Iraqi medical education under the intellectual embargo
2000; Elsevier BV; Volume: 355; Issue: 9209 Linguagem: Inglês
10.1016/s0140-6736(00)02049-3
ISSN1474-547X
Autores Tópico(s)Economic Sanctions and International Relations
ResumoIraq's health services have declined substantially since the Gulf War and the imposition of United Nations sanctions. 1 United Nations.Report of the second panel established pursuant to the note by the President of the Security Council of 30/12/99, concerning the current humanitarian situation in Iraq. S/1999/356, 30 March 1999. United Nations, New York1999 Google Scholar , 2 Richards L Dugbatey K Garfield R Hansen C Sunderwirth R Wall S Living under sanctions: the intellectual embargo and the oilfor-food program. American Friends Service Committee, Philadelphia1999 Google Scholar , 3 United Nations Security Council.Report of the secretary-general pursuant to paragraph 6 of Security Council resolution 1242. S/1999/896, 19 August 1999. United Nations, New York1999 Google Scholar , 4 UN Coordinator of Humanitarian Assistance.Special topics on social conditions in Iraq: An overview submitted by the UN system to the Security Council Panel on Humanitarian Issues. UNOCHI, BaghdadMarch, 1999 Google Scholar , 5 UNICEF.Situation analysis of children and women in Iraq. UNICEF, BaghdadApril, 1998 Google Scholar , 6 Richards L Cunningham N Dale N Sunderwirth R Wray J Child and maternal health, nutrition and welfare in Iraq under the sanctions. American Friends Service Committee, Philadelphia1999 Google Scholar , 7 Hoskins E Public health and the Persian Gulf War. in: Levy B Sidel V War and public health. Oxford University Press, New York1997: 254-278 Google Scholar However, the impact of sanctions on the flow of medical and scientific information has received little attention. Iraq was essentially cut off from all outside medical information in 1990 when United Nations Security Council Resolution 661 froze Iraqi assets abroad and banned all trade with Iraq after the invasion of Kuwait. Unlike previous sanctions imposed by the United Nations against member states, Resolution 661 provided no exemption for the transmission of medical and scientific literature. The resulting intellectual embargo has isolated Iraq from the international medical community for the past decade. In the USA, this intellectual embargo has been enforced through postal-service regulations, licensing requirements for goods sent to Iraq, visa restrictions, and a ban on travel to Iraq by Americans.
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