Portal de Periódicos da CAPES

Amaranths–an underutilized resource

1988; Wiley; Volume: 23; Issue: 2 Linguagem: Inglês

10.1111/j.1365-2621.1988.tb00559.x

1365-2621

Rekha S. Singhal, P. R. Kulkarni,

Agronomic Practices and Intercropping Systems

International Journal of Food Science & TechnologyVolume 23, Issue 2 p. 125-139 Amaranths–an underutilized resource R. S. SINGHAL, R. S. SINGHAL Food and Fermentation Technology Division, Department of Chemical Technology, University of Bombay, Bombay-400 019, India.Search for more papers by this authorP. R. KULKARNI, P. R. KULKARNI Food and Fermentation Technology Division, Department of Chemical Technology, University of Bombay, Bombay-400 019, India.Search for more papers by this author R. S. SINGHAL, R. S. SINGHAL Food and Fermentation Technology Division, Department of Chemical Technology, University of Bombay, Bombay-400 019, India.Search for more papers by this authorP. R. KULKARNI, P. R. KULKARNI Food and Fermentation Technology Division, Department of Chemical Technology, University of Bombay, Bombay-400 019, India.Search for more papers by this author First published: April 1988 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.1988.tb00559.xCitations: 63AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat References Abdi, H. & Sahib, M.K. (1976). Distribution of lysine in different legumes and some species of Amaranthus seeds. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 13, 237–239. CASGoogle Scholar Abdullah, Z.G.A. & Agamirova, R.M. (1964). Biochemical study of Certain Poisonous Plants growing in Azerbaidzhan. Izuch-i-Ispolz Lekavsto Rastit Resurso SSR (Leningrad Med), 198–200 (Cited from chemical Abstract 62:10821 b). Google Scholar Ahmad, M.U. & Hussain, S.K. (1979). Studies on herbaceous seed oils XII. Journal of Oil Technological Association of India, 11, 70–72. CASGoogle Scholar Aynilian, G.H. & Abou-Chaar, C.I. (1971). Screening of herbarium specimens of native plants from families of Amaranthaceae, Dipsacaceae and Orobarochaceae for alkaloids, saponins and tannins. Planta Medica, 19, 306–310. 10.1055/s-0028-1099646 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Badami, R.C. & Patil, K.B. (1978). Studies on vegetable oils of the genus Amaranthus. In: Fats Oils Related Food Products, their properties Symposium, 1976 (edited by P.B. Rama Rao). Pp. 141–142. India : Association of Food Scientists and Technologists. Google Scholar Bajwa, S.S. & Sastry, P.S. (1972). Positional distribution of fatty acids in leaf lecithins. Indian Journal of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 9, 133–134. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Banerji, N. (1980). Two new saponins from the root of Amaranthus spinosus Linn. Journal of Indian Chemical Society, 57, 417–419. CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar Bassir, O. (1978). The efficiency of utilising iron in leafy green vegetables from haemoglobin synthesis by anemic rats. Nutrition Reports International, 18, 481–486. Web of Science®Google Scholar Batra, A., Mehta, B.K. & Bokadia, M.M. (1986). Characterisation of Amaranthus hybridus phospholipids. Fette, Seifen, Anstrichm, 88, 189–191. 10.1002/lipi.19860880512 CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar Becker, R., Wheeler, E.L., Lorenz, K., Stafford, A.E., Grossjean, O.K., Betschart, A.A. & Saunders, R.M. (1981). A Compositional study of amaranth grain. Journal of Food Science, 46, 1175–1180. 10.1111/j.1365-2621.1981.tb03018.x CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar Behari, M. & Andhiwal, C.K. (1976). Chemical examination of Amaranthus spinosus L. Current Science, 45, 481–482. CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar Behari, M. & Sharma, R.K. (1984). Isolation and characterisation of hydrocarbons, alcohols and sterols from Amaranthus tricolor. Acta Ciencia Indica (Chemistry), 10, 42–45. CASGoogle Scholar Behari, M., Shri, V., Akihisa, T. & Matsumoto, T. (1986). 