Mechanisms of Cisplatin Ototoxicity and Routes for Intervention

2011; American Speech–Language–Hearing Association; Volume: 15; Issue: 1 Linguagem: Inglês

10.1044/hhd15.1.3

ISSN

1940-7661

Autores

Eric C. Bielefeld, Donald Henderson,

Tópico(s)

Molecular Sensors and Ion Detection

Resumo

No AccessPerspectives on Hearing and Hearing Disorders: Research and DiagnosticsArticle1 Apr 2011Mechanisms of Cisplatin Ototoxicity and Routes for Intervention Eric C. Bielefeld, and Donald Henderson Eric C. Bielefeld Department of Speech and Hearing Science, The Ohio State UniversityColumbus, OH Google Scholar and Donald Henderson Center for Hearing and Deafness, Department of Communicative Disorders and Sciences, State University of New York at BuffaloBuffalo, NY Google Scholar https://doi.org/10.1044/hhd15.1.3 SectionsAboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationTrack Citations ShareFacebookTwitterLinked In Abstract Cisplatin is a potent chemotherapy drug that is still used frequently in spite of its many toxic side effects, of which ototoxicity is among the most severe. Modern research has provided new insights into the biological mechanisms of cisplatin-induced cochlear damage and has opened new avenues for co-treatments to potentially reduce or eliminate the ototoxicity. As has proven to be the case with noise-induced hearing loss and age-related hearing loss, oxidative stress has a key role in cisplatin ototoxicity. Additionally, like with noise and aging, apoptotic cell death has been identified as the primary mode of cell death in cochleae exposed to cisplatin. The current review begins with a description of cisplatin ototoxicity and its mechanisms. Interventions that target a reduction of oxidative stress or intercession in the apoptotic cell death pathway as a means of limiting cisplatin-induced hearing loss are then discussed in the second half of the review. References Alam, S. A., Ikeda, K., Oshima, T., Suzuki, M., Kawase, T., Kikuchi, T., … et al.. (2000). Cisplatin-induced apoptotic cell death in Mongolian gerbil cochlea.Hearing Research, 141(1-2), 28–38. Google Scholar Alam, S. A., Oshima, T., Suzuki, M., Kawase, T., Takasaka, T., & Ikeda, K. (2001). The expression of apoptosis-related proteins in the aged cochlea of Mongolian gerbils.Laryngoscope, 111(3), 528–534. Google Scholar Bajorin, D., Bosl, G., & Fein, R. (1987). Phase I trial of escalated doses of cisplatin in hypertonic saline.Journal of Clinical Oncology, 5, 1590–1593. Google Scholar Baldew, G. S., McVie, J. G., van der Valk, M. A., Los, G., de Goeij, J. J., & Vermeulen, N.P. (1990). Selective reduction of cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II) nephrotoxicity by ebselen.Cancer Research, 50(21), 7031–7036. Google Scholar Bielefeld, E. C., Hynes, S., Pryznosch, D., Coleman, J. K. M., Liu, J., & Henderson, D. (2005). A comparison of the protective effects of systemic administration of a pro-glutathione drug and a Src-PTK inhibitor.Noise & Health, 7(29), 24–30. Google Scholar Bielefeld, E. C., Kopke, R. D., Jackson, R. L., Coleman, J. K., Liu, J., & Henderson, D. (2007). Noise protection with N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC) using a variety of noise exposures, NAC doses, and routes of administration.Acta Otolaryngolica, 127, 914–919. Google Scholar Böheim, K., & Bichler, E. (1985) Cisplatin-induced ototoxicity: Audiometric findings and experimental cochlear pathology.Archives of Otorhinolaryngology, 242(1), 1–6. Google Scholar Campbell, A. B., Kalman, S. M., & Jacobs, C. (1983). Plasma platinum levels: Relationship to cisplatin dose and nephrotoxicity.Cancer Treatment Reports, 67(2), 169–172. Google Scholar Campbell, K. C., Meech, R. P., Klemens, J. J., Gerberi, M. T., Dyrstad, S. S., Larsen, D. L., … et