Uric Acid
2011; Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; Volume: 58; Issue: 4 Linguagem: Catalão
10.1161/hypertensionaha.111.178921
ISSN1524-4563
AutoresRichard J. Johnson, Mehmet Kanbay, Duk‐Hee Kang, Laura G. Sánchez‐Lozada, Daniel I. Feig,
Tópico(s)Neonatal Health and Biochemistry
ResumoHomeHypertensionVol. 58, No. 4Uric Acid Free AccessArticle CommentaryPDF/EPUBAboutView PDFView EPUBSections ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload citationsTrack citationsPermissions ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InMendeleyReddit Jump toFree AccessArticle CommentaryPDF/EPUBUric AcidA Clinically Useful Marker to Distinguish Preeclampsia From Gestational Hypertension Richard J. Johnson, Mehmet Kanbay, Duk-Hee Kang, Laura Gabriela Sánchez-Lozada and Daniel Feig Richard J. JohnsonRichard J. Johnson From the Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension (R.J.J.), University of Colorado, Denver, CO; Department of Nephrology (M.K.), Gülhane School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey; Division of Nephrology (D.-H.K.), Ewha Women's University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; Department of Medicine (L.G.S.-L.), Division of Nephrology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia Ignacio Chavez, Mexico City, Mexico; Division of Pediatric Nephrology (D.F.), University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL. , Mehmet KanbayMehmet Kanbay From the Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension (R.J.J.), University of Colorado, Denver, CO; Department of Nephrology (M.K.), Gülhane School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey; Division of Nephrology (D.-H.K.), Ewha Women's University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; Department of Medicine (L.G.S.-L.), Division of Nephrology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia Ignacio Chavez, Mexico City, Mexico; Division of Pediatric Nephrology (D.F.), University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL. , Duk-Hee KangDuk-Hee Kang From the Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension (R.J.J.), University of Colorado, Denver, CO; Department of Nephrology (M.K.), Gülhane School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey; Division of Nephrology (D.-H.K.), Ewha Women's University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; Department of Medicine (L.G.S.-L.), Division of Nephrology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia Ignacio Chavez, Mexico City, Mexico; Division of Pediatric Nephrology (D.F.), University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL. , Laura Gabriela Sánchez-LozadaLaura Gabriela Sánchez-Lozada From the Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension (R.J.J.), University of Colorado, Denver, CO; Department of Nephrology (M.K.), Gülhane School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey; Division of Nephrology (D.-H.K.), Ewha Women's University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; Department of Medicine (L.G.S.-L.), Division of Nephrology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia Ignacio Chavez, Mexico City, Mexico; Division of Pediatric Nephrology (D.F.), University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL. and Daniel FeigDaniel Feig From the Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension (R.J.J.), University of Colorado, Denver, CO; Department of Nephrology (M.K.), Gülhane School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey; Division of Nephrology (D.-H.K.), Ewha Women's University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; Department of Medicine (L.G.S.-L.), Division of Nephrology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia Ignacio Chavez, Mexico City, Mexico; Division of Pediatric Nephrology (D.F.), University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL. Originally published29 Aug 2011https://doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.111.178921Hypertension. 2011;58:548–549Other version(s) of this articleYou are viewing the most recent version of this article. Previous versions: January 1, 2011: Previous Version 1 See related article, pp 704–708During early pregnancy, serum uric acid levels fall, often to ≤3 mg/dL, related to the uricosuric effects from estrogen and from the increase in renal blood flow. Uric acid levels then increase during the third trimester, reaching levels of 4 to 5 mg/dL by term (reviewed in Reference 1). However, it is known that subjects destined to develop preeclampsia show slightly higher serum uric acid levels during the first trimester in association with a relative reduction in urinary urate excretion.2,3 At the time of presentation, subjects with preeclampsia frequently have significantly elevated serum uric acid levels, and some studies suggest that the degree of elevation correlates with the severity of the maternal syndrome and fetal morbidity, including small-for-gestational-age infants and fetal death.4,5As a consequence of these observations, obstetricians frequently measure serum uric acid to both help diagnose preeclampsia and to predict maternal and fetal complications. However, the clinical use of such an approach has been challenged, because numerous studies have suggested that the predictive value of serum uric acid is relatively poor both for diagnosis and prognosis, especially for distinguishing preeclampsia from gestational hypertension.6–8 However, a classic problem with diagnostic tests relates to the population studied. According to Bayes' theorem, the ability of a test to be useful in diagnosis relates to the frequency of the condition relative to the false-positive rate. Thus, if a disease is common for the particular population and the false positivity rate is relatively low, the test has high predictive value, whereas in a setting where the disease is infrequent, a higher false positivity rate will lead to a low predictive value. Thus, a major problem with most of the negative studies is that they include all pregnant patients, in which only a small percentage will eventually develop preeclampsia, or, conversely, study subjects at or near term when serum uric acid levels are already rising in normal pregnancy yielding a higher false-positive rate.6–8In the article by