The Anatomy of a Buried Submarine Hydrothermal System, Clark Volcano, Kermadec Arc, New Zealand
2014; Volume: 109; Issue: 8 Linguagem: Inglês
10.2113/econgeo.109.8.2261
ISSN1554-0774
AutoresCornel E.J. de Ronde, S. L. Walker, R. G. Ditchburn, Fabio Caratori Tontini, Mark D. Hannington, S. G. Merle, Christian Timm, Monica R. Handler, R. J. Wysoczanski, Vesselin M. Dekov, George D. Kamenov, Edward T. Baker, R. W. Embley, J. E. Lupton, P. Stoffers,
Tópico(s)Geological and Geophysical Studies
ResumoResearch Article| December 01, 2014 The Anatomy of a Buried Submarine Hydrothermal System, Clark Volcano, Kermadec Arc, New Zealand C.E.J. de Ronde; C.E.J. de Ronde † 1GNS Science, 1 Fairway Drive, Avalon, PO Box 30-368, Lower Hutt 6315, New Zealand †Corresponding author: e-mail, Cornel.deRonde@gns.cri.nz Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar S.L. Walker; S.L. Walker 2Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, Washington 98115-6349 Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar R.G. Ditchburn; R.G. Ditchburn 1GNS Science, 1 Fairway Drive, Avalon, PO Box 30-368, Lower Hutt 6315, New Zealand Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar F. Caratori Tontini; F. Caratori Tontini 1GNS Science, 1 Fairway Drive, Avalon, PO Box 30-368, Lower Hutt 6315, New Zealand Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar M.D. Hannington; M.D. Hannington 3Department of Earth Sciences, Marion Hall, 140 Louis Pasteur, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1N 6N5 Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar S.G. Merle; S.G. Merle 4Cooperative Institute for Marine Resources Studies, Oregon State University, 2115 S.E. OSU Drive, Newport, Oregon 97365-5258 Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar C. Timm; C. Timm 1GNS Science, 1 Fairway Drive, Avalon, PO Box 30-368, Lower Hutt 6315, New Zealand Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar M.R. Handler; M.R. Handler 5School of Geography, Environment and Earth Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6012, New Zealand Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar R.J. Wysoczanski; R.J. Wysoczanski 6National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, PO Box 14-901, Wellington, New Zealand Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar V.M. Dekov; V.M. Dekov 7IFREMER, Centre de Brest, Department of Marine Geosciences, 29280 Plouzané, France Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar G.D. Kamenov; G.D. Kamenov 8Department of Geological Sciences, University of Florida, 241 Williamson Hall, Gainesville, Florida 32611 Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar E.T. Baker; E.T. Baker 2Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, Washington 98115-6349 Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar R.W. Embley; R.W. Embley 9Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2115 S.E. OSU Drive, Newport, Oregon 97365-5258 Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar J.E. Lupton; J.E. Lupton 9Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2115 S.E. OSU Drive, Newport, Oregon 97365-5258 Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar P. Stoffers P. Stoffers 10Institute of Geosciences, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, Olshausenstrasse 40, 24118 Kiel, Germany Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Author and Article Information C.E.J. de Ronde † 1GNS Science, 1 Fairway Drive, Avalon, PO Box 30-368, Lower Hutt 6315, New Zealand S.L. Walker 2Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, Washington 98115-6349 R.G. Ditchburn 1GNS Science, 1 Fairway Drive, Avalon, PO Box 30-368, Lower Hutt 6315, New Zealand F. Caratori Tontini 1GNS Science, 1 Fairway Drive, Avalon, PO Box 30-368, Lower Hutt 6315, New Zealand M.D. Hannington 3Department of Earth Sciences, Marion Hall, 140 Louis Pasteur, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1N 6N5 S.G. Merle 4Cooperative Institute for Marine Resources Studies, Oregon State University, 2115 S.E. OSU Drive, Newport, Oregon 97365-5258 C. Timm 1GNS Science, 1 Fairway Drive, Avalon, PO Box 30-368, Lower Hutt 6315, New Zealand M.R. Handler 5School of Geography, Environment and Earth Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6012, New Zealand R.J. Wysoczanski 6National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, PO Box 14-901, Wellington, New Zealand V.M. Dekov 7IFREMER, Centre de Brest, Department of Marine Geosciences, 29280 Plouzané, France G.D. Kamenov 8Department of Geological Sciences, University of Florida, 241 Williamson Hall, Gainesville, Florida 32611 E.T. Baker 2Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, Washington 98115-6349 R.W. Embley 9Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2115 S.E. OSU Drive, Newport, Oregon 97365-5258 J.E. Lupton 9Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2115 S.E. OSU Drive, Newport, Oregon 97365-5258 P. Stoffers 10Institute of