Distributive Justice and a Rising Middle Class: Conflict between MAPAI and White-collar Professionals before the 1955 General Elections in Israel
2008; Taylor & Francis; Volume: 14; Issue: 2 Linguagem: Inglês
10.1080/13537120801900268
ISSN1743-9086
Autores Tópico(s)Jewish and Middle Eastern Studies
ResumoClick to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Notes 1. Moshe Lissak, The Great Aliyah of the 1950s—The Failure of the Melting Pot, Jerusalem, 1999 (Hebrew); Dalya Ofer (ed.), Old and New Settlers: Israel the Great Aliyah 1948–1953, Jerusalem, 1996 (Hebrew). 2. Shlomo Svirski, Seeds of Inequality, Tel Aviv, 1995 (Hebrew); Yinon Cohen, ‘Social–Economic Gaps Between Mizrachi and Ashkenazi Jews’, Israeli Sociology, Vol. 1 (1998), pp. 115–134; Amir Ben Port, Divided We Stand: Class Structure in Israel from 1948 to the 1980s, Westport, CT, 1989. 3. Shmuel Noah Eisenstadt, Moshe Lissak and Yakov Nahon (eds.), Israeli Communities and Their Social Position, Jerusalem, 1993 (Hebrew); Yuval Almanach and Noach Levin-Epstein, ‘Israeli Immigration and Housing: Another View of Ethnic Inequality’, Megamot, Vol. 39 (2000), pp. 243–269; Adriana Kamp, ‘“Migration of the Nations” or “The Big Conflagration”: State Control and Resistance in Israeli Books’, in Chanan Chever, Yehuda Shenhav and Pnina Muzafi-Halerm (eds.), Easterners in Israel: Renewed Critical Readings, Tel Aviv and Jerusalem, 2002, pp. 36–67 (Hebrew); Yosi Yona and Yitzchak Saporta, ‘Pre-Professional Education and Creation of the Israeli Working Class’, in Chever et al. (eds.), Easterners in Israel, pp. 68–104; Oren Yiftachel and Erez Zafaidia, Policy and Identity in Development Towns: The Effect of Planning and Development on North African Immigrants, 1952–1998, Beer Sheva, 1999 (Hebrew). 4. Dan Horowitz and Moshe Lissak, Distress in Utopia: Israel as a Society in Overload, Tel Aviv, 1990 (Hebrew); Devorah Hacohen, The Seed and the Grindstone: Immigrant Settlement in the Negev in the First Decade of the State, Tel Aviv, 1998 (Hebrew). 5. Shlomo Svirski and Devorah Bernstein, ‘Who Worked Where, for Whom and for What? Israel's Economic Development and the formation of Ethnic Division of Labour’, in Uri Ram (ed.), Israeli Society: Critical Aspects, Tel Aviv, 1993, pp. 120–147 (Hebrew). 6. Ze'ev Sternhal, Building a Nation or Fixing a Society: Nationality and Socialism in the Israeli Labour movement 1940–1984, Tel Aviv, 1995 (Hebrew). 7. Shlomo Svirski, Not Deprived but Made Deprived: Easterners and Europeans in Israel: Sociologic Analysis and Conversations with Activists, Haifa, 1981 (Hebrew); Shlomo Svirski, Education in Israel—District of Separate Paths, Tel Aviv, 1990 (Hebrew). 8. Lev Luis Greenberg, The Histadrut Above All, Jerusalem, 1993 (Hebrew); Michael Shalev, Labour and the Political Economy in Israel, New York, 1992. 9. Avi Bareli, MAPAI in Israel's Early Independence: 1948–1953, Jerusalem: Yad Ben-Zvi, 2007. 10. Amir Ben Porat, Where are those Bourgeoisies? History of Israeli Bourgeois, Jerusalem, 1999 (Hebrew). 11. Shmuel Amir, The Level of Education of Jews in the Population and in the Israeli Work Force 1950–1980, Jerusalem, 1985 (Hebrew). 12. Nadav Halevi and Ruth Kalinov-Malul, Economic Development of Israel, Jerusalem, 1968, pp. 30–38, 147–184 (Hebrew). 13. Further studies will also discuss the social and cultural aspects of the same conflict between academicians and the MAPAI government. 14. A committee conducted by the member of the Knesset for the MAPAI party, Yisrael Guri. (See more hereinafter.) 15. Seminar on the subject: The Intellectual Worker—In Our Struggle for Economic Independence and Security, Beit Berl, 9 July 1955, The Beit Berl Archive, File No.2-14-1955-17, p. 46. 