24-alkyl-Δ7 sterols of the herb Amaranthus viridis. Fitoterapia, 57, 276–277. CASGoogle Scholar Betschart, A.A., Irving, D.W., Shepherd, A.D. & Saunders, R.M. (1981). Amaranthus cruentus: milling characteristics, distribution of nutrients within seed components, and the effects of temperature on nutritional quality. Journal of Food Science, 46, 1181–1187. 10.1111/j.1365-2621.1981.tb03019.x Web of Science®Google Scholar Birthe, P., Hallgren, L., Hansen, I. & Eggum, B.O. (1987a). The nutritive value of amaranth grain (Amaranthus caudatus). 2. As a supplement to cereals. Qualitas Plantarum-Plant Foods For Human Nutrition, 36, 325–334. 10.1007/BF01892353 Google Scholar Birthe, P., Kalinowski, L.S. & Eggum, B.O. (1987b). The nutritive value of amaranth grain (Amaranthus caudatus). 1. Protein and minerals of raw and processed grain. Qualitas Plantarum-Plant Foods for Human Nutrition, 36, 309–324. 10.1007/BF01892352 Google Scholar Bolsen, K.K. & Poster, G.L. (1983). Nutritive value of 7 tropical weed species during the dry season. Agronomy Journal, 75, 566–569. 10.2134/agronj1983.00021962007500030034x Web of Science®Google Scholar Calderan de la Barca, A.M., Ochoa & Valencia, M.S. (1985a). Effect of the extraction of a hemagglutinin on Amaranthus leucocarpus Seeds. Journal of Food Science, 50, 1700–1702. 10.1111/j.1365-2621.1985.tb10569.x Google Scholar Calderan de la Barca, A.M., Zenteno, E., Ochoa, J.L., Valencia, M. & Carvajal, R. (1985b). The removal of Amaranthus leucocarpus lectins affects the nutritional value of the seed meal. Lectins: Biology, Biochemistry, Clinical Biochemistry, 4, 531–536. Google Scholar Chadoeuf, H.R. & Taylorson, R.B. (1987). Changes in the lipid fatty acids association with dormancy breaking in Amaranthus albus seeds. Journal of Seed Technology, 11, 15–22 (Cited from Chemical Abstract 107: 55834 h). Google Scholar Cheeke, P.R., Carlsson, R. & Kohler, G.O. (1981). nutritive value of laf protein concentrates prepared from Amaranthus species. Canadian Journal of Animal Science, 61, 199–204. 10.4141/cjas81-026 CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar Chopra, R.N. (1955). Indian plants considered to be useful in Indian medicine. In: A Review of Work on Indian Medicinal Plants, ICMR Special Report Series No. 30, New Delhi, p. 101. Google Scholar Correa, A.D., Jokl, L. & Carlsson, R. (1986). Chemical constituents, in vitro protein digestibility and presence of antinutritional substances in amaranth grains. Archivos Latinoamericanos de Nutricion, 36, 319–324. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Desai Vaman Ganesh In: Aushadhi Sangraha, part 2. Pp. 138–139. (1975). Dadar , Bombay : Srigajanan Book Depot Prakashan (Translated from Marathi). Google Scholar Devadas, R.P., Anuradha, V. & Chandrashekhar, U. (1969). Seasonal variation in the nutrient content of Amaranthus flavus. Journal of Nutrition and Dietetics, 6, 305–307. CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar Devadas, R.P., Chandrashekhar, U., Bhooma, N. & Menon, M. (1977). Biological evaluation of a ragi based low cost indigenous diet mixture on albino rats. Indian Journal of Nutrition and Dietetics, 14, 253–259. CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar Devadas, R.P., Devadoss, M.V.K. & Rowlands, R. (1964). The supplementary value of wild greens (a mixture of leafy vegetables) to poor Indian wild rice diet. Journal of Nutrition and Dietetics, 1, 34–37. CASGoogle Scholar Devadas, R.P. & Murthy, N.K. (1978). Biological utilisation of β-carotene from amaranth and leaf