Portal de Periódicos da CAPES

EAACI Position Paper on Rhinosinusitis and Nasal Polyps Executive Summary

2005; Wiley; Volume: 60; Issue: 5 Linguagem: Inglês

10.1111/j.1398-9995.2005.00830.x

1398-9995

W. J. Fokkens, V J Lund, Claus Bachert, Péter Clement, Peter Helllings, Mats Holmström, Nick S. Jones, Livije Kalogjera, David W. Kennedy, M. L. Kowalski, Henrik Malmberg, Joaquim Mullol, Desiderio Passàli, Heinz Stammberger, Pontus Stierna,

Asthma and respiratory diseases

AllergyVolume 60, Issue 5 p. 583-601 EAACI Position Paper on Rhinosinusitis and Nasal Polyps Executive Summary W. Fokkens, W. Fokkens Chair, Academic Medical Centre, ENT, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, the NetherlandsSearch for more papers by this authorV. Lund, V. Lund Co-Chair, University College London, Medical School, Royal National Throat Nose and Ear Hospital, Institute of Laryngology and Otology, London, United KingdomSearch for more papers by this authorC. Bachert, C. Bachert Ghent University Hospital, Otorhinolaryngology, Ghent, BelgiumSearch for more papers by this authorP. Clement, P. Clement Free University Hospital Brussels, Otorhinolaryngology, Brussels, BelgiumSearch for more papers by this authorP. Helllings, P. Helllings University Hospital Leuven, Otorhinolaryngology, Leuven, BelgiumSearch for more papers by this authorM. Holmstrom, M. Holmstrom Uppsala University Hospital, Otorhinolaryngology, Uppsala, SwedenSearch for more papers by this authorN. Jones, N. Jones Queen's Medical Centre, University Hospital, Otorhinolaryngology, Nottingham, United KingdomSearch for more papers by this authorL. Kalogjera, L. Kalogjera University Hospital Sestre milosrdnice, Otorhinolaryngology, Zagreb, Croatia (Hrvatska)Search for more papers by this authorD. Kennedy, D. Kennedy Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Pennsylvania Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USASearch for more papers by this authorM. Kowalski, M. Kowalski Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University, Lodz, PolandSearch for more papers by this authorH. Malmberg, H. Malmberg Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Central Hospital, Helsinki, FinlandSearch for more papers by this authorJ. Mullol, J. Mullol Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi I Sunyer, Barcelona, SpainSearch for more papers by this authorD. Passali, D. Passali Instituto di Discipline Otorinolaringologiche Universita degli Studi di Siena, Sienna, ItalySearch for more papers by this authorH. Stammberger, H. Stammberger ENT Department, Karl Franzens University, Graz, AustriaSearch for more papers by this authorP. Stierna, P. Stierna Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Central Hospital, Skovde, SwedenSearch for more papers by this author W. Fokkens, W. Fokkens Chair, Academic Medical Centre, ENT, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, the NetherlandsSearch for more papers by this authorV. Lund, V. Lund Co-Chair, University College London, Medical School, Royal National Throat Nose and Ear Hospital, Institute of Laryngology and Otology, London, United KingdomSearch for more papers by this authorC. Bachert, C. Bachert Ghent University Hospital, Otorhinolaryngology, Ghent, BelgiumSearch for more papers by this authorP. Clement, P. Clement Free University Hospital Brussels, Otorhinolaryngology, Brussels, BelgiumSearch for more papers by this authorP. Helllings, P. Helllings University Hospital Leuven, Otorhinolaryngology, Leuven, BelgiumSearch for more papers by this authorM. Holmstrom, M. Holmstrom Uppsala University Hospital, Otorhinolaryngology, Uppsala, SwedenSearch for more papers by this authorN. Jones, N. Jones Queen's Medical Centre, University Hospital, Otorhinolaryngology, Nottingham, United KingdomSearch for more papers by this authorL. Kalogjera, L. Kalogjera University Hospital Sestre milosrdnice, Otorhinolaryngology, Zagreb, Croatia (Hrvatska)Search for more papers by this authorD. Kennedy, D. Kennedy Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Pennsylvania Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USASearch for more papers by this authorM. Kowalski, M. Kowalski Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University, Lodz, PolandSearch for more papers by this authorH. Malmberg, H. Malmberg Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Central Hospital, Helsinki, FinlandSearch for more papers by this