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New Cholesterol Guidelines: Has Godot Finally Arrived?

2014; American College of Physicians; Volume: 160; Issue: 5 Linguagem: Inglês

10.7326/m13-2850

1539-3704

John R. Downs, Chester B. Good,

Acute Myocardial Infarction Research

Ideas and Opinions4 March 2014New Cholesterol Guidelines: Has Godot Finally Arrived?FREEJohn Downs, MD and Chester Good, MD, MPHJohn Downs, MDFrom South Texas Veterans Health Care System, and the University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, and VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System and the University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.Search for more papers by this author and Chester Good, MD, MPHFrom South Texas Veterans Health Care System, and the University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, and VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System and the University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/M13-2850 SectionsAboutVisual AbstractPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail In Samuel Beckett's tragicomedy, 2 friends, Estragon and Vladimir, are waiting for their friend Godot, who never arrives. Similarly, primary care providers have been waiting for updated guidance from the Adult Treatment Panel III since 2001 (1). In November 2013, the American College of Cardiology and the American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) published an update to the guideline on the treatment of blood cholesterol (2) that was first developed by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute in 2008. Has Godot finally arrived?For more than a decade, primary care providers have struggled with performance metrics focused on meeting threshold goals for low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels that are based on expert consensus (3). These LDL-C goals led to frequent adjustments of medications with steadily increasing doses of statins, clinically unproven but theoretically attractive combinations of lipid therapy, and repeated laboratory testing—but to what end? Enter the long-awaited and updated 2013 ACC/AHA guideline, which has garnered the attention of the media, special interest groups, physicians, and patients. Why all of the excitement and controversy?The updated guideline differs significantly from any prior Adult Treatment Panel document in that it is narrower in scope; is focused more on randomized, controlled trial (RCT) evidence than expert opinion; more closely follows the tenets of the Institute of Medicine guidelines (4); and is more transparent about conflicts of interest. Several of the recommendations from the expert panel represent a paradigm shift with tremendous implications. As such, we applaud the panel for having the courage to make these changes, especially the decision to jettison the consensus-based “treat-to-target” method in favor of an evidence-based strategy focused on fixed-dose statins. We are less enthusiastic about several other recommendations.The decision to discontinue the treat-to-target approach to lipid management makes sense for many reasons. First, a strategy using fixed-dose statins is consistent with RCTs as opposed to a focus on LDL-C targets, which was never supported by RCT evidence (3). As such, this evidence-based approach greatly simplifies treatment for clinicians and is clearly more patient-centered. Fewer dose adjustments and fewer laboratory studies should be a welcome change for patients and primary care providers. Of note, a fixed-dose strategy should remove the impetus for unwieldy lipid-lowering combinations, which expose patients to unnecessary harm (5) and expense. Finally, some high-risk patients who meet LDL-C goals with no or low-dose statin use could benefit from an evidence-based, fixed-dose statin strategy (6).What is more controversial in the new guidelines but less important in our view is the lowering of statin treatment thresholds to a 10-year risk of 7.5% or greater and the adoption of a new risk calculator, which others have reported overestimates the risk for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease by 70% to 150% (7). Like others, we believe that these changes will lead to overtreatment of some patients, especially in primary prevention. For example, a 65-year-old man without hypertension, diabetes, or a history of smoking would be considered to have a 10-year risk greater than 7.5%, and treatment would be recommended despite evidence from AFCAPS [Air Force Atherosclerosis Prevention Study] (8) showing that this patient would not benefit (relative to placebo) from receiving 40 mg of lovastatin.However, we are less concerned about the calculator (which can be modified to improve performance) than we are about the lowering of risk thresholds for primary prevention. Given the uncertainty of any calculator in accurately predicting 10-year risk, we believe that the decision to recommend pharmacotherapy for primary prevention should be based on a risk of 10% or 15% (the latter being the 10-year event rate in the AFCAPS placebo group). The expert panel based its recommendation on a risk–benefit analysis, which underestimates the adverse events of statins. If rare adverse events, such as rhabdomyolysis, are focused on, common adverse events that lead to treatment discontinuation (such as muscle pain) are undervalued. Once a decision is made to treat lower-risk patients, we are concerned that those who cannot tolerate a statin might then be transitioned to nonstatin medications, such as ezetimibe, which have not been shown to improve any clinical outcomes.The guidelines offer support for shared decision making in treatment decisions, primary prevention, and patients whose age or other clinical features fall outside of the