al.. (2007). Prevention of noise- and drug-induced hearing loss with D-methionine.Hearing Research, 226(1-2), 92–103. Google Scholar Campbell, K., Rybak, L., Meech, R., & Hughes, L. (1996). D-Methionine provides excellent protection from cisplatin ototoxicity in the rat.Hearing Research, 102, 90–98. Google Scholar Campbell, K., Rybak, L., Meech, R., & Hughes, L. (1999). D-Methionine protects against cisplatin damage to the stria vascularis.Hearing Research, 138, 13–28. Google Scholar Cardinaal, R. M., de Groot, J. C., Huizing, E. H., Veldman, J. E., & Smoorenburg, G. F. (2000). Dose-dependent effect of 8-day cisplatin administration upon the morphology of the albino guinea pig cochlea.Hearing Research, 144(1-2), 135–146. Google Scholar Clerici, W., Hensley, K., DiMartino, D., & Butterfield, D. (1996). Direct detection of ototoxicant-induced reactive oxygen species generation in cochlear explants.Hearing Research, 98, 116–124. Google Scholar Coleman, J. K., Kopke, R. D., Liu, J., Ge, X., Harper, E. A., Jones, G. E., … et al.. (2007). Pharmacological rescue of noise induced hearing loss using N-acetylcysteine and acetyl-L-carnitine.Hearing Research, 226, 104–13. Google Scholar Cooley, M. E., Davis, L. E., DeStefano, M., & Abrahm, J. (1994). Cisplatin: A clinical review, Part I-Current uses of cisplatin and administration guidelines.Cancer Nursing, 17(3), 173–184. Google Scholar Cotgreave, I. A., Berggren, M., Jones, T. W., Dawson, J., & Moldeus, P. (1987). Gastrointestinal metabolism of N-acetylcysteine in the rat, including an assay for sulfite in biological systems.Biopharmaceutics and Drug Disposition, 8, 377–86. Google Scholar Deegan, P. M., Pratt, I. S., & Ryan, M. P. (1994). The nephrotoxicity, cytotoxicity and renal handling of a cisplatin-methionine complex in male Wistar rats.Toxicology, 89(1), 1–14. Google Scholar De Freitas, M. R., Figueiredo, A. A., Brito, G. A., Leitao, R. F., Carvalho, J. V., Jr, Gomes, R. M., Jr., … et al.. (2009). The role of apoptosis in cisplatin-induced ototoxicity in rats.Brazilian Journal of Otorhinolaryngology, 75(5), 745–52. Google Scholar Dehne, N., Lautermann, J., Petrat, F., Rauen, U., & de Groot, H. (2001). Cisplatin ototoxicity: Involvement of iron and enhanced formation of superoxide anion radicals.Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 174(1), 27–34. Google Scholar Devarajan, P., Savoca, M., Castaneda, M. P., Park, M. S., Esteban-Cruciani, N., Kalinec, G., … et al.. (2002). Cisplatin-induced apoptosis in auditory cells: Role of death receptor and mitochondrial pathways.Hearing Research, 174(1-2), 45–54. Google Scholar Dickey, D. T., Muldoon, L. L., Kraemer, D. F., & Neuwelt, E. A. (2004). Protection against cisplatin-induced ototoxicity by N-acetylcysteine in a rat model.Hearing Research, 193(1-2), 25–30. Google Scholar Dickey, D. T., Wu, Y. J., Muldoon, L. L., & Neuwelt, E. A. (2005). Protection against cisplatin-induced toxicities by N-acetylcysteine and sodium thiosulfate as assessed at the molecular, cellular, and in vivo levels.Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 314(3), 1052–1058. Google Scholar Ding, D., Jiang, H., Wang, P., & Salvi, R. (2007). Cell death after co-administration of cisplatin and ethacrynic acid.Hearing Research, 226(1-2), 129–139. Google Scholar Eagan, R. T., Fleming, T. R., Frytak, S., Creagan, E. T., Ingle, J. N., & Kvols, L. K. (1980). A role of cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) in squamous cell lung cancer.Cancer Treatment Reports, 64(1), 87–91. Google Scholar Ekborn, A., Laurell, G., Johnström, P., Wallin, I., Eksborg, S., & Ehrsson, H. (2002) D-Methionine and cisplatin ototoxicity in the guinea pig: D-methionine influences cisplatin