The outcome of pharmacist counseling at the time of hospital discharge: an observational nonrandomized study
2012; King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre; Volume: 32; Issue: 5 Linguagem: Inglês
10.5144/0256-4947.2012.492
ISSN0975-4466
AutoresSami Ali Al-Ghamdi, Mansour Adam Mahmoud, Maha Alammari, Abdulkareem M. Al Bekairy, Muneera Alwhaibi, Ahmad Yacoub Mayet, Hisham Aljadhey,
Tópico(s)Pharmacy and Medical Practices
Resumooriginal articleThe outcome of pharmacist counseling at the time of hospital discharge: an observational nonrandomized study Sami Ali Al-Ghamdi, Mansour Adam Mahmoud, Maha Abdalaziz Alammari, Abdulkareem Mohamed Al Bekairy, Muneera Alwhaibi, Ahmad Yacoub Mayet, and Hisham Saad Aljadhey Sami Ali Al-Ghamdi King Abdulaziz Medical City, National Guard Health Affairs, Saudi Arabia , Mansour Adam Mahmoud Medication Safety Research Chair, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia , Maha Abdalaziz Alammari King Abdulaziz Medical City, National Guard Health Affairs, Saudi Arabia , Abdulkareem Mohamed Al Bekairy King Abdulaziz Medical City, National Guard Health Affairs, Saudi Arabia , Muneera Alwhaibi Medication Safety Research Chair, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia , Ahmad Yacoub Mayet Medication Safety Research Chair, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia , and Hisham Saad Aljadhey Medication Safety Research Chair, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia Published Online:4 Oct 2012https://doi.org/10.5144/0256-4947.2012.492SectionsPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload citationTrack citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditEmail AboutAbstractBACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Adverse drug events (ADEs) may occur after discharge from acute care hospitalization because of limited instruction on medications at discharge. The right instructions given to patients may reduce the risk of ADEs. The objective of our study was to assess a program involving comprehensive medication counseling provided by pharmacists at the time of discharge from a tertiary hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.DESIGN AND SETTING: A prospective, nonrandomized observational study over a period of 3 months in a 1000-bed tertiary hospital.PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients discharged from the internal medicine wards with more than three medications received comprehensive pharmacist counseling. The intervention pharmacist counseled patients about their discharge medications and provided written materials as needed. Topics discussed with the patients included the importance of following prescribed medication regimens and the indications, directions, and any potential side effects of discharge medications. The control group included similar patients who received routine discharge counseling by nurses. Two weeks after discharge, the same pharmacist called the patients and assessed the frequency of ADEs. Two independent clinicians reviewed each ADEs and judged its severity and preventability.RESULTS: Out of 200 patients included in the study (100 patients from the intervention group and 100 patients from the control group), 175 patients (87.5%) were successfully contacted two weeks after discharge (88 patients from the intervention group and 87 patients from the control group). ADEs occurred in 2 patients (2.3%) in the intervention group and in 21 patients (24%; 23 incidents in 21 patients) in the control group (P<.001). In the control group, 14 ADEs (61%) were judged as preventable, and 9 (39%) were judged as serious.CONCLUSIONS: A comprehensive medication counseling program at hospital discharge reduced the incidence of ADEs two weeks after discharge from a tertiary hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Further studies assessing the long-term outcomes of such a program are needed.IntroductionSeveral studies have documented that adverse drug events (ADEs) are very common in hospitalized patients.1–3 However, the period after hospitalization has received little attention, and, therefore, data in this area are scarce. A study performed in the United States found that 19% of the patients discharged from a single teaching hospital experienced adverse events.4 Another study reported that 23% of the patients discharged from the general internal medicine service of a teaching hospital experienced at least one ADEs.5 In Australia, 93% of the patients discharged from a teaching hospital experienced drug-related problems.6 The majority of the ADEs that occur after discharge can be prevented. It has been reported that 59% of hospital readmissions are avoidable, and 6% of the readmissions are due to medications.7Medication reconciliation by pharmacists during admission and discharge has been listed as one of the National Patient Safety Goals established by the Joint Commission for Accreditation of Health Care Organizations.8 Because pharmacists have an extensive knowledge of medications, they are able to provide useful medication counseling to patients at the time of discharge. 