protein in preschool children. World Review of Nutrition and Dietetics (Vitamin Carrier Functional Polyprenoids), 31, 159–161. CASPubMedGoogle Scholar Devadas, R.P. & Saroja, S. (1980). Availability of β-carotene from papaya fruit and amaranth in preschool children. Indian Journal of Nutrition and Dietetics, 17, 41–44. CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar Dixit, V.K. & Varma, K.C. (1971). Fixed Oil of Seeds of Amaranthus caudatus. Indian Oil Soap Journal, 36, 273–274. CASGoogle Scholar Ezeala, D.O. (1985). Nutrients, carotenoids and mineral compositions of the leaf vegetables Amaranthus viridis and A. caudatus L. Tropical Agriculture, 62, 95–96. CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar Faboya, O.O. (1983). The mineral content of some green leafy vegetables commonly found in western part of Nigeria. Food Chemistry, 12, 213–216. 10.1016/0308-8146(83)90008-0 CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar Fetuga, B.L., Oyenuga, V.A. & Taylor, O.A. (1983). Accumulation of mineral elements in five tropical leafy vegetables as influenced by nitrogen fertilisation and age. Scientia Horticulturae, 18, 313–322 (Cited from Chemical Abstract 98: 142437 V). 10.1016/0304-4238(83)90013-4 Web of Science®Google Scholar Garcia, L.A., Alfaro, M.A. & Bressani, R. (1987a). Digestibility and protein quality of raw and heat processed defatted and non-defatted flowers prepared with three amaranth species. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 35, 604–607. 10.1021/jf00076a039 CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar Garcia, L.A., Alfaro, M.A. & Bressani, R. (1987b). Digestibility and nutritional value of crude oil from three amaranth species. Journal of American Oil Chemists Society, 64, 371–375. 10.1007/BF02549297 CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar Goering, K.J. & Rao, P.V.S. (1970). New starches. V. The properties of the small granule starch from Amaranthus retroflexus. Cereal Chemistry, 47, 655–661. Web of Science®Google Scholar Goering, K.J., Rao, P.V.S., Fritts, D.H. & Carroll, T. (1970). New starches. VI. The structure of the starch chunks from Amaranthus retroflexus. Die Starke, 22, 217–221. 10.1002/star.19700220702 Web of Science®Google Scholar Gollamudi, L., Pantula, A.J. & Rao, K.S. (1984). Lipid class and fatty acid composition of young Amaranthus gangeticus L. leaves. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 32, 1361–1363. 10.1021/jf00126a036 Web of Science®Google Scholar Gomez, R.G., Bertoni, M.H. & Covas, G. (1986). The leaf general chemical composition of American Amaranth Species (Amathus spp): total oxalate and nitrate and residual levels after cooking. Anales de la Asociacion Quimica Argentina, 74, 333–338. CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar Gopalan, C., Ramasastri, B.V. & Balasubramaniam, S.C. (1985). Nutritive Value of Indian Foods. Hyderabad , India : National Institute of nutrition, ICMR. Google Scholar Grubben, G.J.H. & Van Sloten, D.H. (1981). Genetic Resources of Amaranths. Rome : International Board for plant genetic resources, FAO. Google Scholar Grof, C.P.L., Johnston, M. & Brownwell, P.F. (1986). Free amino acid concentration in leaves of sodium deficient C4 plants. Australian Journal of Plant Physiology, 13, 343–346. 10.1071/PP9860343 CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar Harrold, R.L., Craig, D.L., Nalewaja, J.D. & North, B.B. (1980). Nutritive value of green on yellow fox tail, wild oats, wild buckwheat or red-root pigweed seeds as determined with the rat. Journal of Animal Science, 51, 127–131. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Harrold, R.L. & Nalewaja, J.D. (1977). Proximate, mineral and amino acid composition of 15 weed seeds. Journal of Animal Science, 44, 389–394. CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar Hendricks, S.B. & Taylorson, R.B. (1972). Promotion of seed germination by nitrates and cyanides. Nature, 237, 169–170. 10.1038/237169b0 CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar Hendricks, S.B. & Taylorson, R.B. (1976). Variation in the germination and amino acid leakage of seeds with temperature related to phase change. Plant Physiology, 58, 7–11. 10.1104/pp.58.1.7 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Hill, R.M. & Prabhu, D.R. (1982). Evaluation of food potential, some toxicological aspects and preparation of protein isolate from the aerial part of amaranth (pigweed). Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 30, 465–469. 10.1021/jf00111a014 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Huang, A.S. & Von Elbe, J.H. (1986). Stability comparison of two betacyanine pigments–amaranthine and betanine. Journal of Food Science, 51, 670–674. 10.1111/j.1365-2621.1986.tb13908.x CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Ifon, E.T. & Bassir, O. (1979). The nutritive value of some Nigerian leafy green vegetables. 1. Vitamin and mineral contents. Food Chemistry, 4, 263–267. 10.1016/0308-8146(79)90014-1 CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar Ifon, E.T. & Bassir, O. (1980). The nutritive value of some Nigerian leafy green vegetables. 2. The distribution of protein, carbohydrates (including ethanol soluble simple sugars), crude fat, fibre and ash. Food Chemistry, 5, 231–235. 10.1016/0308-8146(80)90014-X CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar Ikachuk, R. & Mellish, V.J. (1977). Amino acid and proximate analysis of weed seeds. Canadian Journal of Plant Science, 57, 243–249. 10.4141/cjps77-033 Google Scholar Ikenaga, T., Matuyo, M. & Ohashi, H. (1975). Studies on physiology and ecology of Amaranthus viridis. II. The effect of nutritional conditions on growth and chlorophyll content in Amaranthus viridis. Zasso kenkyu, 20, 156–160 (Cited from Chemical Abstract 85: 141931). 10.3719/weed.20.156 CASGoogle Scholar Irving, D.W., Betschart, A.A. & Saunders, R.M. (1981). Morphological studies on Amaranthus cruentus. Journal of Food Science, 46, 1170–1174. 10.1111/j.1365-2621.1981.tb03017.x Web of Science®Google Scholar Jaiswal, S., Batra, A. & Varma, S. (1984). Free amino acids of some regionally available medicinally important plant seeds. Science and Culture, 50, 24–26. CASGoogle Scholar Jathar, V.S., Kulkarni, P.R. & Rege, D.V. (1974). Vitamin B12 like activity in leafy vegetables. Indian Journal of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 11, 71–73. CASPubMedGoogle Scholar Kidwai, I.M. & Zain, B.K. (1969). Nutritive value of some common plants. Pakistan Journal of Biochemistry, 2, 28–32. CASGoogle Scholar Koeppe, S.J. & Rupnow, J.H. (1985). Isolation and heat stability of trypsin inhibitors in amaranth (Amaranthus hypochondriacus). Journal of Food Science, 50, 1519–1521. 10.1111/j.1365-2621.1985.tb10523.x CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar Konishi, Y., Fumita, Y. & Ikeda, K. (1985). Isolation and characterisation of globulin from seeds of Amaranthus hypochondriacus L. Agricultural and Biological Chemistry, 49, 1453–1459. 10.1080/00021369.1985.10866912 CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar Kundaji, T.R. & Radhakrishna Rao, M.V. (1954). Supplementary nutritive value of some subsidiary cereals. Current Science, 23, 93. CASGoogle Scholar Lala, V.R. & Reddy, V. (1970). Absorption of β-carotene from green leafs vegetables in under-nourished children. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 23, 110–113. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar LIFE (1985). Newsletter, Vol. XVIII. In: League for International Food Education, No. 4 (AugSep 1985). Pp. 3–4. Google Scholar LEC (1986). Newsletter, Vol X, No. 1 (edited by J.M. Harper). Fort Collins : Colorado State University Research Foundation. Google Scholar Lorenz, K. (1981). Amaranthus hypochondriacus characteristics of starch and baking potential of the flour. Starch, 33, 149–153. 10.1002/star.19810330502 CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar Lorenz, K. & Gross, M. (1984). Saccharides of amaranth. Nutrition Reports International, 29, 721–726. CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar Lorenz, K. & Hwang, Y.S. (1985). Lipids in amaranths. Nutrition Reports International, 31, 83–89. CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar Lyon, C.K. & Becker, R. (1987). Extraction and refining of oil from amaranth seed. Journal of American Oil Chemists Society, 64, 233–236. 10.1007/BF02542008 CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar MacMasters, M.M., Baird, P.D., Halzapfel, M.M. & Rist, C.E. (1955). Preparation of starch from Amaranthus cruentus Seeds. Economic Botany, 9, 300–302. 10.1007/BF02859825 CASGoogle Scholar Marten, G.C. & Anderson, R.N. (1975). Nutritive value and palatability of 12 common annual weeds. Crop Science, 15, 821–827. 10.2135/cropsci1975.0011183X001500060024x CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar Misra, P.S., Dhan, P., Pandey, R.M. & Pal, M. (1985). Protein and amino acid composition of grain amaranth seeds. Fitoterapia, 56, 318–320. CASGoogle Scholar Modi, J.D. & Kulkarni, P.R. (1975). Relationship between amylose content and setting property of starch. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 12, 264. CASGoogle Scholar Modi, J.D. & Kulkarni, P.R. (1976). New starches: the properties of the starch from Amaranthus paniculatas L. Acta Alimentaria, 5, 399–402. Google Scholar Murthy, N.K., Annapurni, S., Premjothi, P., Rajah, J. & Shubha, K. (1985). Bioavailability of iron by in vitro method. 1. From selected foods and effect of fortification, promoters and inhibitors. Indian Journal of Nutrition and Dietetics, 22, 68–72. CASGoogle Scholar Naidu, K.R., Seethambaram, Y. & Das, V.S.R. (1982). Leaf proteinase and nitrate reductase activities in relation to grain protein levels and grain yield in four species of grain amaranth. Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences (Ser) Plant Science, 91, 433–441. CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar National Academy of Sciences (1975). Under-exploited tropical plants with promising economic value. Report of the Adhoc Panel of the Advisory Committee on Technology innovation (BOSTID), Washington. Pp. 1–184. Google Scholar National Academy of Sciences (1979). Tropical legumes: resources for the future. Report of the Adhoc panel of the Advisory Committee on Technology innovation (BOSTID), Washington. Pp. 1–313. Google Scholar National Research Council (1984). Amaranth: Modern Prospects for an Ancient Crop. Pp. 1–53. Washington : National Academy Press. Google Scholar Newsletter (1986). Amaranth Today, Vol. 2, No. 1 (edited by R. Rodale). Pp. 1–8. Emmaus , Pa. 10.2307/3032898 Google Scholar Okiei, I. & Adamson, I. (1979). Nitrate, nitrite, vitamin C and in-vitro methemoglobin formation from some vegetables. Nutrition Reports International, 19, 241–248. CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar Okuno, K. & Sakaguchi, S. (1981). Glutinous and non-glutinous starches in perisperm of grain amaranths. Cereal Research Communication, 9, 305–310. CASGoogle Scholar Ol'Shanskaya, L.E. (1980). Chemical composition and feed value of protein concentrates from green plant Sap. Visnik. Sil kogospodars'koi Nauki, 1, 68–70 (Cited from Chemical Abstract 93: 166367 v). Google Scholar Olufolaji, A.O. & Tayo, T.O. (1980). Growth, development and mineral contents of three cultivars of amaranth. Scientia Horticulturae, 13, 181–189 (Cited from Chemical Abstract 93: 148358 p). 