16. See, for example, Y. Haskin, Protocol of the Coordinating Histadrut Committee, Lavon Archive, No.22/54, 16 May 1954, p. 19 (Hebrew). 17. See, for example, Y. Haskin, Protocol of the Coordinating Histadrut Committee, Lavon Archive, No.22/54, 16 May 1954, p. 2. 18. See, for example, Y. Haskin, Protocol of the Coordinating Histadrut Committee, Lavon Archive, No.22/54, 16 May 1954, pp. 3–4. 19. See, for example, Y. Haskin, Protocol of the Coordinating Histadrut Committee, Lavon Archive, No.22/54, 16 May 1954, p. 14. 20. See, for example, Y. Haskin, Protocol of the Coordinating Histadrut Committee, Lavon Archive, No.22/54, 16 May 1954, p. 27. 21. Levi Eshkol, Meeting of the MAPAI Centre, 20 Jan., 1955, Labour Party Archive, Beit Berl, File No. 2-23-1955-65. 22. ‘Section 6. The council encourages the National Board to declare a general strike if the negotiations will not supply satisfactory results; Section 7, in the last hour, The council warns the government severely to open the negotiations on correcting doctors’ wage level in order to prevent a general strike by the physicians. The council expresses its regret that the government's inconsideration of the state of physicians and its one-sided imposition of wage conditions is forcing them into using this organisational measure.' Decisions of the Organization of State Physicians, 29 March, 1964, Lavon Archive, 208 IV, Container 1347. 23. An IMA manifesto, Organization of State Physicians, in which the Central Committee announced a one-day strike on 12 April 1955 and how to prepare for it. The document was signed by P. Noah, Chairman of the National Board, 30 March 1955, Lavon Archive, 208 IV, Container 1347. 24. ‘The Government will not Comply with Demands by the Salaried Doctors’, Davar, 12 April 1954. 25. ‘Academic Employees Threaten a Three-Day Absence’, Davar, 12 April 1954. 26. ‘Doctors’ Strike Might Shock Public Medicine', Davar, 18 May 1954. IMA did not belong to the Histadrut, and their relationships were contractual, because IMA united all physicians under it, including independent ones, while the Organization of Kupat Holim Physicians and the Organization of State Physicians belonged to the Histadrut (the former were affiliated directly and the latter through the Federation of State Workers which belonged to the Histadrut). 27. ‘IMA Representatives to Worsen the Strike’, Davar, 20 May 1954. 28. Aharon Becker to IMA Regarding the Matter of Physician's Wages, 18 March 1954, Lavon Archive, 208 IV, Container 1347. Another letter regarding the same matter was sent by Mordechai Namir to IMA on 9 June 1954, Lavon Archive, 208 IV, Container 1347. ‘The Histadrut Objects to the Doctors’ Strike', Davar, 8 April 1954. 29. A letter by H. Yaffe of the Executive Committee of the Histadrut to Kupat Holim physicians about the Histadrut trial 20 May 1954, Lavon Archive, 208 IV, Container 1347. 30. Aharon Becker to member of the Knesset A. Govrin, 29 June 1954, Lavon Archive, 208 IV, Container 1347. 31. Protocol of the Coordinating Committee, 26 May 1954. On the agenda—the doctors' case, Lavon Archive. 32. Protocol of the Coordinating Committee, 26 May 1954. On the agenda—the doctors' case, Lavon Archive 33. ‘MAPAI Doctors will Avoid Striking Medical Services’, Davar, 30 May 1954. 34. ‘Threat of a General Strike of Medicine Averted as Kupat Holim Doctors Decided to Accept Histadrut's Authority’, Davar, 1 June 1954. 35. Protocol of the Coordinating Committee, 31 May 1954, No. 27/54. On the agenda: the doctors' case, Lavon Archive, p. 5. 36. Prime Minister Moshe Sharet to Z. Avigdori, IMA Chairman, 14 June 1954, Lavon Archive, 208 IV, Container 1347. 