SLIDING BASELINES, GHOSTS, AND REDUCED EXPECTATIONS IN KELP FOREST COMMUNITIES
1998; Wiley; Volume: 8; Issue: 2 Linguagem: Inglês
10.1890/1051-0761(1998)008[0309
ISSN1939-5582
AutoresPaul K. Dayton, Mia J. Tegner, Peter Edwards, Kristin L. Riser,
Tópico(s)Coastal wetland ecosystem dynamics
ResumoEcological ApplicationsVolume 8, Issue 2 p. 309-322 Article SLIDING BASELINES, GHOSTS, AND REDUCED EXPECTATIONS IN KELP FOREST COMMUNITIES Paul K. Dayton, Paul K. Dayton Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0201 USASearch for more papers by this authorMia J. Tegner, Mia J. Tegner Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0201 USASearch for more papers by this authorPeter B. Edwards, Peter B. Edwards Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0201 USASearch for more papers by this authorKristin L. Riser, Kristin L. Riser Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0201 USASearch for more papers by this author Paul K. Dayton, Paul K. Dayton Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0201 USASearch for more papers by this authorMia J. Tegner, Mia J. Tegner Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0201 USASearch for more papers by this authorPeter B. Edwards, Peter B. Edwards Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0201 USASearch for more papers by this authorKristin L. Riser, Kristin L. Riser Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0201 USASearch for more papers by this author First published: 01 May 1998 https://doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(1998)008[0309:SBGARE]2.0.CO;2Citations: 327Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Abstract The detection of trends in ecosystems depends upon (1) a good description of the foundation or benchmark against which changes are measured and (2) a distinction between natural and anthropogenic changes. Patterns and mechanisms observed over 25 years in a large kelp forest suggest that definition of a meaningful benchmark is impossible, because many of the large animals have been gone for years to decades, and kelps are sensitive to large-scale, low-frequency El Niño–Southern Oscillation events and longer term regime shifts. A shift in the oceanographic climate has significantly reduced the average size and carrying capacity of the dominant plant. The animals that have been functionally removed from the community include sea otters, black sea bass, yellowtail, white sea bass, and abalones. Other species are still present, but fisheries have had huge effects on the abundances, size–frequencies, and/or spatial distributions of sheephead, kelp bass, rays, flatfish, rock fish, spiny lobsters, and red sea urchins. Now even sea cucumbers, crabs, and small snails are subject to unregulated fishing. The plants continue to exist without a hint of the effects of the loss of so much animal biomass. Furthermore, most of the megafauna have been removed with very little documentation or historical understanding of what the natural community was like. Thus, our ability to separate anthropogenic impacts from the “natural” dynamics of the system is severely compromised. We discuss the importance of both an ecosystem focus on productivity and careful monitoring of as many populations as possible. In addition, we show that this community is not tightly integrated with mutual dependencies; hence, many species can be removed without much affecting the rest of the ecosystem. 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