10.1016/0304-4238(80)90083-7 CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar Olusegun, O.L. (1983). Handbook of tropical foods, Chapter 1 (edited by H.T. Chan). Pp. 1–28. Hawaii : Marcel Dekker. Google Scholar Opute, F.I. (1979). Seed lipids of the grain amaranth. Journal of Experimental Botany, 30, 601–606. 10.1093/jxb/30.3.601 CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar Orr, E. (1977). The contribution of new food mixtures to relief of malnutrition–a second look. Food and Nutrition (FAO), 3, 2. CASPubMedGoogle Scholar Osman, H.G. & Jwanny, E.W. (1963). Serological and chemical investigations on agglutinins of phaseolus montcalm. Journal of Chemistry of UAR, 6, 191–204 (Cited from Chemical Abstract 63: 6169 h). CASGoogle Scholar Pant, K.C. (1983). Studies on the nutritional quality of grain amaranths. Nutrition Reports International, 28, 1445–1456. CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar Pant, K.C. (1985). Effect of heat processing (popping) on protein nutritional quality of grain amaranth. Nutrition Reports International, 32, 1089–1098. CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar Pant, K.C. (1986). The effect of amino acid or protein supplementation on the nutritional quality of grain amaranth. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 23, 298–300. CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar Pardoe, G.I. & Bird, G.W.G. (1970). Heterophile agglutinins with a broad spectrum specificity. VI. The nature of cell surface receptors for agglutinins present in seeds of Amaranthus caudatus, Machura aurantica, Datura stramonium, Viscum album, Phaseolus vulgaris and Molucella laevis. Zeitschrift Immunitactsforsch: Allergie Klinesche Immunologie, 40, 374–394 (Cited from Chemical Abstract 72: 74397 j). Google Scholar Rao, C.N. & Rao, B.S.N. (1970). Absorption of dietary carotenes in human subjects. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 23, 105–109. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Roy, S., Dutta, A.K. & Chakraborty, D.P. (1982). Amasterol, an ecdysone precursor and a growth inhibitor from Amaranthus viridis. Phyto-chemistry, 21, 2417–2420. CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar Saina, Z.I. (1973). Phytochemical study of spreading amaranth (Amaranthus blitorides) and Anaphalis racemiberae. Institute Fiziologicheski Akademii Nauk Kazakh SSR, 18, 44–47 (Cited from Chemical Abstract 80: 130469 x). CASGoogle Scholar Sanchez Marroquin, A., Delvalle, F.R., Escobedo, M., Avitia, R., Maya, S. & Vega, M. (1986). Evaluation of whole amaranth (Amaranthus cruentus) flour, its air classified fractions and blends of these with wheat and oats as possible components for infant formulas. Journal of Food Science, 51, 1231–1234, 1238. 10.1111/j.1365-2621.1986.tb13092.x CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar Sanchez Marroquin, A., Domingo, M.V., Maya, S. & Saldana, C.J. (1985). Amaranth flour blends and fractions for baking applications. Journal of Food Science, 50, 789–794. 10.1111/j.1365-2621.1985.tb13797.x CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar Santos, O.J. & De Carvalno, M.F. (1975). Nutritional value of some edible leaves used in Mozambique. Economic Botany, 29, 255–263. 