pharmacokinetics.Hearing Research, 165(1-2), 53–61. Google Scholar Feghali, J. G., Liu, W., & Van De Water, T. R. (2001) L-n-acetyl-cysteine protection against cisplatin-induced auditory neuronal and hair cell toxicity.Laryngoscope, 111(7), 1147–1155. Google Scholar Gabaizadeh, R., Staecker, H., Liu, W., Kopke, R., Malgrange, B., Lefebvre, P. P., … et al.. (1997). Protection of both auditory hair cells and auditory neurons from cisplatin induced damage.Acta Otolaryngolica, 117(2), 232–238. Google Scholar Halliwell, B., & Gutteridge, J. (1999). Free radicals in biology and disease. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. Google Scholar Hamernik, R. P., Qiu, W., & Davis, B. (2008). The effectiveness of N-acetyl-L-cysteine (L-NAC) in the prevention of severe noise-induced hearing loss.Hearing Research, 239, 99–106. Google Scholar Harris, K. C., Hu, B., Hangauer, D., & Henderson, D. (2005). Prevention of noise-induced hearing loss with Src-PTK inhibitors.Hearing Research, 208, 14–25. Google Scholar Hayes, D., Cvitkovic, E., Colbey, R., Schreiner, E., Helson, L., & Krakoff, J. (1977). High dose cis-platinum diammine dichloride.Cancer, 39, 1372–1381. Google Scholar Helt-Cameron, J., & Allen, P. J. (2009). Cisplatin ototoxicity in children: Implications for primary care providers.Pediatric Nursing, 35(2), 121–127. Google Scholar Hinojosa, R., Riggs, L. C., Strauss, M., & Matz, G. J. (1995). Temporal bone histopathology of cisplatin ototoxicity.American Journal of Otology, 16(6), 731–740. Google Scholar Hu, B. H., Henderson, D., & Nicotera, T. M. (2002). Involvement of apoptosis in progression of cochlear lesion following exposure to intense noise.Hearing Research, 166(1-2), 62–71. Google Scholar Hu, B. H., Yang, W. P., Bielefeld, E. C., Li, M., Chen, G. D., & Henderson, D. (2008). Apoptotic outer hair cell death in the cochleae of aging Fischer 344/NHsd rats.Hearing Research, 241, 26–33. Google Scholar Huang, T., Cheng, A. G., Stupak, H., Liu, W., Kim, A., Staecker, H., … et al.. (2000). Oxidative stress-induced apoptosis of cochlear sensory cells: Otoprotective strategies.International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience, 18(2-3), 259–270. Google Scholar Husain, K., Morris, C., Whitworth, C., Trammell, G. L, Rybak, L. P., & Somani, S. M. (1998). Protection by ebselen against cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity: Antioxidant system.Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, 178(1-2), 127–133. Google Scholar Kerr, J. F., Wyllie, A. H., & Currie, A. R. (1972). Apoptosis: A basic biological phenomenon with wide-ranging implications in tissue kinetics.British Journal of Cancer, 26(4), 239–257. Google Scholar Kil, J., Pierce, C., Tran, H., Gu, R., & Lynch, E. D. (2007). Ebselen treatment reduces noise induced hearing loss via the mimicry and induction of glutathione peroxidase.Hearing Research, 226(1-2), 44–51. Google Scholar Kim, S. J., Park, C., Han, A. L., Youn, M. J., Lee, J. H., Kim, Y., … et al.. (2009). Ebselen attenuates cisplatin-induced ROS generation through Nrf2 activation in auditory cells.Hearing Research, 251(1-2), 70–82. Google Scholar Kohn, S., Fradis, M., Podoshin, L., Ben David, Y., Zidan, J., Robinson, E., … et al.. (1991). Toxic effects of cisplatin alone and in combination with gentamicin in stria vascularis of guinea pigs.Laryngoscope, 101, 709–716. Google Scholar Komune, S., Asakuma, S., & Snow, J. B., Jr. (1981). Pathophysiology of the ototoxicity of cis-diamminedichloroplatinum.Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, 89(2), 275–282. Google Scholar Kopke, R., Bielefeld, E., Liu, J., Zheng, J., Jackson, R., Henderson, D., … et al.. (2005). Prevention of impulse noise-induced hearing loss with antioxidants.Acta Otolaryngolica, 125(3), 235–243. Google Scholar Kopke, R. D., Coleman, J. K., Liu, J., Campbell, K. C., & Riffenburgh, R. H. (2002). Candidate's thesis: Enhancing intrinsic cochlear stress defenses to reduce noise-induced hearing loss.Laryngoscope, 112(9), 1515–1532. Google Scholar Kopke, R. D., Jackson, R. L., Coleman, J. K., Liu, J., Bielefeld, E. C., & Balough, B. J. (2007). NAC for noise: From the bench top to the clinic.Hearing Research, 226(1-2), 114–125. Google Scholar Kopke, R., Liu, W., Gabaizadeh, R., Jacono, A., Feghali, J., Spray, D., … et al.. (1997). Use of organotypic cultures of Corti's organ to study the protective effects of antioxidant molecules on cisplatin-induced damage of auditory hair cells.American Journal of Otology, 8, 559–571. Google Scholar Kopke, R. D., Weisskopf, P. A., Boone, J. L., Jackson, R. L., Wester, D. C., Hoffer, M. E., … et al.. (2000). Reduction of noise-induced hearing loss using L-NAC and salicylate in the chinchilla.Hearing Research, 149(1-2), 138–146. Google Scholar Korver, K. D., Rybak, L. P., Whitworth, C., & Campbell, K. M. (2002). Round window application of D-methionine provides complete cisplatin otoprotection.Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, 126(6), 683–689. Google Scholar Laurell, G., & Bagger-Sjöbäck, D. (1991). Degeneration of the organ of Corti following intravenous administration of cisplatin.Acta Otolaryngolica, 111(5), 891–898. Google Scholar Laurell, G., Teixeira, M., Sterkers, O., & Ferrary, E. (1995). Effect of cisplatin administration on the electrochemical composition of endolymph in the rat cochlea.Hearing Research, 87(1-2), 16–20. Google Scholar Lautermann, J., Crann, S. A., McLaren, J., & Schacht, J. (1997). Glutathione-dependent antioxidant systems in the mammalian inner ear: Effects of aging, ototoxic drugs and noise.Hearing Research, 114(1-2), 75–82. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar Lockwood, D. S., Ding, D. L., Wang, J., & Salvi, R. J. (2000). D-Methionine attenuates inner hair cell loss in carboplatin-treated chinchillas.Audiology & Neuro-Otology, 5, 263–266. Google Scholar Lynch, E. D., Gu, R., Pierce, C., & Kil, J. (2004). Ebselen-mediated protection from single and repeated noise exposure in rat.Laryngoscope, 114(2), 333–337. Google Scholar Lynch, E. D., Gu, R., Pierce, C., & Kil, J. (2005). Reduction of acute cisplatin ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity in rats by oral administration of allopurinol and ebselen.Hearing Research, 201(1-2), 81–89. Google Scholar Madasu, R., Ruckenstein, M., Leake, F., Steere, E., & Robbins, K. (1997). Ototoxic effects of supradose cisplatin with sodium thiosulfate neutralization in patients with head and neck cancer.Archives of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, 123, 978–981. Google Scholar Meech, R., Campbell, K., Hughes, L., & Rybak, L. (1998). A semiquantitative analysis of the effects of cisplatin on the rat stria vascularis.Hearing Research, 124, 44–59. Google Scholar Nicotera, T. M., Hu, B. H., & Henderson, D. (2003). The caspase pathway in noise-induced apoptosis of the chinchilla cochlea.Journal of the Association for Research in Otolaryngology, 4(4), 466–477. Google Scholar Ohinata, Y., Miller, J. M., Altschuler, R. A., & Schacht, J. (2000). Intense noise induces formation of vasoactive lipid peroxidation products in the cochlea.Brain Research, 878(1-2), 163–173. Google Scholar Ohinata, Y., Miller, J. M., & Schacht, J. (2003). Protection from noise-induced lipid peroxidation and hair cell loss in the cochlea.Brain Research, 966(2), 265–273. Google Scholar Ohlemiller, K. K., & Dugan, L. L. (1999). Elevation of reactive oxygen species following ischemia-reperfusion in mouse cochlea