Bellomo et al9 in this issue of the journal, the authors have readdressed this issue in light of Bayes theorem by evaluating the role of uric acid in high-risk patients (primigravida, after 20 weeks) presenting with hypertension in the absence of proteinuria. This is clinically relevant, because this is exactly the type of patient in which the obstetrician typically measures serum uric acid to aid in diagnosis and prognosis. In this population of 163 subjects, the mean time of presentation was ≈34 weeks, and a large percentage went on to develop preeclampsia (45%) or deliver small-for-gestational-age infants (26%). The data collection was particularly strong and included carefully defined methods for blood pressure measurement, including 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. The results were remarkable. Uric acid conferred an 8- to 9-fold risk for preeclampsia and a 1.6- to 1.7-fold risk for small-for-gestational-age infants. A receiver operating characteristic analysis showed that a uric acid of 5.2 mg/dL (309 μmol/L) conferred excellent sensitivity, specificity, and likelihood ratios for diagnosis and prognosis. These studies suggest that measurement of serum uric acid is clinically useful and should be part of the evaluation of the pregnant patient presenting with hypertension but specifically in the primiparous patient presenting after 20 weeks of pregnancy.Increasing evidence suggests that an elevated serum uric acid in pregnancy may not only be a valuable biomarker for preeclampsia but may also have a contributory role in the pathogenesis of the maternal and fetal manifestations (Figure).1,10 Uric acid is a potent inhibitor of endothelial function, induces systemic and glomerular hypertension in animals, and passes freely into the fetal circulation.1 Uric acid has been found to block vascular endothelial growth factor–induced endothelial proliferation and, thus, may have a direct role in blocking fetal angiogenesis, resulting in small-for-gestational-age infants.11 Uric acid can also block trophoblast invasion in vitro.12 Uric acid has also been found to mediate insulin resistance in animals, and levels correlate with the development of insulin resistance in the pregnant patient.13 Thus, it is time to carefully revisit the role of uric acid as a possibly modifying factor in the pathogenesis of this important disease.Download figureDownload PowerPointFigure. Postulated mechanisms by which uric acid may contribute to preeclampsia.Sources of FundingThis work was supported by National Institutes of Health grants HL-68607 and RC4 DK090859.DisclosuresR.J.J. is an inventor on a patent on the use of allopurinol to treat systemic hypertension (University of Washington and Merck, Inc), and also patent applications related to using uric acid–lowering agents to improve insulin resistance with the University of Florida.FootnotesThe opinions expressed in this editorial are not necessarily those of the editors or of the American Heart Association.Correspondence to Richard J. Johnson, Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado, Mail Stop C281, 12700 E 19th Ave, Room 7015, Aurora, CO 80045. E-mail richard.[email protected]eduReferences1. Kang DH, Finch J, Nakagawa T, Karumanchi SA, Kanellsi J, Granger J, Johnson RJ. Uric acid, endothelial dysfunction and pre-eclampsia: searching for a pathogenetic link. J Hypertens. 2004; 22: 229– 235. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar2. de Jong CL, Paarlberg KM, van Geijn HP, van Kamp GJ, Heinen AG, Dekker GA. Decreased first trimester uric acid production in future preeclamptic patients. J Perinat Med. 1997; 25: 347– 352. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar3. Laughon SK, Catov J, Powers RW, Roberts JM, Gandley RE. First trimester uric acid and adverse pregnancy outcomes. Am J Hypertens. 2011; 24: 489– 495. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar4. Sagen N, Haram K, Nilsen ST. Serum urate as a predictor of fetal outcome in severe pre-eclampsia. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 1984; 63: 71– 75. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar5. Redman CW, Beilin LJ, Bonnar J, Wilkinson RH. Plasma-urate measurements in predicting fetal death in hypertensive pregnancy. Lancet. 1976; 1: 1370– 1373. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar6. Williams KP, Galerneau F. The role of serum uric acid as a prognostic indicator of the severity of maternal and fetal complications in hypertensive pregnancies. J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2002; 24: 628– 632. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar7. Cnossen JS, de Ruyter-Hanhijarvi H, van der Post JA, Mol BW, Khan KS, ter Riet G. Accuracy of serum uric acid determination in predicting pre-eclampsia: a systematic review. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2006; 85: 519– 525. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar8. Thangaratinam S, Ismail KM, Sharp S, Coomarasamy A, Khan KS. Accuracy of serum uric acid in predicting complications of pre-eclampsia: a systematic review. BJOG. 2006; 113: 369– 378. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar9. Bellomo G, Venanzi S, Saronio P, Verdura C, Luca Narducci P. Prognostic significance of serum uric acid in women with gestational hypertension. Hypertension. 2011; 58: 704– 708. LinkGoogle Scholar10. Bainbridge SA, Roberts JM. Uric acid as a pathogenic factor in preeclampsia. Placenta. 2008; 29S: 67– 72. CrossrefGoogle Scholar11. Feig DI, Nakagawa T, Karumanchi SA, Oliver WJ, Kang DH, Finch J, Johnson RJ. Hypothesis: uric acid, nephron number, and the pathogenesis of essential hypertension. Kidney Int. 2004; 66: 281– 287. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar12. Bainbridge SA, Roberts JM, von Versen-Hoynck F, Koch J, Edmunds L, Hubel CA. Uric acid attenuates trophoblast invasion and integration into endothelial cell monolayers. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2009; 297: C440– C450. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar13. Laughon SK, Catov J, Roberts JM. Uric acid concentrations are associated with insulin resistance and birthweight in normotensive pregnant women. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2009; 201: 582.e1– e6. 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