recommendations. However, treatment recommendations for primary prevention in a patient with a 10-year risk greater than 7.5% are definitive (Figure 2 of guidelines), and shared decision making seems to have been considered almost as an afterthought (2). Because data on primary prevention are less robust than those on secondary prevention, we believe that shared decision making should dictate whether lower-risk patients (perhaps with a 10-year risk >10% or >15%) are treated with a statin. Information about the number needed to treat to prevent a clinically relevant cardiac event, balanced by the number needed to harm for serious adverse events (such as rhabdomyolysis and new-onset diabetes) and bother symptoms (such as muscle pain and weakness), would be inherent to this decision.High-intensity statins are recommended for all patients for secondary prevention and for many patients for other reasons, such as diabetes. Moderate-dose statins have a better safety record, are better tolerated, and reduce clinical and patient-centered outcomes (including overall mortality) (9). Conversely, higher-intensity statins are not as well-tolerated and are not associated with overall mortality benefit compared with moderate-dose statins. Perhaps a more patient-centered strategy would be to start with moderate-dose statins in most patients and use a shared-decision approach to increase to a high dose as tolerated.So, has Godot arrived? In the play, Estragon and Vladimir yearn for Godot to arrive in the hope that he will save them, but they also worry that if Godot is angered, he might punish them. Yes, Godot has arrived—but with mixed reviews. The change to a fixed-dose statin approach is simpler, is more patient-centered, will save clinicians time, and should improve the care of high-risk patients. We hope that the planned 2014 update will include improvements to the risk calculator and provisions for informed patient preference for lower-risk primary prevention. Finally, we implore organizations to drop performance metrics based on LDL-C targets and focus on statin-based therapy in at-risk patients. References1. National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III) final report. Circulation. 2002;106:3143-421. [PMID: 12485966] CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar2. Stone NJ, Robinson J, Lichtenstein AH, Bairey Merz CN, Lloyd-Jones DM, Blum CB, et al. 2013 ACC/AHA Guideline on the treatment of blood cholesterol to reduce atherosclerotic cardiovascular risk in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. N Engl J Med. 2013. [PMID: 24239923] MedlineGoogle Scholar3. Hayward RA, Krumholz HM. Three reasons to abandon low-density lipoprotein targets: an open letter to the Adult Treatment Panel IV of the National Institutes of Health [Letter]. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2012;5:2-5. [PMID: 22253366] CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar4. Graham R, Mancher M, Wolman DM, Greenfield S, Steinberg E. Clinical Practice Guidelines We Can Trust. Washington, DC: National Academies Pr; 2011. Google Scholar5. Ginsberg HN, Elam MB, Lovato LC, Crouse JR, Leiter LA, Linz P, et al; ACCORD Study Group. Effects of combination lipid therapy in type 2 diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med. 2010;362:1563-74. [PMID: 20228404] CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar6. Heart Protection Study Collaborative Group. MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of cholesterol lowering with simvastatin in 20,536 high-risk individuals: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2002;360:7-22. [PMID: 12114036] CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar7. Kolata G. Risk calculator for cholesterol appears flawed. New York Times. 17 November 2013. Accessed at www.nytimes.com/2013/11/18/health/risk-calculator-for-cholesterol-appears-flawed.html?_r=0 on 9 January 2014. Google Scholar8. Downs JR, Clearfield M, Weis S, Whitney E, Shapiro DR, Beere PA, et al. Primary prevention of acute coronary events with lovastatin in men and women with average cholesterol levels: results of AFCAPS/TexCAPS. Air Force/Texas Coronary Atherosclerosis Prevention Study. JAMA. 1998;279:1615-22. [PMID: 9613910] CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar9. Baigent C, Keech A, Kearney PM, Blackwell L, Buck G, Pollicino C, et al; Cholesterol Treatment Trialists' (CTT) Collaborators. Efficacy and safety of cholesterol-lowering treatment: prospective meta-analysis of data from 90,056 participants in 14 randomised trials of statins. Lancet. 2005;366:1267-78. [PMID: 16214597] CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar Comments0 CommentsSign In to Submit A Comment Brian S Alper, Alan DrabkinEBSCO Information Services, DynaMed21 March 2014 Statin guidelines and Number Needed to Treat The threshold for recommending statin therapy for primary prevention is a current controversy. The threshold of estimated 10-year risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) for beginning therapy varies from ≥ 7.5% in the 2013 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) guideline (1) to ≥ 20% in the current United Kingdom National Institute of Health and Care Excellence (NICE) guideline (2). Recent Opinions articles (3,4) suggest a threshold of ≥ 15% may be more appropriate. Downs and Good (3) also note that “the number needed to treat to prevent a clinically relevant cardiac event” is an important concept for individual decision-making with patient-specific information on the benefits and risks of choosing statins or not for primary prevention.We estimated the number needed to treat (NNT) for preventing major outcomes for various levels of estimated 10-year risks (5). We used data from the most current and reliable systematic reviews