authorJ. Mullol, J. Mullol Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi I Sunyer, Barcelona, SpainSearch for more papers by this authorD. Passali, D. Passali Instituto di Discipline Otorinolaringologiche Universita degli Studi di Siena, Sienna, ItalySearch for more papers by this authorH. Stammberger, H. Stammberger ENT Department, Karl Franzens University, Graz, AustriaSearch for more papers by this authorP. Stierna, P. Stierna Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Central Hospital, Skovde, SwedenSearch for more papers by this author First published: 06 April 2005 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1398-9995.2005.00830.xCitations: 260 Wytske Fokkens Academic Medical Centre Department ENT PO Box 22660 1100 DD Amsterdam the Netherlands Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL References 1 Durr DG, Desrosiers MY, Dassa C. Impact of rhinosinusitis in health care delivery: the Quebec experience. J Otolaryngol 2001; 30: 93– 7. 2 Goetzel RZ, Hawkins K, Ozminkowski RJ, Wang S. The health and productivity cost burden of the 'top 10' physical and mental health conditions affecting six large US employers in 1999. J Occup Environ Med 2003; 45: 5– 14. 3 Ray NF, Baraniuk JN, Thamer M, Rinehart CS, Gergen PJ, Kaliner M, et al. Healthcare expenditures for sinusitis in 1996: contributions of asthma, rhinitis, and other airway disorders. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1999; 103(3 Pt 1): 408– 14. 4 New guidelines for sinusitis target prescribing practices. Dis Manag Advis 2004; 10: 27– 30. 5 Anon JB, Jacobs MR, Poole MD, Ambrose PG, Benninger MS, Hadley JA, et al. Antimicrobial treatment guidelines for acute bacterial rhinosinusitis. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2004; 130(1 Suppl): 1– 45. 6 Rhinosinusitis Task Force Committee. Report of the Rhinosinusitis Task Force Committee Meeting. Alexandria, Virginia, August 17, 1996. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1997; 117(3 Pt 2): S1– 68. 7 Sackett DL, Rosenberg WM, Gray JA, Haynes RB, Richardson WS. Evidence based medicine: what it is and what it isn't. Bmj 1996; 312: 71– 2. 8 Shekelle PG, Woolf SH, Eccles M, Grimshaw J. Clinical guidelines: developing guidelines. Bmj 1999; 318: 593– 6. 9 Bousquet J, Van Cauwenberge P, Khaltaev N. Allergic rhinitis and its impact on asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2001; 108(5 Suppl): S147– 334. 10 Kaliner M. Treatment of sinusitis in the next millennium. Allergy Asthma Proc 1998; 19: 181– 4. 11 Lanza DC, Kennedy DW. Adult rhinosinusitis defined. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1997; 117(3 Pt 2): S1– 7. 12 Savolainen S. Allergy in patients with acute maxillary sinusitis. Allergy 1989; 44: 116– 22. 13 Alho OP, Karttunen TJ, Karttunen R, Tuokko H, Koskela M, Suramo I, et al. Subjects with allergic rhinitis show signs of more severely impaired paranasal sinus functioning during viral colds than nonallergic subjects. Allergy 2003; 58: 767– 71. 14 Karlsson G, Holmberg K. Does allergic rhinitis predispose to sinusitis? Acta Otolaryngol Suppl 1994; 515: 26– 8 discussion 29. 15 Stammberger H. Functional endoscopic sinus surgery. Philadelphia: B.C. Decker, 1991. 16 Slavin RG. Sinusitis in adults and its relation to allergic rhinitis, asthma, and nasal polyps. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1988; 82(5 Pt 2): 950– 6. 17 Hamilos DL, Leung DY, Wood R, Meyers A, Stephens JK, Barkans J, et al. Chronic hyperplastic sinusitis: association of tissue eosinophilia with mRNA expression of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and interleukin-3. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1993; 92(1 Pt 1): 39– 48. 18 Hamilos DL, Leung DY, Wood R, Cunningham L, Bean DK, Yasruel Z, et al. Evidence for distinct cytokine expression in allergic versus nonallergic chronic sinusitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1995; 96: 537– 44. 19 Rachelefsky GS, Goldberg M, Katz RM, Boris G, Gyepes MT, Shapiro MJ, et al. Sinus disease in children with respiratory allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1978; 61: 310– 4. 20 Shapiro GG. Role of allergy in sinusitis. Pediatr Infect Dis 1985; 4(6 Suppl): S55– 9. 21 Shapiro GG, Virant FS, Furukawa CT, Pierson WE, Bierman CW. Immunologic defects in patients with refractory sinusitis. Pediatrics 1991; 87: 311– 6. 22 Beninger M. Rhinitis, sinusitis and their relationship to allergies. Am J Rhinol 1992; 6: 37– 43. 