Essentials of problem-based learning
1989; Wiley; Volume: 23; Issue: 6 Linguagem: Inglês
10.1111/j.1365-2923.1989.tb01581.x
ISSN1365-2923
AutoresHenry Walton, Martin Matthews,
Tópico(s)Problem and Project Based Learning
ResumoMedical EducationVolume 23, Issue 6 p. 542-558 Essentials of problem-based learning H. J. WALTON, Corresponding Author H. J. WALTON World Federation for Medical EducationProfessor H. J. Walton, President, World Federation for Medical Education, International Medical Education, University Medical School, Teviot Place, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, UK.Search for more papers by this authorM. B. MATTHEWS, M. B. MATTHEWS World Federation for Medical EducationSearch for more papers by this author H. J. WALTON, Corresponding Author H. J. WALTON World Federation for Medical EducationProfessor H. J. Walton, President, World Federation for Medical Education, International Medical Education, University Medical School, Teviot Place, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, UK.Search for more papers by this authorM. B. MATTHEWS, M. B. MATTHEWS World Federation for Medical EducationSearch for more papers by this author First published: November 1989 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2923.1989.tb01581.xCitations: 238 The effect (usually positive or beneficial) of being under study on those being studied. The name derives from work studies of Whitehead et al. (1949) in the Western Electric Plant, Hawthorne, Illinois (see Elton Mayo 1949). The term artificial is here used in the sense of man-made rather than natural. Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL References Barrows H.S. (1985) How to Design a Problem-Based Curriculum for the Preclinical Years. Springer Publishing Company, New York. Barrows H.S. (1986) A taxonomy of problem-based learning methods. Medical Education 20, 481– 6. Barrows H.S. & Tamblyn R.N. (1980) Problem-Based Learning. Springer Publishing Company, New York. Barrows H.S., Norman G.R., Neufeld V.R. & Feightner J. W. (1982) The clinical reasoning of randomly selected physicians in general medical practice. Clinical and Investigative Medicine 5, 49– 55. Elstein A.S., Shulman L.S. & Sprafka S.A. (1978) Medical Problem Solving: An Analysis of Clinical Reasoning. Harvard University Press, Cambridge. Flexner A. (1910) Medical Education in the United States and Canada: A Report for the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching. Bulletin No. 4. Godden D.R. & Baddeley A.D. (1975) Context-dependent memory in two natural environments: on land and underwater. British Journal of Psychology 66, 325– 31. Kantrowitz M., Kaufman A., Mennin S., Fülöp T. & Guilbert J-J. (1987) Innovative Tracks at Established Institutions for the Education of Health Personnel. World Health Organisation, Geneva. Kriel J.R. & A'Beckett Hewson M.G. (1986) Conceptual frameworks in clinical and preclinical textbooks. Medical Education 20, 94– 101. Mayo E. (1949) The Social Problems of an Industrial Civilization. Routledge, London. Mennin S.P. & Martinez-Barola N. (1986) The cost of a problem-based vs traditional medical education. Medical Education 20, 187– 94. Norman G.R. (1988) Problem-solving skills, solving problems and problem-based learning. Medical Education 22, 279– 86. Pickering G. (1958) Medicine's challenge to the educator. British Medical Journal 2, 117. Ryle J.A. (1983) The Natural History of Disease. Oxford University Press, Oxford. Schmidt H.G., Dauphinee W.D. & Patel C. (1987) Comparing the effects of problem-based and conventional curricula in an international sample. Journal of Medical Education 62, 305– 15. Schon D.A. (1987) Educating the Reflective Practitioner: toward a new Design for Teaching and Learning in the Professions. Jossey-Bass, London. Shoemaker H.A. (1960) The functional context method of instruction. IRE Transactions of Medical Education 3, 52– 7. Simon H.A. (1969) The Sciences of the Artificial*. The Karl Compton Lectures. MIT Press, Lancaster. Barrows H.S. (1979) The rationale and structure of problem-based learning. The Learner 7, 39– 41. Barrows H.S. (1986) A taxonomy of problem-based learning methods. Medical Education 20, 481– 6. Barrows H.S. & Tamblyn R.M. (1980) Problem-based Learning: An Approach to Medical Education. Springer Publishing Company, New York. Barrows H.S. & Feltovich P.J. (1987) The clinical reasoning process. Medical Education 21, 86– 91. Birch W. (1986) Towards a model for problem-based learning. Studies in Higher Education 11, 73– 82. Editorial (1981) Problem-solving. Medical Education 13, 395– 7. Editorial (1981) Problem-based learning. Medical Education 15, 1– 3. Engel C.E. (1982) Problem-based learning. In: The Medical Teacher (ed. by K.R. Cox & C.E. Ewan). Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh. Fraenkel G.J. (1978) McMaster revisted. British Medical Journal 2, 1972– 76. Gale J. (1981) Making medical education appropriate for medical practice: some prior considerations. Programmed Learning and Educational Technology 18, 161– 7. Hamad B. (1985) Problem-based education in Gezira, Sudan. Medical Education 19, 357– 63. Harden R.M., Sowden S. & Dunn W.R. (1984) Some educational strategies in curriculum development: the SPICES model. ASME Medical Education Booklet No. 18. Medical Education 18, 284– 97. Hely K. & Evangelista J. (1980) Problem-based learning in health personnel education. Trends in Curricula 11 (edited by R. Bandaranayake) 3, 15– 22. Hunt D.R. (1979) Patient management problems (PMPs). The Medical School of Australia, 27 January. 52– 3. Linn B.S. & Zeppa R. (1982) Going against the educational grain: can learning occur backward Journal of Medical Education 57, 325– 7. Mennin S.P. & Martinez-Burrola N. (1986) The cost of problem-based vs traditional medical education. Medical Education 20, 187– 94. Nasr K. (1979) Problem based or liberating education. The Learner 7, 37. Education Monograph (1973) MD Programme, Faculty of Medicine, McMaster University No. 4. Schmidt H.G. (1983) Problem-based learning: rationale and description. Medical Education 17, 11– 16. Shahabudin S.H. (1987) Content coverage in problem-based learning. Medical Education 21, 310– 13. Thompson D.G. & Williams R.G. (1985) Barriers to the acceptance of problem-based learning in medical schools. Studies in Higher Education 10, 199– 204. Yonke A. (1979) The art and science of good clinical teaching. Medical Education 13, 86– 90. Barrows H.S. (1972) The diagnostic (problem-solving) skill of the neurologist. Archives of Neurology 26, 273– 7. Barrows H.S., Norman G.R., Neufeld V.R. & Feightner J.W. (1982) The clinical reasoning of randomly selected physicians in general medical practice. Journal of Investigative Medicine 5, 49– 55. Benbassat J. & Cohen R. (1982) Clinical instruction and cognitive development of medical students. Lancet i, 95– 7. Boshuisen H.P.A. & Claessen H.F.A. (1982) Problems of research in medical problem-solving: some remarks on theory and method. Medical Education 16, 81– 7. Burke M.D. & Donald D.P. (1981) Systematic instruction in laboratory medicine: effects on the clinical problem solving performance of medical students. Human Pathology 12, 134– 44. Colby K.K., Almy T.P. & Zubkoff M. (1966) Problem-based learning of social sciences and humanities by fourth-year medical students. Journal of Medical Education 61, 413– 15. Connolly D.P. & Johnson P.E. (1980) The medical problem solving process. Human Pathology 11, 412– 19. Cutler P. (1979) Problem solving in clinical medicine: from data to diagnosis. Williams and Wilkin Co., Baltimore. Elstein A.S. & Bordage G. (1979) Psychology of clinical reasoning. In: Health Psychology: A Handbook. (ed. by S. Stone, F. Cohen and N. Adler). Jossey-Bass, San Francisco. Elstein A.S., Shulman L.S. & Sprafka S.A. (1978) Medical Problem Solving: An Analysis of Clinical Reasoning. Harvard University Press, Cambridge. Gale J. & Marsden P. (1982) Clinical problem-solving: the beginning of the process. Medical Education 16, 24– 5. Harasym P., Baumber J., Bryant H., Fundytus D., Preshaw A., Watanabe M. & Wyse G. (1980) An evaluation of the clinical problem-solving process using a simulation technique. Medical Education 14, 381– 6. Lamy M. (1976) Is problem-solving something that can be taught Bulletin of the American Lung Association 62, 8– 9. Levison D.A., Fawkes R.S., MacGillivray J.B. & Beck J.S. (1977) Problem-solving cases in the teaching of applied pathology. Medical Education 11, 21– 4. McGaghie W.C. (1980) Medical problem-solving: a reanalysis. Journal of Medical Education 55, 912– 21. McGuire C. (1987) Medical problem solving: a critique of the literature. Journal of Medical Education 60, 587– 95. McWhinney I.R. (1972) Problem-solving and decision making in primary medical practice. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine 65, 934– 8. Mayou R. (1978) Psychiatric decision making by medical students. British Journal of Psychiatry 132, 191– 4. Neufeld V.R. & Barrows H.S. (1974) The 'McMaster Philosophy': an approach to medical education. Journal of Medical Education 49, 1040– 50. Neufeld V.R., Norman G.R., Freightner J.W. & Barrows H.S. (1981) Clinical problem-solving by medical students: a cross-sectional and longitudinal analysis. Medical Education 15, 315– 22. Salmina N.G. & Sorhina (1982) Teaching a general approach to problem-solving. Programmed Learning and Educational Technology 19, 25– 30. Seidl A.H. & Dresem S. (1978) A strategy to teach conflict resolution. Journal of Nursing Education 17, 21– 8. Schoron M. (1967) Problem solving theory and the practice of clinical medicine. Canadian Medical Association Journal 97, 711– 16. Shahabudin S.H. (1983) Introducing problem-based learning in the UKM Medical School. Buletin Pendidkan Perubatan, pp. 2– 9. Smith D.H. & McWhinney I.R. (1975) Comparison of the diagnostic methods of family physicians and internists. Journal of Medical Education 50, 264– 70. Speedie S.M., Treffinger D.J. & Houtz J.C. (1976) Classification and evaluation of problem-solving tasks. Contemporary Educational Psychology 1, 52– 75. