The social impact of sport: diversities, complexities and contexts
2009; Taylor & Francis; Volume: 12; Issue: 9 Linguagem: Inglês
10.1080/17430430903137746
ISSN1743-0445
Autores Tópico(s)Physical Education and Pedagogy
ResumoClick to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Acknowledgements I would like to acknowledge the assistance of Sean Brown, who was committed to the realization of this project from its early beginnings. I also thank the participants to the panel on 'Sport for Development and Peace' celebrated as part of the 50th Annual Convention of the International Studies Association in New York City (15–18 February 2009) for their helpful suggestions and comments. Notes 1 Levermore Levermore, R. 2008. Sport: A New Engine of Development. Progress in Development Studies, 8(2): 183–90. [Crossref] , [Google Scholar], 'Sport: A New Engine of Development'. 2 Kidd Kidd, B. 2008. A New Social Movement: Sport for Development and Peace. Sport in Society, 11(4): 370–80. [Taylor & Francis Online] , [Google Scholar], 'A New Social Movement'. 3 Beutler Beutler, I. 2008. Sport Serving Development and Peace: Achieving the Goals of the United Nations through Sport. Sport in Society, 11(4): 359–69. [Taylor & Francis Online] , [Google Scholar], 'Sport Serving Development and Peace', 365. 4 It is common to distinguish between 'sport development' and 'sport for development'. The former implies the development and diffusion of sport itself, whereas the latter implies using sport as a tool in development assistance and poverty reduction, for example in relation to the Millennium Development Goals. E.g. Bartlett and Straume Bartlett, S. and Straume, S. 2008. Sports-for-Development Monitoring and Evaluation Consultancy: Final Report, Washington, DC: Inter-American Development Bank. [Google Scholar], Sports-for-Development Monitoring, 10. The concept of sport within the context of sport for development tends to be broadly defined to include all types of organized physical activity that may serve as a tool for development and peace. Levermore and Beacom adopt the term 'sport-in-development' as representative of the perception that the use of sport may assist the international development process. They privilege this term above 'sport for development' because the latter term implies that the use of sport in the development process is an overwhelmingly positive one and tends to preclude the argument that sport might be detrimental to societies in the Global South. Whilst fully acknowledging the potentially detrimental aspects of sport, in this introduction I use the term 'sport-for-development' because it captures more fully the diversities and complexities of the social impact of sport, taking it out of the limited context of development studies and applying it to the more general notion of sport as an agent of personal and social change. Sport-for-development programmes have a wide variety of aims, objectives and methodologies, as Burnett's contribution to this volume demonstrates. Levermore and Beacom Levermore, R. and Beacom, A. 2009. "Sport and Development: Mapping the Field". In Sport and International Development, Edited by: Levermore, R. and Beacom, A. 1–25. Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan. [Crossref] , [Google Scholar], 'Sport and Development', 9; Coalter Coalter, F. 2006. Sport-in-Development: A Monitoring and Evaluation Manual, London: UK Sport. [Google Scholar], Sport-in-Development, 1; Green Green, C. 2008. "Sport as an Agent of Social and Personal Change". In Management of Sports Development, Edited by: Girginov, V. 129–45. Oxford: Elsevier. [Google Scholar], 'Sport as an Agent'. 5 See also Skinner, Zakus and Cowell Skinner, J., Zakus, D. and Cowell, J. 2008. Development through Sport: Building Social Capital in Disadvantaged Communities. Sport Management Review, 11(3): 253–75. [Taylor & Francis Online] , [Google Scholar], 'Development through Sport', 270. 6 Rigg Rigg, J. 2003. 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Three Latin American Sociologists: Gino Germani, Pablo González Casanova, Fernando Henrique Cardoso, New Brunswick: Transaction Books. [Google Scholar], Three Latin American Sociologists, 181. 11 Dean, Cimadamore and Siqueira Dean, H., Cimadamore, A. and Siqueira, J. 2005. "Introduction". In The Poverty of the State: Reconsidering the Role of the State in the Struggle against Global Poverty, Edited by: Cimadamore, A., Dean, H. and Siqueira, J. 1–37. Buenos Aires: CLACSO. [Crossref] , [Google Scholar], 'Introduction', 17. 12 Coalter Coalter, F. 2007. A Wider Social Role for Sport: Who's Keeping the Score?, London: Routledge. [Crossref] , [Google Scholar], A Wider Social Role for Sport, 2–3. 13 Kidd Kidd, B. 2008. A New Social Movement: Sport for Development and Peace. Sport in Society, 11(4): 370–80. [Taylor & Francis Online] , [Google Scholar], 'A New Social Movement', 371; see also Dunning and Waddington Dunning, E. and Waddington, I. 2003. Sport as a Drug and Drugs in Sport: Some Exploratory Comments. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 38(3): 351–68. [Crossref] , [Google Scholar], 'Sport as a Drug', 355 14 Kidd Kidd, B. 2008. A New Social Movement: Sport for Development and Peace. Sport in Society, 11(4): 370–80. [Taylor & Francis Online] , [Google Scholar], 'A New Social Movement', 371. 15 E.g. Beutler Beutler, I. 2008. Sport Serving Development and Peace: Achieving the Goals of the United Nations through Sport. Sport in Society, 11(4): 359–69. [Taylor & Francis Online] , [Google Scholar], 'Sport Serving Development and Peace', 366–7. 16 Cf. Hughson, Inglis and Free Hughson, J., Inglis, D. and Free, M. 2005. The Uses of Sport: A Critical Study, London: Routledge. [Google Scholar], The Uses of Sport, 68. 17 Spaaij and Westerbeek Spaaij, R. and Westerbeek, H. 2009. "A Healthy Active Australia? Sport and Health Policy in Australia". In Using Sport to Advance Community Health: An International Perspective, Edited by: Westerbeek, H. 59–89. Nieuwegein: Arko Sports Media. [Google Scholar], 'A Healthy Active Australia?' 18 Several contributors address the concept of social capital. Each contributor tends to define and measure social capital in slightly different ways, underlining the broader lack of consensus in academia and policy-making concerning the conceptualization and measurement of social capital. E.g. Bailey Bailey, R. 2005. Evaluating the Relationship between Physical Education, Sport and Social Inclusion. Educational Review, 57(1): 71–90. [Taylor & Francis Online], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar], 'Evaluating the Relationship', 74. 19 Seippel Seippel, Ø. 2006. Sport and Social Capital. Acta Sociologica, 49(2): 169–83. [Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar], 'Sport and Social Capital', 171. 20 Levermore and Beacom Levermore, R. and Beacom, A. 2009. "Opportunities, Limitations, Questions". In Sport and International Development, Edited by: Levermore, R. and Beacom, A. 246–68. Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan. [Crossref] , [Google Scholar], 'Opportunities, Limitations, Questions', 253. 21 Levermore and Beacom Levermore, R. and Beacom, A. 2009. "Opportunities, Limitations, Questions". In Sport and International Development, Edited by: Levermore, R. and Beacom, A. 246–68. Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan. [Crossref] , [Google Scholar], 'Opportunities, Limitations, Questions', 254. 22 Cf. Crabbe Crabbe, T. 2008. "Avoiding the Numbers Game: Social Theory, Policy and Sport's Role in the Art of Relationship Building". In Sport and Social Capital, Edited by: Nicholson, M. and Hoye, R. 21–37. Oxford: Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann. [Google Scholar], 'Avoiding the Numbers Game', 29–30. 23 On the concept of emotional energy see Collins Collins, R. 2004. Interaction Ritual Chains, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. [Crossref] , [Google Scholar], Interaction Ritual Chains.
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