23 Grove R, Farrior J. Chronic hyperplastic sinusitis in allergic patients: a bacteriologic study of 200 operative cases. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1990; 11: 271– 276. 24 Emanuel IA, Shah SB. Chronic rhinosinusitis: allergy and sinus computed tomography relationships. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2000; 123: 687– 91. 25 Friedman WH. Surgery for chronic hyperplastic rhinosinusitis. Laryngoscope 1975; 85(12 pt 1): 1999– 2011. 26 Hinriksdottir I, Melen I. Allergic rhinitis and upper respiratory tract infections. Acta Otolaryngol Suppl 1994; 515: 30– 2. 27 Newman LJ, Platts-Mills TA, Phillips CD, Hazen KC, Gross CW. Chronic sinusitis. Relationship of computed tomographic findings to allergy, asthma, and eosinophilia. Jama 1994; 271: 363– 7. 28 Iwens P, Clement PA. Sinusitis in allergic patients. Rhinology 1994; 32: 65– 7. 29 Naclerio RM, de Tineo ML, Baroody FM. Ragweed allergic rhinitis and the paranasal sinuses. A computed tomographic study. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1997; 123: 193– 6. 30 Moser FG, Panush D, Rubin JS, Honigsberg RM, Sprayregen S, Eisig SB. Incidental paranasal sinus abnormalities on MRI of the brain. Clin Radiol 1991; 43: 252– 4. 31 Lloyd GA. CT of the paranasal sinuses: study of a control series in relation to endoscopic sinus surgery. J Laryngol Otol 1990; 104: 477– 81. 32 Havas TE, Motbey JA, Gullane PJ. Prevalence of incidental abnormalities on computed tomographic scans of the paranasal sinuses. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1988; 114: 856– 9. 33 Patel K, Chavda SV, Violaris N, Pahor AL. Incidental paranasal sinus inflammatory changes in a British population. J Laryngol Otol 1996; 110: 649– 51. 34 Zinreich SJ, Kennedy DW, Kumar AJ, Rosenbaum AE, Arrington JA, Johns ME. MR imaging of normal nasal cycle: comparison with sinus pathology. J Comput Assist Tomogr 1988; 12: 1014– 9. 35 Lane AP, Pine HS, Pillsbury HC III. Allergy testing and immunotherapy in an academic otolaryngology practice: a 20-year review. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2001; 124: 9– 15. 36 Salvin RG, Cannon RE, Friedman WH, Palitang E, Sundaram M. Sinusitis and bronchial asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1980; 66: 250– 7. 37 Schwartz HJ, Thompson JS, Sher TH, Ross RJ. Occult sinus abnormalities in the asthmatic patient. Arch Intern Med 1987; 147: 2194– 6. 38 Bresciani M, Paradis L, Des Roches A, Vernhet H, Vachier I, Godard P, et al. Rhinosinusitis in severe asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2001; 107: 73– 80. 39 Berg O, Carenfelt C. Analysis of symptoms and clinical signs in the maxillary sinus empyema. Acta Otolaryngol 1988; 105: 343– 9. 40 Williams JW Jr, Simel DL, Roberts L, Samsa GP. Clinical evaluation for sinusitis. Making the diagnosis by history and physical examination. Ann Intern Med 1992; 117: 705– 10. 41 Lund VJ, Kennedy DW. Quantification for staging sinusitis. The Staging and Therapy Group. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol Suppl 1995; 167: 17– 21. 42 Spector SL, Bernstein IL, Li JT, Berger WE, Kaliner MA, Schuller DE, et al. Parameters for the diagnosis and management of sinusitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1998; 102(6 Pt 2): S107– 44. 43 Damm M, Quante G, Jungehuelsing M, Stennert E. Impact of functional endoscopic sinus surgery on symptoms and quality of life in chronic rhinosinusitis. Laryngoscope 2002; 112: 310– 5. 44 Dykewicz MS. 7. Rhinitis and sinusitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2003; 111(2 Suppl): S520– 9. 45 Vento SI, Ertama LO, Hytonen ML, Wolff CH, Malmberg CH. Nasal polyposis: clinical course during 20 years. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2000; 85: 209– 14. 46 Ware JE Jr, Sherbourne CD. The MOS 36-item short-form health survey (SF-36). I. Conceptual framework and item selection. Med Care 1992; 30: 473– 83. 47 Anderson RT, Aaronson NK, Wilkin D. Critical review of the international assessments of health-related quality of life. Qual Life Res 1993; 2: 369– 95. 48 Benninger MS, Senior BA. The development of the Rhinosinusitis Disability Index. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1997; 123: 1175– 9. 49 Metson RB, Gliklich RE. Clinical outcomes in patients with chronic sinusitis. Laryngoscope 2000; 110(3 Pt 3): 24– 8. 50 Linder A. Symptom scores as measures of the severity of rhinitis. Clin Allergy 1988; 18: 29– 37. 