10.1007/BF02873175 Web of Science®Google Scholar Saunders, R.M. & Becker, R. (1984). Amaranthus: a potential food and feed resource. In: Advances in Cereal Science and Technology, Vol. XI (edited by Y. Pomeranz). Pp. 357–396. St Paul , MN : American Association of Cereal Chemists. Web of Science®Google Scholar Schinninger, R. (1981). Influence of single and combined pollutants on the dessication resistance and transpiration of Amaranthus chlorostachys willd. Flora, 171, 187–198 (Cited from Chemical Abstract 95: 198522 z). CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar Schmidt, D.R., Macdonald, H.A. & Kelly, W.C. (1974). Solubility of iron, calcium, magnesium in amaranth and collard leaves. Qualitas Plantarum-Plant Foods for Human Nutrition, 23, 373–378. 10.1007/BF01095425 CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar Schonbeck, M.W. (1981). Changes in sensitivity of Amaranthus retroflexus L. seeds to ethylene during preincubation. I. Constant temperatures. Plant, Cell and Environment, 4, 229–235. 10.1111/1365-3040.ep11610993 CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar Schurmann, P. & Matsubara, H. (1970). Ferredoxins from fern and amaranth–two diverse plants with similar ferredoxins. Biochimica Biophysica Acta, 223, 450–452. 10.1016/0005-2728(70)90207-0 CASGoogle Scholar Shen, H.G. & Sun Hwang, L. (1985). Red pigment of amaranth. II. Effect of some preharvest treatments on pigment retention. Shih P'ink o I Hsueh 12, 12–20 (Cited from Chemical Abstract 104: 147338 r). CASGoogle Scholar Siciliano, J., Krulick, S., Heisler, E.G., Schwartz, J.H. & White, J.W. Jr. (1975). Nitrate and nitrite content of some fresh and processed market vegetables. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 23, 461–463. 10.1021/jf60199a016 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Srikantia, S.G. (1978). Prevention of vitamin A deficiency. World Review of Nutrition and Dietetics (Vitamin Carrier Functional Poly-prenoids), 31, 95–99. CASPubMedGoogle Scholar Srimathi, M.S. & Karanath, N.G.K. (1983). Insecticide induced shifts in the nutritive quality of vegetables grown in BHC treated soil. Indian Journal of Nutrition and Dietetics, 20, 216–221. CASGoogle Scholar Srivastava, S.K. & Krishnan, P.S. (1959). Oxalic acid in higher plants. Journal of Science and Industrial Research (India), 18C, 220–224. CASGoogle Scholar Stoller, E.W. & Weber, E.J. (1970). Lipid constituents of some common weed seeds. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 18, 361–364. 10.1021/jf60169a005 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Stone, L.A. & Lorenz, K. (1984). The starch of Amaranthus-physicochemical characteristics and functional characteristics. Starch/Staerke, 36, 232–237. 10.1002/star.19840360704 CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar Subramaniam, N. & Srinivasan, M. (1951). Nutritive value of the seeds of Amaranthus paniculatus L. Current Science, 20, 294. Google Scholar Subramaniam, N. & Srinivasan, M. (1952). Vegetable protein from a new source. A. paniculatus L. Proceedings of the Society of Biological Chemists of India, 10, 25–26. Google Scholar Sugimoto, Y., Tomita, Y., Sakamoto, S. & Fuwa, H. (1981a). Some properties of starches of grain amaranths and several millets. Journal of Nutrition Science and Vitaminology, 27, 471–484. 10.3177/jnsv.27.471 Web of Science®Google Scholar Sugimoto, Y., Yamada, K., Sakamoto, S. & Fuwa, H. (1981b). Some properties of normal and waxy type starches of Amaranthus hypochondriacus L. Starch/Staerke, 33, 112–116. 