available for estimating these effects. Our estimates used 5-year NNT to match a timeframe easier for patients to relate to and to better match the available data. For a person with an estimated 10-year CVD risk of 5%, the NNT to prevent an event over 5 years was 160 for CVD events, 278 for myocardial infarction (MI), and 910 for stroke. For a person with an estimated 7.5% 10-year risk, the 5-year NNT was 108 for CVD events, 186 for MI, and 606 for stroke. At 10% 10-year risk, 5-year NNTs were 80 for CVD events, 140 for MI, and 456 for stroke. Mortality was not significantly reduced at risk levels 10% and lower. At 15% 10-year risk, 5-year NNTs were 54 for CVD events, 94 for MI, 204 for stroke, and 334 for overall mortality. At 20% 10-year risk, 5-year NNTs were 40 for CVD events, 70 for MI, 228 for stroke, and 250 for overall mortality. (We can also provide this data as a table)Clinicians and patients can use this information during the process of decision making, and it would be useful to incorporate into decision aids Yours sincerely,Brain S. Alper, MD, MSPH, FAAFPFounder of DynaMedVice President of Evidence-Based Medicine Research and Development, Quality and StandardsEBSCO Information ServicesAlan Drabkin, MDSenior Clinical WriterDynaMedEBSCO Information Services References.1. Stone NJ, Robinson J, Lichtenstein AH, Bairey Merz CN, Lloyd-Jones DM, Blum CB, et al. 2013 ACC/AHA Guideline on the Treatment of Blood Cholesterol to Reduce Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Risk in Adults: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol [Internet]. 2013 Nov 7. [Epub ahead of print]2. Cooper A, Nherera L, Calvert N, O’Flynn N, Turnbull N, Robson J, et al. Clinical Guidelines and Evidence Review for LipidModification: cardiovascular risk assessment and the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease [Internet]. London: National Collaborating Centre for Primary Care and Royal College of General Practitioners; 2008 [cited 2014 Mar 17]. Available from http://www.nice.org.uk/nicemedia/live/11982/40742/40742.pdf: 3. Downs J, Good C. New Cholesterol Guidelines: Has Godot Finally Arrived?. Ann Intern Med. 2014 Mar;160(5):354-355.4. Martin SS, Blumenthal RS. Concepts and Controversies: The 2013 American College of Cardiology/ American Heart Association Risk Assessment and Cholesterol Treatment Guidelines. Ann Intern Med. 2014 Mar;160(5):356-358-358. 5. DynaMed [Internet]. Ipswich (MA): EBSCO Information Services. 1995 – .Record No. 115052, Statins for prevention of cardiovascular disease; [updated 2014 Mar 17; cited 2014 Mar 17]; [about 56 screens].Available from http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=dme&AN=115052&site=dynamed-live&scope=site Registration and login required. Disclosures: Drs. Alper and Drabkin both work full-time for EBSCO Information Services which publishes DynaMed. Neither have any conflicts of interests related to statins or the content of this comment. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAuthors: John Downs, MD; Chester Good, MD, MPHAffiliations: From South Texas Veterans Health Care System, and the University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, and VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System and the University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.Note: Drs. Downs and Good are members of the Medical Advisory Panel for Pharmacy Benefits Management, Department of Veterans Affairs.Disclosures: None disclosed. Forms can be viewed at www.acponline.org/authors/icmje/ConflictOfInterestForms.do?msNum=M13-2850.Corresponding Author: John Downs, MD, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, Medicine Service (111), 7400 Merton Minter, San Antonio, TX 78229; e-mail, john.[email protected]gov.Current Author Addresses: Dr. Downs: South Texas Veterans Health Care System, Medicine Service (111), 7400 Merton Minter, San Antonio, TX 78229.Dr. Good: Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Center for Health Equity Research and Promotion, University Drive C, Pittsburgh, PA 15240.Author Contributions: Conception and design: J. Downs, C. Good.Drafting of the article: J. Downs, C. Good.Critical revision of the article for important intellectual content: J. Downs, C. Good.Final approval of the article: J. Downs, C. Good.Administrative, technical, or logistic support: J. Downs. PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsSee AlsoConcepts and Controversies: The 2013 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Risk Assessment and Cholesterol Treatment Guidelines Seth S. Martin and Roger S. Blumenthal Treatment of Blood Cholesterol to Reduce Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease Risk in Adults: Synopsis of the 2013 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Cholesterol Guideline Neil J. Stone , Jennifer G. Robinson , Alice H. Lichtenstein , David C. Goff Jr. , Donald M. Lloyd-Jones , Sidney C. Smith Jr. , Conrad Blum , J. Sanford Schwartz , and Controversy Over Clinical Guidelines: Listen to the Evidence, Not the Noise Eliseo Guallar and Christine Laine Treatment of Blood Cholesterol to Reduce Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease Risk in Adults: Synopsis of the 2013 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Cholesterol Guideline Neil J. Stone , Jennifer G. Robinson , Alice H. Lichtenstein , David C. Goff Jr. , Donald M. Lloyd-Jones , Sidney C. Smith Jr. , Conrad Blum , J. Sanford Schwartz , and Controversy Over Clinical Guidelines: Listen to the Evidence, Not the Noise Eliseo Guallar and Christine Laine Concepts and Controversies: The 2013 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Risk Assessment and Cholesterol Treatment Guidelines Seth S. Martin and Roger S. 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