51 Lund VJ, Mackay IS. Staging in rhinosinusitus. Rhinology 1993; 31: 183– 4. 52 Lildholdt T, Rundcrantz H, Lindqvist N. Efficacy of topical corticosteroid powder for nasal polyps: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study of budesonide. Clin Otolaryngol 1995; 20: 26– 30. 53 Johansson L, Akerlund A, Holmberg K, Melen I, Stierna P, Bende M. Evaluation of methods for endoscopic staging of nasal polyposis. Acta Otolaryngol 2000; 120: 72– 6. 54 Godthelp T, Holm AF, Fokkens WJ, Doornenbal P, Mulder PG, Hoefsmit EC, et al. Dynamics of nasal eosinophils in response to a nonnatural allergen challenge in patients with allergic rhinitis and control subjects: a biopsy and brush study. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1996; 97: 800– 11. 55 Meltzer EO, Orgel H, Jalowaski A. Nasal cytology. In: RDS Nacleio, N Mygind, editors. Rhinitis: mechanisms of management. New York: Marcel Dekker, 1999. 56 Klossek JM, Dubreuil L, Richet H, Richet B, Sedallian A, Beutter P. Bacteriology of the adult middle meatus. J Laryngol Otol 1996; 110: 847– 9. 57 Gold SM, Tami TA. Role of middle meatus aspiration culture in the diagnosis of chronic sinusitis. Laryngoscope 1997; 107(12 Pt 1): 1586– 9. 58 Vogan JC, Bolger WE, Keyes AS. Endoscopically guided sinonasal cultures: a direct comparison with maxillary sinus aspirate cultures. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2000; 122: 370– 3. 59 Casiano RR, Cohn S, Villasuso E III, Brown M, Memari F, Barquist E, et al. Comparison of antral tap with endoscopically directed nasal culture. Laryngoscope 2001; 111: 1333– 7. 60 Talbot GH, Kennedy DW, Scheld WM, Granito K. Rigid nasal endoscopy versus sinus puncture and aspiration for microbiologic documentation of acute bacterial maxillary sinusitis. Clin Infect Dis 2001; 33: 1668– 75. 61 Jonas I, Mann W. Misleading x-ray diagnosis due to maxillary sinus asymmetries (author's transl). Laryngol Rhinol Otol (Stuttg) 1976; 55: 905– 13. 62 McAlister WH, Lusk R, Muntz HR. Comparison of plain radiographs and coronal CT scans in infants and children with recurrent sinusitis. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1989; 153: 1259– 64. 63 Iinuma T, Hirota Y, Kase Y. Radio-opacity of the paranasal sinuses. Conventional views and CT. Rhinology 1994; 32: 134– 6. 64 Landman MD. Ultrasound screening for sinus disease. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1986; 94: 157– 64. 65 Otten FW, Grote JJ. The diagnostic value of transillumination for maxillary sinusitis in children. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 1989; 18: 9– 11. 66 Friedman WH, Katsantonis GP, Sivore M, Kay S. Computed tomography staging of the paranasal sinuses in chronic hyperplastic rhinosinusitis. Laryngoscope 1990; 100: 1161– 5. 67 Kennedy DW. Prognostic factors, outcomes and staging in ethmoid sinus surgery. Laryngoscope 1992; 102(12 Pt 2 Suppl 57): 1– 18. 68 Glicklich R, Metson R. A comparison of sinus computed tomography (CT) staging system for outcomes research. Am J Rhinol 1994; 8: 291– 297. 69 Jorgensen RA. Endoscopic and computed tomographic findings in ostiomeatal sinus disease. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1991; 117: 279– 87. 70 Gaskins RE. A surgical staging system for chronic sinusitis. Am J Rhinol 1992; 6: 5– 12. 71 Browne J, Hopkins J, Hopkins C, Slack R, van der Meulen J, Lund V, et al. The National Comparative Audit of Surgery for Nasal Polyposis and Chronic Rhinosinusitis. Royal College of Surgeons of England, 2003. 72 Oluwole M, Russell N, Tan L, Gardiner Q, White P. A comparison of computerized tomographic staging systems in chronic sinusitis. Clin Otolaryngol 1996; 21: 91– 5. 73 Radenne F, Lamblin C, Vandezande LM, Tillie-Leblond I, Darras J, Tonnel AB, et al. Quality of life in nasal polyposis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1999; 104: 79– 84. 74 Ragab SM, Lund VJ, Scadding G. Evaluation of the medical and surgical treatment of chronic rhinosinusitis: a prospective, randomised, controlled trial. Laryngoscope 2004; 114: 923– 30. 75 Winstead W, Barnett SN. Impact of endoscopic sinus surgery on global health perception: an outcomes study. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1998; 119: 486– 91. 76 Durr DG, Desrosiers MY, Dassa C. Quality of life in patients with rhinosinusitis. J Otolaryngol 1999; 28: 108– 11. 77 Gliklich RE, Metson R. The health impact of chronic sinusitis in patients seeking otolaryngologic care. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1995; 113: 104– 9. 78 Uri N, Cohen-Kerem R, Barzilai G, Greenberg E, Doweck I, Weiler-Ravell D. Functional endoscopic sinus surgery in the treatment of massive polyposis in asthmatic patients. J Laryngol Otol 2002; 116: 185– 9. 79 Piccirillo JFED, Haiduk A et al. Psychometric and clinimetric validity of the 3-item rhinosinusitis outcome measure (RSOM-31). Am J Rhinol 1995; 9: 297– 306. 80 Piccirillo JF, Merritt MG Jr, Richards ML. Psychometric and clinimetric validity of the 20-Item Sino-Nasal Outcome Test (SNOT-20). Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2002; 126: 41– 7. 81 Anderson ER, Murphy MP, Weymuller EA Jr Clinimetric evaluation of the Sinonasal Outcome Test-16. Student Research Award 1998. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1999; 121: 702– 7. 82 Fahmy FF, McCombe A, McKiernan DC. Sino nasal assessment questionnaire, a patient focused, rhinosinusitis specific outcome measure. Rhinology 2002; 40: 195– 7. 83 Gliklich RE, Metson R. Techniques for outcomes research in chronic sinusitis. Laryngoscope 1995; 105(4 Pt 1): 387– 90. 84 Gliklich RE, Metson R. Effect of sinus surgery on quality of life. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1997; 117: 12– 7. 85 Metson R, Gliklich RE. Clinical outcome of endoscopic surgery for frontal sinusitis. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1998; 124: 1090– 6. 86 Senior BA, Glaze C, Benninger MS. Use of the Rhinosinusitis Disability Index (RSDI) in rhinologic disease. Am J Rhinol 2001; 15: 15– 20. 87 Hoffman SR, Mahoney MC, Chmiel JF, Stinziano GD, Hoffman KN. Symptom relief after endoscopic sinus surgery: an outcomes-based study. Ear Nose Throat J 1993; 72: 419– 20. 88 Revicki DA, Leidy NK, Brennan-Diemer F, Thompson C, Togias A. Development and preliminary validation of the multiattribute Rhinitis Symptom Utility Index. Qual Life Res 1998; 7: 693– 702. 89 Juniper EF, Guyatt GH. Development and testing of a new measure of health status for clinical trials in rhinoconjunctivitis. Clin Exp Allergy 1991; 21: 77– 83. 90 Williams JW Jr, Aguilar C, Cornell J, Chiquette E., Dolor RJ, Makela M, Holleman DR, et al. Antibiotics for acute maxillary sinusitis (Cochrane Review). Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2003(4). 91 Meltzer EO, Charous BL, Busse WW, Zinreich SJ, Lorber RR, Danzig MR. Added relief in the treatment of acute recurrent sinusitis with adjunctive mometasone furoate nasal spray. The Nasonex Sinusitis Group. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2000; 106: 630– 7. 92 Nayak AS, Settipane GA, Pedinoff A, Charous BL, Meltzer EO, Busse WW, et al. Effective dose range of mometasone furoate nasal spray in the treatment of acute rhinosinusitis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2002; 89: 271– 8. 93 Dolor RJ, Witsell DL, Hellkamp AS, Williams JW Jr, Califf RM, Simel DL. Comparison of cefuroxime with or without intranasal fluticasone for the treatment of rhinosinusitis. The CAFFS Trial: a randomized controlled trial. Jama 2001; 286: 3097– 105. 94 Barlan IB, Erkan E, Bakir M, Berrak S, Basaran MM. Intranasal budesonide spray as an adjunct to oral antibiotic therapy for acute sinusitis in children. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 1997; 78: 598– 601. 95 Gehanno P, Beauvillain C, Bobin S, Chobaut JC, Desaulty A, Dubreuil C, et al. Short therapy with amoxicillin-clavulanate and corticosteroids in acute sinusitis: results of a multicentre study in adults. Scand J Infect Dis 2000; 32: 679– 84. 96 Klossek JM, Desmonts-Gohler C, Deslandes B, Coriat F, Bordure P, Dubreuil C, et al. Treatment of functional signs of acute maxillary rhinosinusitis in adults. Efficacy and tolerance of administration of oral prednisone for 3 days. Presse Med 2004; 33: 303– 9. 97 Braun JJ, Alabert JP, Michel FB, Quiniou M, Rat C, Cougnard J, et al. Adjunct effect of loratadine in the treatment of acute sinusitis in patients with allergic rhinitis. Allergy 1997; 52: 650– 5. 98 Adam P, Stiffman M, Blake RL Jr A clinical trial of hypertonic saline nasal spray in subjects with the common cold or rhinosinusitis. Arch Fam Med 1998; 7: 39– 43. 99 Axelsson A, Grebelius N, Jensen C, Melin O, Singer F. Treatment of acute maxillary sinusitis. IV. Ampicillin, cephradine and erythromycinestolate with and without irrigation. Acta Otolaryngol 1975; 79: 466– 72. 