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Role of Water in Electron-Initiated Processes and Radical Chemistry: Issues and Scientific Advances

2004; American Chemical Society; Volume: 105; Issue: 1 Linguagem: Inglês

10.1021/cr030453x

1520-6890

Bruce C. Garrett, David A. Dixon, Donald M. Camaioni, Daniel M. Chipman, Mark A. Johnson, Charles D. Jonah, Greg A. Kimmel, John H. Miller, T. N. Rescigno, Peter J. Rossky, Sotiris S. Xantheas, Steven D. Colson, Allan H. Laufer, Douglas Ray, Paul F. Barbara, David M. Bartels, Kurt Becker, Kit H. Bowen, Stephen E. Bradforth, Ian Carmichael, James V. Coe, L. René Corrales, James P. Cowin, Michel Dupuis, Kenneth B. Eisenthal, James A. Franz, Maciej Gutowski, Kenneth D. Jordan, Bruce D. Kay, Jay A. LaVerne, Sergei V. Lymar, Theodore E. Madey, C. W. McCurdy, Dan Meisel, Shaul Mukamel, Anders Nilsson, Thomas M. Orlando, Nikolay G. Petrik, Simon M. Pimblott, James R. Rustad, Gregory K. Schenter, Sherwin J. Singer, Andrei Tokmakoff, Lai‐Sheng Wang, Timothy S. Zwier,

Advanced oxidation water treatment

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVarticleRole of Water in Electron-Initiated Processes and Radical Chemistry: Issues and Scientific AdvancesBruce C. Garrett*Bruce C. GarrettChemical Science Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99352; Department of Chemistry, Shelby Hall, University of Alabama, Box 870336, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487-0336; Notre Dame Radiation Laboratory, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556; Department of Chemistry, Yale University, P.O. Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut 0520-8107; Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439; Department of Computer Science and Department of Physics, 2710 University Drive, Washington State University, Richland, Washington 99352-1671; Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road Mailstop 1-0472, Berkeley, California 94720; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station A5300, Austin, Texas 78712; Office of Basic Energy Sciences, U.S. Department of Energy, SC-141/Germantown Building, 1000 Independence Avenue, S.W., Washington, D.C. 20585-1290; Department of Physics and Engineering Physics, Stevens Institute of Technology, Castle Point on Hudson, Hoboken, New Jersey 07030; Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 34th and Charles Streets, Baltimore, Maryland 21218; Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-1062; Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210-1185; Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, Box 3107, Havemeyer Hall, New York, New York 10027; Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Parkman Avenue and University Drive, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260; Chemistry Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973-5000; Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 136 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854-8019; Department of Chemistry, 516 Rowland Hall, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025; Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Mail Stop 69, Menlo Park, California 94025; School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 770 State Street, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400; Geology Department, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616-8605; Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4307; Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2084 Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed (e-mail [email protected] or [email protected]).More by Bruce C. Garrett, David A. Dixon*David A. DixonChemical Science Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99352; Department of Chemistry, Shelby Hall, University of Alabama, Box 870336, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487-0336; Notre Dame Radiation Laboratory, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556; Department of Chemistry, Yale University, P.O. Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut 0520-8107; Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439; Department of Computer Science and Department of Physics, 2710 University Drive, Washington State University, Richland, Washington 99352-1671; Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road Mailstop 1-0472, Berkeley, California 94720; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station A5300, Austin, Texas 78712; Office of Basic Energy Sciences, U.S. Department of Energy, SC-141/Germantown Building, 1000 Independence Avenue, S.W., Washington, D.C. 20585-1290; Department of Physics and Engineering Physics, Stevens Institute of Technology, Castle Point on Hudson, Hoboken, New Jersey 07030; Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 34th and Charles Streets, Baltimore, Maryland 21218; Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-1062; Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210-1185; Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, Box 3107, Havemeyer Hall, New York, New York 10027; Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Parkman Avenue and University Drive, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260; Chemistry Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973-5000; Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 136 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854-8019; Department of Chemistry, 516 Rowland Hall, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025; Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Mail Stop 69, Menlo Park, California 94025; School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 770 State Street, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400; Geology Department, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616-8605; Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4307; Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2084 Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed (e-mail [email protected] or [email protected]).More by David A. Dixon, Donald M. CamaioniDonald M. CamaioniChemical Science Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99352; Department of Chemistry, Shelby Hall, University of Alabama, Box 870336, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487-0336; Notre Dame Radiation Laboratory, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556; Department of Chemistry, Yale University, P.O. Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut 0520-8107; Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439; Department of Computer Science and Department of Physics, 2710 University Drive, Washington State University, Richland, Washington 99352-1671; Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road Mailstop 1-0472, Berkeley, California 94720; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station A5300, Austin, Texas 78712; Office of Basic Energy Sciences, U.S. Department of Energy, SC-141/Germantown Building, 1000 Independence Avenue, S.W., Washington, D.C. 20585-1290; Department of Physics and Engineering Physics, Stevens Institute of Technology, Castle Point on Hudson, Hoboken, New Jersey 07030; Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 34th and Charles Streets, Baltimore, Maryland 21218; Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-1062; Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210-1185; Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, Box 3107, Havemeyer Hall, New York, New York 10027; Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Parkman Avenue and University Drive, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260; Chemistry Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973-5000; Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 136 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854-8019; Department of Chemistry, 516 Rowland Hall, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025; Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Mail Stop 69, Menlo Park, California 94025; School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 770 State Street, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400; Geology Department, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616-8605; Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4307; Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2084 More by Donald M. Camaioni, Daniel M. ChipmanDaniel M. ChipmanChemical Science Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99352; Department of Chemistry, Shelby Hall, University of Alabama, Box 870336, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487-0336; Notre Dame Radiation Laboratory, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556; Department of Chemistry, Yale University, P.O. Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut 0520-8107; Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439; Department of Computer Science and Department of Physics, 2710 University Drive, Washington State University, Richland, Washington 99352-1671; Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road Mailstop 1-0472, Berkeley, California 94720; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station A5300, Austin, Texas 78712; Office of Basic Energy Sciences, U.S. Department of Energy, SC-141/Germantown Building, 1000 Independence Avenue, S.W., Washington, D.C. 20585-1290; Department of Physics and Engineering Physics, Stevens Institute of Technology, Castle Point on Hudson, Hoboken, New Jersey 07030; Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 34th and Charles Streets, Baltimore, Maryland 21218; Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-1062; Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210-1185; Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, Box 3107, Havemeyer Hall, New York, New York 10027; Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Parkman Avenue and University Drive, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260; Chemistry Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973-5000; Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 136 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854-8019; Department of Chemistry, 516 Rowland Hall, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025; Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Mail Stop 69, Menlo Park, California 94025; School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 770 State Street, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400; Geology Department, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616-8605; Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4307; Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2084 More by Daniel M. Chipman, Mark A. JohnsonMark A. JohnsonChemical Science Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99352; Department of Chemistry, Shelby Hall, University of Alabama, Box 870336, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487-0336; Notre Dame Radiation Laboratory, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556; Department of Chemistry, Yale University, P.O. Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut 0520-8107; Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439; Department of Computer Science and Department of Physics, 2710 University Drive, Washington State University, Richland, Washington 99352-1671; Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road Mailstop 1-0472, Berkeley, California 94720; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station A5300, Austin, Texas 78712; Office of Basic Energy Sciences, U.S. Department of Energy, SC-141/Germantown Building, 1000 Independence Avenue, S.W., Washington, D.C. 20585-1290; Department of Physics and Engineering Physics, Stevens Institute of Technology, Castle Point on Hudson, Hoboken, New Jersey 07030; Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 34th and Charles Streets, Baltimore, Maryland 21218; Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-1062; Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210-1185; Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, Box 3107, Havemeyer Hall, New York, New York 10027; Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Parkman Avenue and University Drive, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260; Chemistry Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973-5000; Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 136 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854-8019; Department of Chemistry, 516 Rowland Hall, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025; Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Mail Stop 69, Menlo Park, California 94025; School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 770 State Street, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400; Geology Department, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616-8605; Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4307; Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2084 More by Mark A. Johnson, Charles D. JonahCharles D. JonahChemical Science Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99352; Department of Chemistry, Shelby Hall, University of Alabama, Box 870336, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487-0336; Notre Dame Radiation Laboratory, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556; Department of Chemistry, Yale University, P.O. Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut 0520-8107; Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439; Department of Computer Science and Department of Physics, 2710 University Drive, Washington State University, Richland, Washington 99352-1671; Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road Mailstop 1-0472, Berkeley, California 94720; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station A5300, Austin, Texas 78712; Office of Basic Energy Sciences, U.S. Department of Energy, SC-141/Germantown Building, 1000 Independence Avenue, S.W., Washington, D.C. 20585-1290; Department of Physics and Engineering Physics, Stevens Institute of Technology, Castle Point on Hudson, Hoboken, New Jersey 07030; Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 34th and Charles Streets, Baltimore, Maryland 21218; Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-1062; Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210-1185; Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, Box 3107, Havemeyer Hall, New York, New York 10027; Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Parkman Avenue and University Drive, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260; Chemistry Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973-5000; Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 136 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854-8019; Department of Chemistry, 516 Rowland Hall, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025; Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Mail Stop 69, Menlo Park, California 94025; School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 770 State Street, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400; Geology Department, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616-8605; Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4307; Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2084 More by Charles D. Jonah, Gregory A. KimmelGregory A. KimmelChemical Science Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99352; Department of Chemistry, Shelby Hall, University of Alabama, Box 870336, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487-0336; Notre Dame Radiation Laboratory, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556; Department of Chemistry, Yale University, P.O. Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut 0520-8107; Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439; Department of Computer Science and Department of Physics, 2710 University Drive, Washington State University, Richland, Washington 99352-1671; Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road Mailstop 1-0472, Berkeley, California 94720; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station A5300, Austin, Texas 78712; Office of Basic Energy Sciences, U.S. Department of Energy, SC-141/Germantown Building, 1000 Independence Avenue, S.W., Washington, D.C. 20585-1290; Department of Physics and Engineering Physics, Stevens Institute of Technology, Castle Point on Hudson, Hoboken, New Jersey 07030; Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 34th and Charles Streets, Baltimore, Maryland 21218; Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-1062; Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210-1185; Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, Box 3107, Havemeyer Hall, New York, New York 10027; Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Parkman Avenue and University Drive, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260; Chemistry Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973-5000; Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 136 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854-8019; Department of Chemistry, 516 Rowland Hall, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025; Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Mail Stop 69, Menlo Park, California 94025; School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 770 State Street, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400; Geology Department, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616-8605; Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4307; Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2084 More by Gregory A. Kimmel, John H. MillerJohn H. MillerChemical Science Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99352; Department of Chemistry, Shelby Hall, University of Alabama, Box 870336, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487-0336; Notre Dame Radiation Laboratory, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556; Department of Chemistry, Yale University, P.O. Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut 0520-8107; Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439; Department of Computer Science and Department of Physics, 2710 University Drive, Washington State University, Richland, Washington 99352-1671; Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road Mailstop 1-0472, Berkeley, California 94720; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station A5300, Austin, Texas 78712; Office of Basic Energy Sciences, U.S. Department of Energy, SC-141/Germantown Building, 1000 Independence Avenue, S.W., Washington, D.C. 20585-1290; Department of Physics and Engineering Physics, Stevens Institute of Technology, Castle Point on Hudson, Hoboken, New Jersey 07030; Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 34th and Charles Streets, Baltimore, Maryland 21218; Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-1062; Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210-1185; Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, Box 3107, Havemeyer Hall, New York, New York 10027; Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Parkman Avenue and University Drive, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260; Chemistry Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973-5000; Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 136 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854-8019; Department of Chemistry, 516 Rowland Hall, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025; Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Mail Stop 69, Menlo Park, California 94025; School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 770 State Street, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400; Geology Department, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616-8605; Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4307; Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2084 More by John H. Miller, Thomas N. RescignoThomas N. RescignoChemical Science Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99352; Department of Chemistry, Shelby Hall, University of Alabama, Box 870336, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487-0336; Notre Dame Radiation Laboratory, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556; Department of Chemistry, Yale University, P.O. Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut 0520-8107; Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439; Department of Computer Science and Department of Physics, 2710 University Drive, Washington State University, Richland, Washington 99352-1671; Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road Mailstop 1-0472, Berkeley, California 94720; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station A5300, Austin, Texas 78712; Office of Basic Energy Sciences, U.S. Department of Energy, SC-141/Germantown Building, 1000 Independence Avenue, S.W., Washington, D.C. 20585-1290; Department of Physics and Engineering Physics, Stevens Institute of Technology, Castle Point on Hudson, Hoboken, New Jersey 07030; Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 34th and Charles Streets, Baltimore, Maryland 21218; Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-1062; Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210-1185; Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, Box 3107, Havemeyer Hall, New York, New York 10027; Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Parkman Avenue and University Drive, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260; Chemistry Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973-5000; Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 136 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854-8019; Department of Chemistry, 516 Rowland Hall, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025; Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Mail Stop 69, Menlo Park, California 94025; School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 770 State Street, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400; Geology Department, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616-8605; Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4307; Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2084 More by Thomas N. Rescigno, Peter J. RosskyPeter J. RosskyChemical Science Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99352; Department of Chemistry, Shelby Hall, University of Alabama, Box 870336, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487-0336; Notre Dame Radiation Laboratory, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556; Department of Chemistry, Yale University, P.O. Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut 0520-8107; Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439; Department of Computer Science and Department of Physics, 2710 University Drive, Washington State University, Richland, Washington 99352-1671; Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road Mailstop 1-0472, Berkeley, California 94720; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station A5300, Austin, Texas 78712; Office of Basic Energy Sciences, U.S. Department of Energy, SC-141/Germantown Building, 1000 Independence Avenue, S.W., Washington, D.C. 20585-1290; Department of Physics and Engineering Physics, Stevens Institute of Technology, Castle Point on Hudson, Hoboken, New Jersey 07030; Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 34th and Charles Streets, Baltimore, Maryland 21218; Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-1062; Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210-1185; Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, Box 3107, Havemeyer Hall, New York, New York 10027; Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Parkman Avenue and University Drive, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260; Chemistry Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973-5000; Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 136 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854-8019; Department of Chemistry, 516 Rowland Hall, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025; Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Mail Stop 69, Menlo Park, California 94025; School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 770 State Street, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400; Geology Department, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616-8605; Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4307; Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2084 More by Peter J. Rossky, Sotiris S. XantheasSotiris S. XantheasChemical Science Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99352; Department of Chemistry, Shelby Hall, University of Alabama, Box 870336, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487-0336; Notre Dame Radiation Laboratory, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556; Department of Chemistry, Yale University, P.O. Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut 0520-8107; Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439; Department of Computer Science and Department of Physics, 2710 University Drive, Washington State University, Richland, Washington 99352-1671; Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road Mailstop 1-0472, Berkeley, California 94720; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station A5300, Austin, Texas 78712; Office of Basic Energy Sciences, U.S. Department of Energy, SC-141/Germantown Building, 1000 Independence Avenue, S.W., Washington, D.C. 20585-1290; Department of Physics and Engineering Physics, Stevens Institute of Technology, Castle Point on Hudson, Hoboken, New Jersey 07030; Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 34th and Charles Streets, Baltimore, Maryland 21218; Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-1062; Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210-1185; Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, Box 3107, Havemeyer Hall, New York, New York 10027; Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Parkman Avenue and University Drive, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260; Chemistry Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973-5000; Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 136 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854-8019; Department of Chemistry, 516 Rowland Hall, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025; Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Mail Stop 69, Menlo Park, California 94025; School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 770 State Street, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400; Geology Department, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616-8605; Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4307; Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2084 More by Sotiris S. Xantheas, Steven D. ColsonSteven D. ColsonChemical Science Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99352; Department of Chemistry, Shelby Hall, University of Alabama, Box 870336, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487-0336; Notre Dame Radiation Laboratory, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556; Department of Chemistry, Yale University, P.O. Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut 0520-8107; Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439; Department of Computer Science and Department of Physics, 2710 University Drive, Washington State University, Richland, Washington 99352-1671; Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road Mailstop 1-0472, Berkeley, California 94720; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station A5300, Austin, Texas 78712; Office of Basic Energy Sciences, U.S. Department of Energy, SC-14