9,10 In the United States, several studies have assessed the impact of pharmacist counseling at the time of discharge on patient outcomes.11,12 Pharmaceutical care programs provided to patients who are at risk for drug-related problems at the time of discharge have reduced medication discrepancies.11 In a previous study, patient counseling by a pharmacist significantly reduced preventable ADEs to 1% compared to 11% in the control group (P=.01).12No studies have assessed the impact of medication counseling by pharmacists at the time of discharge in Saudi Arabia. Research that focuses on post-discharge medication safety is particularly important in this part of the world because of the gaps in the communication between patients and health care providers. The aim of this study was to determine the risk of ADEs in patients receiving medication counseling provided by pharmacists at the time of discharge from a tertiary hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.PATIENTS AND METHODSA nonrandomized, prospective observational study was conducted in a 1000-bed tertiary hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. A comprehensive medication counseling program provided by pharmacists was started in 2009. The program was gradually implemented by the pharmacy department. The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the hospital. Confidentiality was maintained throughout the study by assigning a study number to each patient.Pharmacists counseled all patients discharged from the study wards. We selected one internal medicine ward to serve as the intervention group, and a similar ward that was not included in the counseling program served as the control group. Eligible patients included adults who were discharged from the study wards with three or more prescription medications. Patients provided written consent unless they were cognitively impaired; if impaired, the patients were included if they lived with someone who administered their medications and agreed to receive pharmacist counseling. Patients scheduled for discharge were identified from the daily discharge list. Next, a study pharmacist recruited the patients using the consent form.In the intervention group, the pharmacist provided medication counseling to patients immediately prior to discharge. The counseling included a detailed explanation of the indication for each medication, directions for use, storage directions, and potential adverse effects. Additionally, printed educational materials were provided to the patients. These materials included information regarding the medications and the appropriate use of certain dosage forms. The control group received routine discharge counseling by nurses, which focused mainly on scheduled appointments and a follow up plan. A data collection form was developed that contained demographic characteristics, the education level, and the medications prescribed at the time of discharge (Appendix 1).To assess the outcomes of the intervention, the study pharmacist performed follow-up telephone calls 2 weeks after discharge. A 2-week period was selected to appropriately assess any ADEs based on previous studies.13,14 All patients who could not be contacted after attempts on three consecutive days were considered to be lost to follow up and, therefore, were not included in the final analysis. The study outcome was the incidence of patient-reported ADEs after discharge. An ADE was defined as an injury due to a medication, including both adverse drug reactions and injuries caused by medication errors.15 ADEs due to medication errors were considered to be preventable, while those caused by adverse drug reactions (without an error) were considered to be non-preventable. The incidences of ADEs after discharge from the hospital were identified using a questionnaire (Appendix 2).The questionnaire was face-validated and asked whether the patients had experienced any ADEs. If a patient had experienced an ADE, then he or she was asked about which medication had most likely caused the event, the details of the event and the actions toward the ADEs. The severity and preventability of the ADEs were assessed by two independent clinicians, and any disagreement between them was resolved through discussion.Descriptive statistics were used to assess the demographic variables. We used a chi-square test to examine any differences in the categorical variables between the groups and a t test to evaluate the continuous variables. A multiple regression analysis was used to assess the factors associated with ADEs. The SPSS software (version 17.0) (IBM Corp, Armonk, New York, United States) was used to perform these analyses.RESULTSTwo hundred patients were included in the study, including 100 in the intervention group and 100 in the control group. Twelve patients in the intervention group and 13 patients in the control group were lost to follow up. The demographic characteristics of the patients lost to follow up were similar between the two groups (data not shown). Thus, 88 patients from the intervention group and 87 patients from the control group were included in the final analysis. With the exception of age, the baseline characteristics of the two groups were similar (Table 1). The patients in the intervention group were older (mean age, 62 years) than those in the control group (mean age, 55 years), with a P=.012.Table 1 Baseline characteristics of patients Included in the study (N=175).FactorCounseling Groupn=88Control Groupn=87PAge, mean (SD), years62 (19)55 (23).012Gender, n (%) Male49 (56)48 (55).874 Female39 (44)39 (45)Education Level, n (%) High school44 (50)39 (45)Number of medications at discharge, mean (SD)11.2 (10)10.6 (5).438P value for t tests for continuous variables and chi-square tests for categorical variables.The incidence of ADEs after discharge was 2.3% (two incidents) in the intervention group and 24% (23 incidents in 21 patients) in the control group (P<.001). In the control group, 14 ADEs (61%) were preventable, and 9 (39%) were classified as serious (Table 2). Multivariate logistic regression did not show a significant result (Table 3). Detailed