observed in vivo.Audiology and Neurootology, 4(5), 219–228. Google Scholar Pourbakht, A., & Yamasoba, T. (2003). Ebselen attenuates cochlear damage caused by acoustic trauma.Hearing Research, 181(1-2), 100–108. Google Scholar Priest, E. R., & Vogelzang, N. J. (1991). Optimal drug therapy in the treatment of testicular cancer.Drugs, 42(1), 52–64. Google Scholar Ravi, R., Somani, S. M., & Rybak, L. P. (1995). Mechanism of cisplatin ototoxicity: Antioxidant system.Pharmacology and Toxicology, 76, 386–394. Google Scholar Reddel, R., Kefford, R., Grant, J., Coates, A., Fox, T., & Tattersall, M. (1982) Ototoxicity in patients receiving cisplatin: Importance of dose and method of drug administration.Cancer Treatment Report, 66, 19–23. Google Scholar Reed, E. (2001). Cisplatin and analogs.In B. A. Cabner, & D. L. Longo (Eds.), Cancer chemotherapy and biotherapy (3rd ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams, and Wilkins. Google Scholar Reser, D., Rho, M., Dewan, D., Herbst, L., Li, G., Stupak, H., … et al.. (1999). L- and D- methionine provide equivalent long term protection against CDDP-induced ototoxicity in vivo, with partial in vitro and in vivo retention of antineoplastic activity.Neurotoxicology, 20(5), 731–748. Google Scholar Ress, B. D., Sridhar, K. S., Balkany, T. J., Waxman, G. M., Stagner, B. B., & Lonsbury-Martin, B. L. (1999). Effects of cis-platinum chemotherapy on otoacoustic emissions: the development of an objective screening protocol. Third place-Resident clinical science award 1998.Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, 121(6), 693–701. Google Scholar Rybak, L. P., Husain, K., Morris, C., Whitworth, C., & Somani, S. (2000). Effect of protective agents against cisplatin ototoxicity.American Journal of Otology, 21, 513–520. Google Scholar Sako, K., Razack, M., & Kalnius, I. (1978). Chemotherapy for advanced and recurrent squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck with high and low dose cis-diamminedichloroplatinum.American Journal of Surgical, 136, 529–533. Google Scholar Saliba, I., El Fata, F., Ouelette, V., & Robitaille, Y. (2010). Are intratympanic injections of N-acetylcysteine and methylprednisolone protective against Cisplatin-induced ototoxicity?.Journal of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, 39(3), 236–243. Google Scholar Sha, S. H., & Schacht, J. (2000). Antioxidants attenuate gentamicin-induced free radical formation in vitro and ototoxicity in vivo: D-methionine is a potential protectant.Hearing Research, 142(1-2), 34–40. Google Scholar Someya, S., Xu, J., Kondo, K., Ding, D., Salvi, R. J., Yamasoba, T., … et al.. (2009). Age-related hearing loss in C57BL/6J mice is mediated by Bak-dependent mitochondrial apoptosis.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 106(46), 19432–19437. Google Scholar Stavroulaki, P., Apostolopoulos, N., Segas, J., Tsakanikos, M., & Adamopoulos, G. (2001). Evoked otoacoustic emissions-An approach for monitoring cisplatin induced ototoxicity in children.International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology, 59(1), 47–57. Google Scholar Tanaka, C., Henderson, D., Bielefeld, E., Chen, G. D., Coling, D., Jamesdaniel, S., … et al.. ( 2010, February). The effect of a Src inhibitor (KX1-004) on cisplatin toxicity and antineoplastic activity. Poster presentation at the 33rd annual Mid-winter research meeting of the Association for Research in Otolaryngology, Anaheim, CA. Google Scholar Taylor, R. E., Duncan, W., Davey, P., Munro, A. J., & Cornbleet, M. A. (1985). Cisplatin combination chemotherapy for advanced germ-cell testicular tumours.British Journal of Urology, 57(5), 567–573. Google Scholar Tester, W., Porter, A., Asbell, S., Coughlin, C., Heaney, J., Krall, J., … et