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Molted feathers from clay licks in Peru provide DNA for three large macaws ( Ara ararauna , A. chloropterus , and A. macao )

2009; Association of Field Ornithologists; Volume: 80; Issue: 2 Linguagem: Inglês

10.1111/j.1557-9263.2009.00221.x

1557-9263

Kara J. Gebhardt, Donald J. Brightsmith, George Powell, Lisette P. Waits,

Forensic and Genetic Research

Journal of Field OrnithologyVolume 80, Issue 2 p. 183-192 Molted feathers from clay licks in Peru provide DNA for three large macaws (Ara ararauna, A. chloropterus, and A. macao) Plumas mudadas de tres grandes guacamayos (Ara ararauna, A. chloropterus, y A. macao) en una colpa en Perú proveen ADN Kara J. Gebhardt, Corresponding Author Kara J. Gebhardt Department of Fish and Wildlife Resources, CNR 105, University of Idaho, 6th and Line Streets, Moscow, Idaho 83844-1136, USA Corresponding author. Email: lwaits@uidaho.edu Current address: Schubot Exotic Bird Health Center, Department of Vet Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, TAMU 4467, College Station, Texas 77843-4467, USA.Search for more papers by this authorDonald Brightsmith, Corresponding Author Donald Brightsmith Duke University, Department of Biology, Box 90338, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA Corresponding author. Email: lwaits@uidaho.edu Current address: Schubot Exotic Bird Health Center, Department of Vet Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, TAMU 4467, College Station, Texas 77843-4467, USA.Search for more papers by this authorGeorge Powell, George Powell World Wildlife Fund, Trinidad Moran 853 Lince, Lima 14, PeruSearch for more papers by this authorLisette P. Waits, Lisette P. Waits Department of Fish and Wildlife Resources, CNR 105, University of Idaho, 6th and Line Streets, Moscow, Idaho 83844-1136, USASearch for more papers by this author Kara J. Gebhardt, Corresponding Author Kara J. Gebhardt Department of Fish and Wildlife Resources, CNR 105, University of Idaho, 6th and Line Streets, Moscow, Idaho 83844-1136, USA Corresponding author. Email: lwaits@uidaho.edu Current address: Schubot Exotic Bird Health Center, Department of Vet Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, TAMU 4467, College Station, Texas 77843-4467, USA.Search for more papers by this authorDonald Brightsmith, Corresponding Author Donald Brightsmith Duke University, Department of Biology, Box 90338, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA Corresponding author. Email: lwaits@uidaho.edu Current address: Schubot Exotic Bird Health Center, Department of Vet Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, TAMU 4467, College Station, Texas 77843-4467, USA.Search for more papers by this authorGeorge Powell, George Powell World Wildlife Fund, Trinidad Moran 853 Lince, Lima 14, PeruSearch for more papers by this authorLisette P. Waits, Lisette P. Waits Department of Fish and Wildlife Resources, CNR 105, University of Idaho, 6th and Line Streets, Moscow, Idaho 83844-1136, USASearch for more papers by this author First published: 27 May 2009 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1557-9263.2009.00221.xCitations: 20Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Abstracten ABSTRACT Conservation genetic analyses of wildlife have increased greatly in the past 10 yr, yet genetic studies of parrots are rare because of difficulties associated with capturing them and obtaining samples. Recent studies have demonstrated that molted feathers can provide a useful source of DNA, but success rates have varied considerably among studies. Our objective was to determine if molted macaw feathers from Blue-and-yellow Macaws (Ara ararauna), Scarlet Macaws (A. macao), and Red-and-green Macaws (A. chloropterus) collected from rainforest geophagy sites called clay licks could provide a good source of DNA for population genetic studies. Specific objectives were to determine (1) how nuclear DNA microsatellite amplification success and genotyping error rates for plucked macaw feathers compared to those for molted feathers collected from clay licks in the Amazon rainforest, and (2) if feather size, feather condition, species, or extraction method affected microsatellite amplification success or genotyping error rates from molted feathers. Amplification success and error rates were calculated using duplicate analyses of four microsatellite loci. We found that plucked feathers were an excellent source of DNA, with significantly higher success rates (P < 0.0001) and lower error rates (P= 0.0002) than for molted feathers. However, relatively high success rates (75.6%) were obtained for molted feathers, with a genotyping error rate of 11.7%. For molted feathers, we had higher success rates and lower error rates for large feathers than small feathers and for feathers in good condition than feathers that were moldy and broken when collected. We also found that longer incubation times and lower elution volumes yielded the highest quality DNA when extracting with the Qiagen DNeasy tissue kit. Our study demonstrates that molted feathers can be a valuable source of genetic material even in the challenging conditions of tropical rainforests, and our results provide valuable information for maximizing DNA amplification success rates when working with shed feathers of parrots. SINOPSISes Los análisis genéticos para la conservación de la vida silvestre han crecido en gran escala durante los últimos 10 años, pero el análisis genético de los loros son raros por las dificultades asociados con su captura y obtención de muestras. Estudios recientes han demostrado que plumas mudadas podrían proveer una fuente útil de ADN, pero las tasas de éxito varían considerablemente entre estudios. Nuestro objetivo fue determinar si las plumas mudadas de Ara ararauna, A. macao y A. chloropterus colectadas en sitios de bosque húmedo donde estas aves consumen el suelo, llamados colpas, podrían proveer una fuente útil de ADN para estudios de la genética de las poblaciones. Los objetivos específicos fueron determinar (1) como comparan las tasas de éxito de la amplificación de los microsatélites del ADN nuclear y las tasas de error en el análisis del genotipo de plumas, entre plumas colectadas directamente de los guacamayos y plumas colectadas en colpas en el bosque Amazónico, y (2) si el tamaño de la pluma, su condición, la especie o el método de extracción afecta el éxito de la amplificación de los microsatélites o las tasas de error en el análisis del genotipo de las plumas mudadas. Las tasas de éxito de amplificación y error fueron calculados usando análisis duplicados de cuatro loci de microsatélites. Encontramos que plumas colectadas directamente de las aves son una fuente excelente de ADN, con tasas de éxito significativamente más altas (P < 0.0001), y con menores tasas de error (P= 0.0002) que las plumas mudadas. Sin embargo, tasas de éxito relativamente altas (75.6%) fueron obtenidos de plumas mudadas, con una tasa de error en el análisis del genotipo de 11.7%. Para plumas mudadas, tuvimos tasas de éxito más altas y tasas de error menores para plumas grandes que para plumas pequeñas y para plumas en buena condición que para plumas que estaban cubiertos con hongos y quebradas cuando fueron colectadas. También encontramos que mayores periodos de incubación y menores volúmenes de elución proveían el ADN de mayor calidad cuando se extraía el ADN usando el kit de tejido Quiagen DNeasy. Nuestro estudio demuestra que las plumas mudadas pueden ser una fuente valiosa de materia genética, hasta en las condiciones de los bosques húmedos tropicales. Nuestros resultados proveen información valiosa para maximizar las tasas de éxito de la amplificación del ADN cuando se analizan las plumas mudadas de los loros. Citing Literature Volume80, Issue2June 2009Pages 183-192 RelatedInformation