10.1002/star.19810330403 CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar Sutaria, R.N. (1958). In: A Textbook of Systemics, 2nd edn. Pp. 490–499. Bombay : R. P. Kothgrt. Google Scholar Tai Hyeun, Y., Sang Jik, L. & Kwang Soo K. (1978). Studies on the utilisation of plant pigments. I. Isolation and identification of antho-cyanin pigments in Ganges amaranth. Hanguk Sik'Pum kwahakhoe chi, 10, 194–202 (Cited from Chemical Abstract 90: 36311 z). Google Scholar Tandulingam, C. & Venkatanarayana, C. (1954). Description and notes on weeds. In: A Handbook of Some South Indian Weeds, Serial No. 38. Pp. 361–364. Google Scholar Taniguchi, T. (1977). Antiviral substances. Shokulrtsu Soeiki, 31, 219–224. CASGoogle Scholar Teutonico, R.A. & Knorr, D. (1985). Amaranth: composition, properties and applications of a rediscovered food crop. Food Technology, 39, 49–61. CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar Toru, M., Daisaku, O. & Eüchi, T. (1986). Effect of sodium application on growth of Amaranthus tricolor L. Plant Cell Physiology, 27, 187–192. Google Scholar Tovar, L.R. & Carpenter, K.J. (1982). The effect of alkali cooking of corn and supplementation with amaranth seed on its deficiencies in lysine and tryptophan. Archivos Latinoamericanos de Nutricion, 32, 961–972 (Cited from Chemical Abstract 99: 21133 e). CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Tudor, F. & George, B. (1984). Fatty acids and sterols of Amaranthus tricolor L. Food Chemistry, 15, 233–237. 10.1016/0308-8146(84)90008-6 Web of Science®Google Scholar Tudor, F. & George, B. (1985a). Production of aflatoxins on amaranth seeds by Aspergillus species. Food Chemistry, 17, 33–39. 10.1016/0308-8146(85)90090-1 Web of Science®Google Scholar Tudor, F. & George, B. (1985b). A comparison of the fatty acids and sterols of seeds of weedy and vegetable species of Amaranthus spp. Journal of American Oil Chemists Society, 62, 89–91. 10.1007/BF02541498 Web of Science®Google Scholar Uzo, J.O. & Okorie, A.U. (1983). Amaranthus hybridus: a potential grain crop for West Africa. Nutrition Reports International, 27, 519–524. CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar Vasi, I.G. & Kalintha, V.P. (1980). Amino acid composition of some leafy vegetables. Journal of the Institution of Chemists (India), 52, 13–14. CASGoogle Scholar Wats, S., Bradow, J.M. & Connick, W.J. Jr. (1987a). Allelochemicals from palmer amaranth, Amaranthus palmeri. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 13, 185–202. 10.1007/BF01020362 Web of Science®Google Scholar Wats, S., Connick, W.J. Jr, Bradow, J.M., Legendre, M.G., Vail, S.L. & Menges, R.M. (1987b). Identification of volatile allelochemicals from Amaranthus palmeri. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 13, 463–472. 10.1007/BF01880093 Web of Science®Google Scholar Wealth of India (1952). Raw Materials, Vol. I. Pp. 66–67. New Delhi : CSIR. Google Scholar Wolf, J.M., MacMasters, M.M. & Rist, C.E. (1950). Some characteristics of the starches of three South American seeds used for food. Cereal Chemistry, 27, 219–222. CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar Xu, S., Patterson, G.W. & Schmid, C. (1986). Sterols of Amaranthaceae. Phytochemistry, 25, 1885–1886. 10.1016/S0031-9422(00)81167-X Web of Science®Google Scholar Yanez, G.A., Messinger, J.K., Walker, C.E. & Rupaow, J.H. (1986). Amaranthus hypochondriacus-starch isolation and partial characterisation. Cereal Chemistry, 63, 273–276. CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar Yunus, M. & Srivastava, K. (1981). Response of some plants to sulfur dioxide. Kalikasan, 10, 115–117. CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar Zenteno, E., Ochoa, J.L., Parra, C., Montano, L.E. Rayon, I., Maldonado, G., Ruiz, B. & Carvajal, R. (1985). Mitogenic, immunosuppressive and phagocytic activity of Machaerocereus eruca and Amaranthus leucocarpus lectins. Lectins: Biology, Biochemistry, Chemical Biochemistry, 4, 537–546. CASGoogle Scholar Zygmunt, S. (1963). Phytoagglutinins from seeds of Lotus tetragonolobus and certain other plants. Acta poloniae pharmaceutica, 20, 83 (Cited from Chemical Abstract 61: 9898 h). PubMedGoogle Scholar Citing Literature Volume23, Issue2April 1988Pages 125-139 ReferencesRelatedInformation