al.. (1993). Combined modality program with possible organ preservation for invasive bladder carcinoma: Results of RTOG protocol 85-12.International Journal of Radiation Oncololgy and Biological Physics, 25(5), 783–790. Google Scholar Tsukasaki, N., Whitworth, C. A., & Rybak, L. P. (2000). Acute changes in cochlear potentials due to cisplatin.Hearing Research, 149(1-2), 189–198. Google Scholar Van De Water, T. R., Lallemend, F., Eshraghi, A. A., Ahsan, S., He, J., Guzman, J., … et al.. (2004). Caspases, the enemy within, and their role in oxidative stress-induced apoptosis of inner ear sensory cells.Otology and Neurotology, 25(4), 627–632. Google Scholar van Zeijl, G., Conijn, E., Rodenburg, M., Tange, R., & Brocaar, M. (1984). Analysis of hearing loss due to cis-Diamminedichloroplatinum-II.Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, 239, 255–262. Google Scholar Vermorken, J., Kapteijn, S., Hart, A., & Pinedo, H. (1982). Ototoxicity of cis-Diamminedichloroplatinum (II): Influence of dose, schedule and mode of administration.European Journal of Cancer & Clinical Oncology, 19, 53–58. Google Scholar Wang, J., Ladrech, S., Pujol, R., Brabet, P., Van De Water, T. R., & Puel, J. L. (2004). Caspase inhibitors, but not c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase inhibitor treatment, prevent cisplatin-induced hearing loss.Cancer Research, 64(24), 9217–9224. Google Scholar Weaver, A., Flemmin, S., & Kish, J. (1982). Cis-platinum and 5-fluorouracil as induction therapy for advanced head and neck cancer.American Journal of Surgery, 144, 445–448. Google Scholar Weiner, M. W., & Jacobs, C. (1983). Mechanism of cisplatin nephrotoxicity.Federation Proceedings, 42(13), 2974–2978. Google Scholar Wendel, A., Fausel, M., Safayhi, H., Tiegs, G., & Otter, R. (1984). A novel biologically active seleno-organic compound--II. Activity of PZ 51 in relation to glutathione peroxidase.Biochemistry and Pharmacology, 33(20), 3241–3245. Google Scholar Wimmer, C., Mees, K., Stumpf, P., Welsch, U., Reichel, O., & Suckfüll, M. (2004). Round window application of D-methionine, sodium thiosulfate, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, and fibroblast growth factor-2 in cisplatin-induced ototoxicity.Otology and Neurotology, 25(1), 33–40. Google Scholar Wittes, R. E., Cvitkovic, E., Shah, J., Gerold, F. P., & Strong, E. W. (1977). CIS-Dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) in the treatment of epidermoid carcinoma of the head and neck.Cancer Treatment Reports, 61(3), 359–366. Google Scholar Wu, Y. J., Muldoon, L. L., & Neuwelt, E. A. (2005). The chemoprotective agent N-acetylcysteine blocks cisplatin-induced apoptosis through caspase signaling pathway.Journal of Pharmacology Experimental Therapy, 312(2), 424–431. Google Scholar Yamane, H., Nakai, Y., Takayama, M., Konishi, K., Iguchi, H., Nakagawa, T., … et al.. (1995). The emergence of free radicals after acoustic trauma and strial blood flow.Acta Otolaryngolica Supplementum, 519, 87–92. Google Scholar Yamasoba, T., Pourbakht, A., Sakamoto, T., & Suzuki, M. (2005). Ebselen prevents noise-induced excitotoxicity and temporary threshold shift.Neuroscience Letters, 380(3), 234–238. Google Scholar Additional Resources FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsCited byPerspectives of the ASHA Special Interest Groups (1-10)A Tale of Two Susceptibilities: Cisplatin Ototoxicity Variability in Similar PatientsAmy Custer Volume 15Issue 1April 2011Pages: 3-14 Get Permissions Add to your Mendeley library History Published in issue: Apr 1, 2011 Metrics Topicsasha-topicsasha-sigsasha-article-typesleader-topicsCopyright & Permissions© 2011 American Speech-Language-Hearing AssociationPDF downloadLoading ...

Referência(s)