100 Inanli S, Ozturk O, Korkmaz M, Tutkun A, Batman C. The effects of topical agents of fluticasone propionate, oxymetazoline, and 3% and 0.9% sodium chloride solutions on mucociliary clearance in the therapy of acute bacterial rhinosinusitis in vivo. Laryngoscope 2002; 112: 320– 5. 101 Wiklund L, Stierna P, Berglund R, Westrin KM, Tonnesson M. The efficacy of oxymetazoline administered with a nasal bellows container and combined with oral phenoxymethyl-penicillin in the treatment of acute maxillary sinusitis. Acta Otolaryngol Suppl 1994; 515: 57– 64. 102 McCormick DP, John SD, Swischuk LE, Uchida T. A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of decongestant-antihistamine for the treatment of sinusitis in children. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 1996; 35: 457– 60. 103 Van Bever HP, Bosmans J, Stevens WJ. Nebulization treatment with saline compared to bromhexine in treating chronic sinusitis in asthmatic children. Allergy 1987; 42: 33– 6. 104 Tarantino V, Stura M, Marenco G, Leproux GB, Cremonesi G. Advantages of treatment with bromhexine in acute sinus inflammation in children. Randomized double-blind study versus placebo. Minerva Pediatr 1988; 40: 649– 52. 105 Serrano E, Demanez JP, Morgon A, Chastang C, Van Cauwenberge P. Effectiveness of ribosomal fractions of Klebsiella pneumoniae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes, Haemophilus influenzae and the membrane fraction of Kp (Ribomunyl) in the prevention of clinical recurrences of infectious rhinitis. Results of a multicenter double-blind placebo-controlled study. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 1997; 254: 372– 5. 106 Habermann W, Zimmermann K, Skarabis H, Kunze R, Rusch V. Reduction of acute recurrence in patients with chronic recurrent hypertrophic sinusitis by treatment with a bacterial immunostimulant (Enterococcus faecalis Bacteriae of human origin. Arzneimittelforschung 2002; 52: 622– 7. 107 Federspil P, Wulkow R, Zimmermann T. Effects of standardized Myrtol in therapy of acute sinusitis–results of a double-blind, randomized multicenter study compared with placebo. Laryngorhinootologie 1997; 76: 23– 7. 108 Gabrielian ES, Shukarian AK, Goukasova GI, Chandanian GL, Panossian AG, Wikman G, et al. A double blind, placebo-controlled study of Andrographis paniculata fixed combination Kan Jang in the treatment of acute upper respiratory tract infections including sinusitis. Phytomedicine 2002; 9: 589– 97. 109 Legent F, Bordure P, Beauvillain C, Berche P. A double-blind comparison of ciprofloxacin and amoxycillin/clavulanic acid in the treatment of chronic sinusitis. Chemotherapy 1994; 40(Suppl 1): 8– 15. 110 McNally PA, White MV, Kaliner MA. Sinusitis in an allergist's office: analysis of 200 consecutive cases. Allergy Asthma Proc 1997; 18: 169– 75. 111 Subramanian HN, Schechtman KB, Hamilos DL. A retrospective analysis of treatment outcomes and time to relapse after intensive medical treatment for chronic sinusitis. Am J Rhinol 2002; 16: 303– 12. 112 Namyslowski G, Misiolek M, Czecior E, Malafiej E, Orecka B, Namyslowski P, et al. Comparison of the efficacy and tolerability of amoxycillin/clavulanic acid 875 mg b.i.d. with cefuroxime 500 mg b.i.d. in the treatment of chronic and acute exacerbation of chronic sinusitis in adults. J Chemother 2002; 14: 508– 17. 113 Huck W, Reed BD, Nielsen RW, Ferguson RT, Gray DW, Lund GK, et al. Cefaclor vs amoxicillin in the treatment of acute, recurrent, and chronic sinusitis. Arch Fam Med 1993; 2: 497– 503. 114 Nishi K, Mizuguchi M, Tachibana H, Ooka T, Amemiya T, Myou S, et al. Effect of clarithromycin on symptoms and mucociliary transport in patients with sino-bronchial syndrome. Nihon Kyobu Shikkan Gakkai Zasshi 1995; 33: 1392– 1400. 115 Gandhi A, Brodsky L, Ballow M. Benefits of antibiotic prophylaxis in children with chronic sinusitis: assessment of outcome predictors. Allergy Proc 1993; 14: 37– 43. 116 Ichimura K, Shimazaki Y, Ishibashi T, Higo R. Effect of new macrolide roxithromycin upon nasal polyps associated with chronic sinusitis. Auris Nasus Larynx 1996; 23: 48– 56. 117 Hashiba M, Baba S. Efficacy of long-term administration of clarithromycin in the treatment of intractable chronic sinusitis. Acta Otolaryngol Suppl 1996; 525: 73– 8. 118 Scadding GK, Lund VJ, Darby YC. The effect of long-term antibiotic therapy upon ciliary beat frequency in chronic rhinosinusitis. J Laryngol Otol 1995; 109: 24– 6. 119 Scheinberg PA, Otsuji A. Nebulized antibiotics for the treatment of acute exacerbations of chronic rhinosinusitis. Ear Nose Throat J 2002; 81: 648– 52. 