descriptions of the ADEs in both groups are summarized in Tables 4 and 5.Table 2 Preventability and severity of adverse drug events.Counseling group (n=2)Control Group (n=23)Preventability Preventable1 (50)14 (61) No-preventable1 (50)9 (39)Severity Life threatening00 Serious09 (39) Significant2 (100)14 (61)Data are n(%).Table 3 Multivariate logistic regression of factors conceivably associated with adverse drugs events.FactorAdverse drug eventsOdds ratio (95% CI)PGender0.97 (0.39–2.40).94Age1.01 (0.99–1.04).32Education level1.46 (0.72–2.94).29Number of medications at discharge0.99 (0.94–1.03).55Table 4 Descriptions of the adverse drugs events in the intervention group.NoDescription of the ADEs in the intervention groupPreventabilitySeverity1A diabetic patient taking metformin (1 gm twice daily) visited the clinic because of a gastrointestinal (GI) upset. The physician asked the patient to take metformin after meals and prescribed ranitidine (150 mg twice daily) for the GI upset.PreventableSignificant2A patient with hypertension and anemia reduced the dose of ferrous sulfate (325 mg) from three times daily to once daily because of constipation. The pharmacist asked her to take the dose as prescribed (three times daily) and take food rich in fiber and fluids.Not preventableSignificantTable 5 Descriptions of the adverse drugs events in the control group.NoDescription of the ADEs in the control groupPreventabilitySeverity1A 37-year-old male was supposed to take one tablet of warfarin 1 mg and one tablet of 2 mg. However, the patient was taking two tablets of 2 mg. The patient developed epistaxis.PreventableSerious2A 77-year-old male patient was prescribed Bisacodyl (10 mg twice daily) for constipation. After a few days, the patient visited the clinic complaining of diarrhea and abdominal pain. The dose was decreased to 10 mg once per day.PreventableSignificant3A 44-year-old female with rheumatoid arthritis and osteoporosis was prescribed methotrexate (7.5) mg once per week, but the patient was taking the medication once per day. After few days, the patient developed Stomatitis and visited the emergency department.PreventableSignificant4A 17-year-old female patient with deep vein thrombosis was prescribed Warfarin (2 mg) once daily, but the patient was taking it as 2 mg twice daily. The patient developed hematoma and was admitted into the emergency department.PreventableSerious5An 88-year-old female with history of diabetes, hypertension and hyperlipidemia was taking atorvastatin (40 mg) once daily. The patient stopped taking atorvastatin because of muscle pain.Not preventableSignificant6A 20-year-old male patient on ferrous sullphate 150 mg twice daily. The patient discontinued the medication because of constipation.Not preventableSignificant7A 77-year-old male was taking lactulose three times daily. The patient discontinued the medication because of flatulence and diarrhea. His physician advised him to take lactulose as needed.Not preventableSignificant8A hypertensive patient was taking clonidine (0.1 mg) three times daily and lisinopril (10 mg) once daily. He changed the dose of clonidine to 0.1 mg twice daily and sometimes to once daily because of drowsiness.Not preventableSerious9A 51-year-old female with diabetes was on insulin (20 units NPH at bedtime). After a few days, the patient discontinued the medication because of hypoglycemia. The patient visited the emergency department, and the dose of insulin (NPH) was decreased.Not preventableSerious10A 25-year-old male with history of hypertension and hypothyroidism was on amlodipine (10 mg) daily and lisinopril (20 mg) daily. The patient discontinued the amlodipine because of drowsiness in the morning.Not preventableSignificant11A 64-year-old hypertensive female was supposed to take spironolactone (25 mg) once daily, but the patient was taking spironolactone twice daily. The patient developed drowsiness and polyuria and visited the emergency department. The patient was told to take the medication once daily, as prescribed.PreventableSerious12A 27-year-old female patient with multiple sclerosis was on interferon beta- 1A three times weekly. She was not informed that interferon causes flu-like symptoms. The patient went to her physician because she was suffering from flu symptoms. The physician told her that this is common and that she could take paracetamol as prophylaxis.Not preventableSignificant13A 62-year-old male stopped taking metoprolol because of sexual dysfunction. The physician asked him to decrease the dose from 100 mg to 75 mg twice daily.Not preventableSerious14A 69-year-old female with diabetes was prescribed metformin (1 gm) twice daily after meals. After a few days, the patient stopped taking the metformin because of a GI upset. The patient was taking metformin on an empty stomach.PreventableSignificant15A 67-year-old female with a history of hypertension, diabetes and hypothyroidism was taking furosemide (40 mg) twice daily and amlodipine (10 mg) once daily. The patient stopped the evening dose of furosemide and decreased the dose of amlodipine to 5 mg daily without consulting the physician because of drowsiness and hypotension.PreventableSerious16A 64-year-old male taking carvedilol (12.5 mg) twice daily and lisinopril (20 mg) daily suffered from orthostatic hypotension in the morning. The physician asked him to take the medication after breakfast and to stand up gradually rather than suddenly.PreventableSerious17A 56-year-old male with diabetes mellitus and depression and taking citalopram (20 mg) at bedtime stopped taking the medication because of insomnia. The physician asked him