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Alu elements and the phylogeny of capuchin ( Cebus and Sapajus ) monkeys

2014; Wiley; Volume: 77; Issue: 4 Linguagem: Inglês

10.1002/ajp.22352

1098-2345

Antonio M.G. Martins, Nádia Ribeiro Amorim, Jeferson Carneiro, Paulo Roberto Antunes de Mello Affonso, Iracilda Sampaio, Horácio Schneider,

Animal Vocal Communication and Behavior

Three families of New World monkeys, the Pitheciidae, Atelidae, and Cebidae, are currently recognized. The monophyly of the Cebidae is supported unequivocally by the presence of ten unique Alu elements, which are absent from the other two families. In this paper, the five genomic regions containing these Alu elements were sequenced in specimens representing nine capuchin ( Cebus , Sapajus ) species in order to identify mutations that may help elucidate the taxonomy and phylogenetic relationships of the cebids. The results confirmed the presence of previously described Alu elements in the capuchins. An Alu insertion present in the Cebidae2 genomic region belonging to the Alu Sc subfamily was amplified and sequenced only in Sapajus . No amplified or unspecific product was obtained for all other species studied here. An Alu Sc insertion present in the CeSa1 region was found only in Cebus , Sapajus , and Saimiri . Cebidae4 was characterized by two insertions, an Alu Sz6 shared by all cebids, and a complete SINE ( Alu Sx3) found only in the capuchins ( Cebus and Sapajus ). The genomic region Cebidae5 revealed two insertion events, one of the Alu Sx subfamily, which was shared by all cebids, and another ( Alu Sc8), that was unique to Cebus , offering a straightforward criterion for the differentiation of the two genera, Cebus and Sapajus . The Cebidae6 region showed four distinct insertion events: a 52‐bp simple repeat ((TATG) n), two very ancient repeats (MIRc) and a TcMar‐Tigger shared by all New World monkeys studied so far, and an Alu insertion of the Alu Sx subfamily present exclusively in the cebids. The phylogenetic tree confirmed the division of the capuchins into two genera, Cebus and Sapajus , and suggested the southern species Sapajus nigritus robustus and S. cay as the earliest and second earliest offshoots in this genus, respectively. This supports a southern origin for the Sapajus radiation. Am. J. Primatol. 77:368–375, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.