37. ‘Government Ignores Reality’, Michtav Lachaver (bi-weekly IMA organ), 1 December 1954; Dr Z. Avigdori, IMA Chairman, to government ministers, 2 December 1954, Lavon Archive, 208 IV, Container 1347. 38. Dr A. Druyan, IMA Secretary-General, to Y. Serlin, Minister of Health, 12 November 1954, Lavon Archive, 208 IV, Container 1347; Dr. Z. Avigdori, IMA Chairman, Prime Minister Moshe Sharett, 1 December 1954, Lavon Archive, 208 IV, Container 1347. 39. Aharon Becker to MAPAI Secretariat, 6 February 1955, Labour Party Archive, Beit Berl, File No. 2-401-1955-84. 40. S. Mintzberg to Mordechai Namir, 1 February 1955, Labour Party Archive, Beit Berl, File No. 2-401-1955-84. 41. S. Mintzberg to Aharon Becker, 27 February 1955, Labour Party Archive, Beit Berl, File No. 2-401-1955-84. 42. MAPAI attained 57.74%; Labour Unity received 14.61%; MAPAM, 12.54%; The Progressive Party, 5.25%; MAKI, 4.09%; The Zionim Klaliyim, 3.81%; and The Left Front, 1.96%. MAPAI retained its ranking (57.06% in the 1949 elections), while MAPAM and Labour Unity grew weaker compared to 1949 (34.53% against their combined power in the 1955 elections: 27.15), Davar, 24 May 1955. 43. An invitation by A. Duryan to the Engineer Federation to join a meeting of the Committee for Coordinating Organizations of the professions, 30 January 1955, Lavon Archive, 208 IV, Container 1347. A similar letter was sent on 14 February 1955. 44. a) Aharon Becker to the Coordinator of the Israel Engineer and Architect Association, 25 January 1955; (b) Aharon Becker to the Coordinator of the Engineer Federation, 25 January 1955, Lavon Archive, 208 IV, Container 1347. 45. Dr A. Duryan, IMA Secretary-General, to the Lawyer Federation (erased) and ‘to Namir, for your information’ added in handwriting, 30 January 1955, Lavon Archive, 208 IV, Container 1347. 46. Dr A. Duryan, IMA Secretary-General, to the Lawyer Federation (erased) and ‘to Namir, for your information’ added in handwriting, 30 January 1955, Lavon Archive, 208 IV, Container 1347 47. Dr A. Duryan, IMA Secretary-General, to the Lawyer Federation (erased) and ‘to Namir, for your information’ added in handwriting, 30 January 1955, Lavon Archive, 208 IV, Container 1347 48. ‘Guri Committee Interim Report: General Recommendations and an Obligation to Offer Wage Corrections in Two Months Time’, Ha'aretz, 9 June 1955. 49. Dr P. Noah to the State-Employed Physicians, members of the government and physicians organizations, 8 May 1955, Lavon Archive, 208 IV, Container 1347. ‘The Doctors will Reactivate the Passive Resistance as of Tomorrow, Academicians Threaten a Warning Strike’, Ha'aretz, 14 June 1955. 50. Instructions for performing passive resistance, annex to a circular from 8 June 1955, Lavon Archive, 208 IV, Container 1347. 51. Dr Z. Avigdori, IMA Chairman to Prime Minister Moshe Sharet, 16 June 1955, Lavon Archive, 208 IV, Container 1347. 52. ‘The Executives will hold a Protest Strike on Monday’, Davar, 20 June 1955. 53. ‘Warning Strike by Academic Civil Servants Scheduled for Next Monday’, Ha'aretz, 20 June 1955; ‘The University Strike has Began’, Ha'aretz, 22 June 1955; ‘The University Strike has Ended’, Ha'aretz, 7 July 1955; The strikers gained a promise by the university administration to support their requirements after the final report by the Guri Committee has been submitted in August, after the elections. 54. ‘Sharet Condones the Doctors Strike and Demands Patience; The Progressive Party Position’, Ha'aretz, 23 June 1955. 55. ‘Executive and Administrative Civil Servants will Hold a Warning Strike of 3 Hours on Monday, Histadrut Forbade Officials to Strike’, Ha'aretz, 24 June 1955. 56. Ha'aretz, 28 June 1955. 57. ‘Academicians Held a Nationwide Warning Strike Yesterday’, Ha'aretz, 19 July 1955.
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