Geosciences, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, Olshausenstrasse 40, 24118 Kiel, Germany †Corresponding author: e-mail, Cornel.deRonde@gns.cri.nz Publisher: Society of Economic Geologists First Online: 09 Mar 2017 Online ISSN: 1554-0774 Print ISSN: 0361-0128 © 2014 Society of Economic Geologists. Economic Geology (2014) 109 (8): 2261–2292. https://doi.org/10.2113/econgeo.109.8.2261 Article history First Online: 09 Mar 2017 Cite View This Citation Add to Citation Manager Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Email Permissions Search Site Citation C.E.J. de Ronde, S.L. Walker, R.G. Ditchburn, F. Caratori Tontini, M.D. Hannington, S.G. Merle, C. Timm, M.R. Handler, R.J. Wysoczanski, V.M. Dekov, G.D. Kamenov, E.T. Baker, R.W. Embley, J.E. Lupton, P. Stoffers; The Anatomy of a Buried Submarine Hydrothermal System, Clark Volcano, Kermadec Arc, New Zealand. Economic Geology 2014;; 109 (8): 2261–2292. doi: https://doi.org/10.2113/econgeo.109.8.2261 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Refmanager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentBy SocietyEconomic Geology Search Advanced Search Abstract Clark volcano of the Kermadec arc, northeast of New Zealand, is a large stratovolcano comprised of two coalescing volcanic cones; an apparently younger, more coherent, twin-peaked edifice to the northwest and a relatively older, more degraded and tectonized cone to the southeast. High-resolution water column surveys show an active hydrothermal system at the summit of the NW cone largely along a ridge spur connecting the two peaks, with activity also noted at the head of scarps related to sector collapse. Clark is the only known cone volcano along the Kermadec arc to host sulfide mineralization.Volcano-scale gravity and magnetic surveys over Clark show that it is highly magnetized, and that a strong gravity gradient exists between the two edifices. Modeling suggests that a crustal-scale fault lies between these two edifices, with thinner crust beneath the NW cone. Locations of regional earthquake epicenters show a southwest-northeast trend bisecting the two Clark cones, striking northeastward into Tangaroa volcano. Detailed mapping of magnetics above the NW cone summit shows a highly magnetized "ring structure" ~350 m below the summit that is not apparent in the bathymetry; we believe this structure represents the top of a caldera. Oblate zones of low (weak) magnetization caused by hydrothermal fluid upflow, here termed "burn holes," form a pattern in the regional magnetization resembling Swiss cheese. Presumably older burn holes occupy the inner margin of the ring structure and show no signs of hydrothermal activity, while younger burn holes are coincident with active venting on the summit.A combination of mineralogy, geochemistry, and seafloor mapping of the NW cone shows that hydrothermal activity today is largely manifest by widespread diffuse venting, with temperatures ranging between 56° and 106°C. Numerous, small (≤30 cm high) chimneys populate the summit area, with one site host to the ~7-m-tall "Twin Towers" chimneys with maximum vent fluid temperatures of 221°C (pH 4.9), consistent with δ34Sanhydrite-pyrite values indicating formation temperatures of ~228° to 249°C. Mineralization is dominated by pyrite-marcasite-barite-anhydrite. Radiometric dating using the 228Ra/226Ra and 226Ra/Ba methods shows active chimneys to be <20 with most <2 years old. However, the chimneys at Clark show evidence for mixing with, and remobilizing of, barite as old as 19,000 years. This is consistent with Nd and Sr isotope compositions of Clark chimney and sulfate crust samples that indicate mixing of ~40% seawater with a vent fluid derived from low K lavas. Similarly, REE data show the hydrothermal fluids have interacted with a plagioclase-rich source rock.A holistic approach to the study of the Clark hydrothermal system has revealed a two-stage process whereby a caldera-forming volcanic event preceded a later cone-building event. This ensured a protracted (at least 20 ka yrs) history of hydrothermal activity and associated mineral deposition. If we assume at least 200-m-high walls for the postulated (buried) caldera, then hydrothermal fluids would have exited the seafloor 20 ka years ago at least 550 m deeper than they do today, with fluid discharge temperatures potentially much hotter (~350°C). Subsequent to caldera infilling, relatively porous volcaniclastic and other units making up the cone acted as large-scale filters, enabling ascending hydrothermal fluids to boil and mix with seawater subseafloor, effectively removing the metals (including remobilized Cu) in solution before they reached the seafloor. This has implications for estimates for the metal inventory of seafloor hydrothermal systems pertaining to arc hydrothermal systems. You do not have access to this content, please speak to your institutional administrator if you feel you should have access.
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