120 Mosges R, Spaeth J, Berger K, Dubois F. Topical treatment of rhinosinusitis with fusafungine nasal spray. A double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study in 20 patients. Arzneimittelforschung 2002; 52: 877– 83. 121 Leonard DW, Bolger WE. Topical antibiotic therapy for recalcitrant sinusitis. Laryngoscope 1999; 109: 668– 70. 122 Sykes DA, Wilson R, Chan KL, Mackay IS, Cole PJ. Relative importance of antibiotic and improved clearance in topical treatment of chronic mucopurulent rhinosinusitis. A controlled study. Lancet 1986; 2: 359– 60. 123 Desrosiers MY, Salas-Prato M. Treatment of chronic rhinosinusitis refractory to other treatments with topical antibiotic therapy delivered by means of a large-particle nebulizer: results of a controlled trial. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2001; 125: 265– 9. 124 Parikh A, Scadding GK, Darby Y, Baker RC. Topical corticosteroids in chronic rhinosinusitis: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial using fluticasone propionate aqueous nasal spray. Rhinology 2001; 39: 75– 9. 125 Lavigne F, Cameron L, Renzi PM, Planet JF, Christodoulopoulos P, Lamkioued B, et al. Intrasinus administration of topical budesonide to allergic patients with chronic rhinosinusitis following surgery. Laryngoscope 2002; 112: 858– 64. 126 Cuenant G, Stipon JP, Plante-Longchamp G, Baudoin C, Guerrier Y. Efficacy of endonasal neomycin-tixocortol pivalate irrigation in the treatment of chronic allergic and bacterial sinusitis. ORL J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec 1986; 48: 226– 32. 127 Lund VJ, Black JH, Szabo LZ, Schrewelius C, Akerlund A. Efficacy and tolerability of budesonide aqueous nasal spray in chronic rhinosinusitis patients. Rhinology 2004; 42: 57– 62. 128 Bachmann G, Hommel G, Michel Ol. Effect of irrigation of the nose with isotonic salt solution on adult patients with chronic paranasal sinus disease. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2000; 257: 537– 41. 129 Taccariello M, Parikh A, Darby Y, Scadding G. Nasal douching as a valuable adjunct in the management of chronic rhinosinusitis. Rhinology 1999; 37: 29– 32. 130 Rabago D, Zgierska A, Mundt M, Barrett B, Bobula J, Maberry R. Efficacy of daily hypertonic saline nasal irrigation among patients with sinusitis: a randomized controlled trial. J Fam Pract 2002; 51: 1049– 55. 131 Shoseyov D, Bibi H, Shai P, Shoseyov N, Shazberg G, Hurvitz H. Treatment with hypertonic saline versus normal saline nasal wash of pediatric chronic sinusitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1998; 101: 602– 5. 132 Szmeja Z, Golusinski W, Mielcarek-Kuchta D, Laczkowska-Przybylska J. Use of mucolytic preparations (Mucosolvan) in selected diseases of the upper respiratory tract. Part II. Otolaryngol Pol 1997; 51: 480– 6. 133 Ponikau JU, Sherris DA, Kita H, Kern EB. Intranasal antifungal treatment in 51 patients with chronic rhinosinusitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2002; 110: 862– 6. 134 Weschta M, Rimek D, Formanek M, Polzehl D, Podbielski A, Riechelmann H. Topical antifungal treatment of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps: a randomized, double-blind clinical trial. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2004; 113: 1122– 8. 135 Ponikau JU, Sherris DA, Weaver A, Kita H. Treatment of chronic rhinosinusitis with intranasal amphotericin B: A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind pilot trial. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2005; 115: 125– 31. 136 Weaver EM. Association between gastroesophageal reflux and sinusitis, otitis media, and laryngeal malignancy: a systematic review of the evidence. Am J Med 2003; 115(Suppl 3A): 81S– 89S. 137 Phipps CD, Wood WE, Gibson WS, Cochran WJ. Gastroesophageal reflux contributing to chronic sinus disease in children: a prospective analysis. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2000; 126: 831– 6. 138 Ulualp SO, Toohill RJ, Hoffmann R, Shaker R. Possible relationship of gastroesophagopharyngeal acid reflux with pathogenesis of chronic sinusitis. Am J Rhinol 1999; 13: 197– 202. 139 Heintz B, Schlenter WW, Kirsten R, Nelson K. Clinical efficacy of Broncho-Vaxom in adult patients with chronic purulent sinusitis–a multi-centric, placebo-controlled, double-blind study. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther Toxicol 1989; 27: 530– 4. 