to take it in the morning.PreventableSignificant18A 52-year-old male with diabetes mellitus and taking regular insulin (10 units every 8 hours) before meals stopped taking his morning doses because of hypoglycemia resulting from not eating breakfast every day. His physician asked him to eat after the dose of regular insulin.PreventableSerious19A patient taking furosemide (40 mg) twice daily stopped the evening dose because of polyuria at bedtime. The physician asked him to take furosemide at 8 am and 5 pm.PreventableSignificant20A patient had diarrhea while taking bisacodyl. He was supposed to take it as needed but was taking it regularly.PreventableSignificant21A 74-year-old female stopped taking omeprazole because of its metallic taste.Not preventableSignificant22A 74-year-old female decreased the dose of ferrous sulfate from twice daily to once daily because of constipationNot preventableSignificant23A 64-year-old male was taking Seretide (fluticasone/salmeterol) (250 micrograms twice daily). The patient stopped the medication because of a bad taste and whitish discoloration of tongue.PreventableSignificantDISCUSSIONIn this prospective study, we assessed the impact of a comprehensive medication counseling program provided by a pharmacist at the time of discharge from a tertiary hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Within two weeks of discharge, 24% of the patients in the control group experienced ADEs compared to only 2.3% of the patients in the intervention group. All of these events were significant or serious, and more than 60% of the ADEs in the control were preventable.The results of our study confirmed previous studies conducted in the United States.11,12 Patient counseling by pharmacists at the time of discharge significantly reduced the frequency of preventable ADEs to 1% compared to 11% in the control group (P=.01).12 The results of this study have a significant impact on practice. When patients go home, they are not closely monitored. This emphasizes the importance of proper medication counseling and education at the time of discharge to prevent ADEs. In Saudi Arabia, some hospitals have clinical pharmacists who accompany physicians during their daily rounds, provide consultation to the physicians, and run pharmacy-based clinics. However, pharmacists in most hospitals in Saudi Arabia are generally not involved with patient counseling at the time of discharge. The results of this study should encourage pharmacy and hospital leaders to involve pharmacists and pharmacy students when counseling patients about their medications prior to hospital discharge.Our study had several limitations. Because the counseling program was implemented for all of the patients admitted into a specific ward, we were unable to randomize the patients into the treatment groups. However, we utilized similar internal medical wards for the intervention and control groups. We did not assess the impact of the program on other outcomes, such as emergency room visits and hospital readmission. Because of our limited resources, the assessment of the outcome was performed by the same pharmacist who delivered the intervention and was not blinded to the assignment of the study groups. The recall bias associated with patient-reported ADEs is a potential weakness of this study. However, we do not believe that this affects the study results because we assessed the outcome after a short two-week period, and the same method was applied to the two groups. Future studies should explore the patients' experiences with their medications after discharge and before the next physician visit. We have limited information regarding this period of time.Appendix 1Appendix 2ARTICLE REFERENCES:1. McDonnell PJ, Jacobs MR. "Hospital admissions resulting from preventable adverse drug reactions" . Ann Pharmacother. 2002; 36:1331-1336. Google Scholar2. Morimoto T, Sakuma M, Matsui K, Kuramoto N, Toshiro J, Murakami J, Fukui T, Saito M, Hiraide A, Bates DW. "Incidence of adverse drug events and medication errors in Japan: the JADE study" . J Gen Intern Med. 2011; 26(2):148-153. Google Scholar3. Bates DW, Cullen DJ, Laird N, Petersen LA, Small SD, Servi D, Laffel G, Sweitzer BJ, Shea BF, Hallisey R, et al. "Incidence of adverse drug events and potential adverse drug events. 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"Role of pharmacist counselling in preventing adverse drug events after hospitalization" . Arch Intern Med. 2006; 166:565-571. Google Scholar13. Dudas V, Bookwalter T, Kerr KM, Pantilat SZ. "The impact of follow-up telephone calls to patients after hospitalization" . Am J Med. 2001; 111:26S-30S. Google Scholar14. Kelly DF, Faught WJ, Holmes LA. "Ovarian Cancer Treatment: The Benefit of patient Telephone Follow-up post-chemotherapy" . Can Onc Nurse. 1999; 9(4):175-178. Google Scholar15. Nebeker JR, Barach P, Samore MH. "Clarifying Adverse Drug Events: A Clinician's Guide to Terminology, Documentation, and Reporting" . Ann Intern Med. 2004; 140:795-801. Google Scholar Previous article Next article FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 32, Issue 5September-October 2012 Metrics History Published online4 October 2012 AcknowledgmentsWe thank Professor Michael D. Murray for his valuable comments on the manuscript. We acknowledge the support from Medication Safety Research Chair at King Saud University and support from the National Plan for Science and Technology (09-BIO708-02).InformationCopyright © 2012, Annals of Saudi MedicineThis work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.PDF download
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