Sehgal, VN & Srivastava, G. Histoid leprosy. Int J Dermatol 1985; 24, 286 292. 86 Janniger, CK, Kapila, R, Schwart, RA et al. Histoid lepromas of lepromatous leprosy. Int J Dermatol 1990; 29, 494 496. 87 Kontochristopoulos, GJ, Aroni, K, Pantaleos, DA et al. Immunohistochemistry in histoid leprosy. Int J Dermatol 1995; 34, 777 781. 88 Calderon, P, Anzilotti, M, Phelps, R. Thalidomide in dermatology. New indications for an old drug. Int J Dermatol 1997; 36, 881 887. 89 Azulay, RD. Autoaggressive hanseniasis. J Am Acad Dermatol 1987; 17, 1042 1046. 90 Rotberg, A. O defeito específico da imunidade celular da hanseníase (margen anérgica) — uma antiga hipótese brasileira. Hansen Int 1977; 2, 12 14. 91 Rotberg, A. "N factor-anergic margin" of resistance/susceptibility to hanseniasis. I. The foundation of the theory. Hansen Int 1977; 2, 115 124. 92 Blumberg, BS & Melartin, L. Conjectures on inherited susceptibility to lepromatous leprosy. Int J Lepr 1966; 34, 60 64. 93 Blumberg, BS. Leprosy research through genetics. Int J Lepr 1965; 33, 739 743. 94 Rees, A, Feldman, M, Woody, JN et al. Genetics of human T cell–monocyte interactions in helper cell induction. Clin Exp Immunol 1981; 44, 445 452. 95 Ottenhoff, THM & De Vries, RRP. HLA class II immune response and suppression genes in leprosy. Int J Lepr 1987; 55, 521 534. 96 Bergel, M. New light in leprosy. Int J Lepr 1958; 26, 65 72. 97 Bergel, M. Actividad antioxidante biológica de la diaminodifenilsulfona (DDS). Arch Argent Dermatol 1968; 18, 5 26. 98 Fernandes Pimentel, MI, Do Nascimento, HJ, Filgueira, AL. Hanseníase radiaçao ultravioleta e citocinas. An Bras Dermatol 1996; 71, 141 146. 99 Anderson, R. The immunopharmacology of antileprosy agents. Lepr Rev 1983; 54, 139 144. 100 Saxena, U, Misra, RS, Ramesh, V. Treatment of paucibacillary leprosy. Int J Dermatol 1993; 32, 135 137. 101 Save, MP, Shetty, VP, Antia, NH. Intracellular localization of dapsone and rifampicin in skin and nerves of multidrug treated leprosy patients. Indian J Lepr 1995; 67, 273 284. 102 Arbiser, JL & Moschella, SL. Clofazimine: a review of its medical uses and mechanisms of action. J Am Acad Dermatol 1995; 32, 241 247. 103 Silva, NC. Lisosomas e sua relaçao leprótica. II Dermatol Meeting, Juiz da Fora, Brasil,1996. 104 Giménez, MF. Tratamiento de la lepra. Piel 1997; 12, 548 554. Citing Literature Volume38, Issue5May 1999Pages 321-334 ReferencesRelatedInformation
Referência(s)