140 Matthews BL, Kohut RI, Edelstein DR, Rybak LP, Rapp M, McCaffrey TV, et al. Evaluation of cefixime in the treatment of bacterial maxillary sinusitis. South Med J 1993; 86: 329– 33. 141 Pakes GE, Graham JA, Rauch AM, Collins JJ. Cefuroxime axetil in the treatment of sinusitis. A review. Arch Fam Med 1994; 3: 165– 75. 142 Fombeur JP, Barrault S, Koubbi G, Laurier JN, Ebbo D, Lecomte F, et al. Study of the efficacy and safety of ciprofloxacin in the treatment of chronic sinusitis. Chemotherapy 1994; 40(Suppl 1): 24– 8. 143 Dijkstra MD, Ebbens FA, Poublon RM, Fokkens WJ. Fluticasone propionate aqueous nasal spray does not influence the recurrence rate of chronic rhinosinusitis and nasal polyps 1 year after functional endoscopic sinus surgery. Clin Exp Allergy 2004; 34: 1395– 400. 144 Mygind N, Pedersen CB, Prytz S, Sorensen H. Treatment of nasal polyps with intranasal beclomethasone dipropionate aerosol. Clin Allergy 1975; 5: 159– 64. 145 Penttila M, Poulsen P, Hollingworth K, Holmstrom M. Dose-related efficacy and tolerability of fluticasone propionate nasal drops 400 microg once daily and twice daily in the treatment of bilateral nasal polyposis: a placebo-controlled randomized study in adult patients. Clin Exp Allergy 2000; 30: 94– 102. 146 Hadfield PJ, Rowe-Jones JM, Mackay IS. A prospective treatment trial of nasal polyps in adults with cystic fibrosis. Rhinology 2000; 38: 63– 5. 147 Lildholdt T, Rundcrantz H, Bende M, Larsen K. Glucocorticoid treatment for nasal polyps. The use of topical budesonide powder, intramuscular betamethasone, and surgical treatment. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1997; 123: 595– 600. 148 Lildholdt T, Fogstrup J, Gammelgaard N, Kortholm B, Ulsoe C. Surgical versus medical treatment of nasal polyps. Acta Otolaryngol 1988; 105: 140– 3. 149 van Camp C, Clement PA. Results of oral steroid treatment in nasal polyposis. Rhinology 1994; 32: 5– 9. 150 Damm M, Jungehulsing M, Eckel HE, Schmidt M, Theissen P. Effects of systemic steroid treatment in chronic polypoid rhinosinusitis evaluated with magnetic resonance imaging. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1999; 120: 517– 23. 151 Ricchetti A, Landis BN, Maffioli A, Giger R, Zeng C, Lacroix JS. Effect of anti-fungal nasal lavage with amphotericin B on nasal polyposis. J Laryngol Otol 2002; 116: 261– 3. 152 Hartsel SC, Benz SK, Ayenew W, Bolard J. Na+, K+ and Cl- selectivity of the permeability pathways induced through sterol-containing membranevesicles by amphotericin B and other polyene antibiotics. Eur Biophys J 1994; 23: 125– 32. 153 Haye R, Aanesen JP, Burtin B, Donnelly F, Duby C. The effect of cetirizine on symptoms and signs of nasal polyposis. J Laryngol Otol 1998; 112: 1042– 6. 154 Filiaci F, Zambetti G, Luce M, Ciofalo A. Local treatment of nasal polyposis with capsaicin: preliminary findings. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr) 1996; 24: 13– 8. 155 Baudoin T, Kalogjera L, Hat Jl. Capsaicin significantly reduces sinonasal polyps. Acta Otolaryngol 2000; 120: 307– 11. 156 Zheng C, Wang Z, Lacroix JS. Effect of intranasal treatment with capsaicin on the recurrence of polyps after polypectomy and ethmoidectomy. Acta Otolaryngol 2000; 120: 62– 6. 157 Passali D, Bernstein JM, Passali FM, Damiani V, Passali GC, Bellussi L. Treatment of recurrent chronic hyperplastic sinusitis with nasal polyposis. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2003; 129: 656– 9. 158 Drettner B, Ebbesen A, Nilsson M. Prophylactive treatment with flunisolide after polypectomy. Rhinology 1982; 20: 149– 58. 159 Virolainen E, Puhakka H. The effect of intranasal beclomethasone dipropionate on the recurrence of nasal polyps after ethmoidectomy. Rhinology 1980; 18: 9– 18. 160 Karlsson G, Rundcrantz H. A randomized trial of intranasal beclomethasone dipropionate after polypectomy. Rhinology 1982; 20: 144– 8. 161 Dingsor G, Kramer J, Olsholt R, Soderstrom T. Flunisolide nasal spray 0.025% in the prophylactic treatment of nasal polyposis after polypectomy. A randomized, double blind, parallel, placebo controlled study. Rhinology 1985; 23: 49– 58. 162 Hartwig S, Linden M, Laurent C, Vargo AK, Lindqvist N. Budesonide nasal spray as prophylactic treatment after polypectomy (a double blind clinical trial). J Laryngol Otol 1988; 102: 148– 51. 163 Stevens MH. Steroid-dependent anosmia. Laryngoscope 2001; 111: 200– 3. Citing Literature Volume60, Issue5May 2005Pages 583-601 ReferencesRelatedInformation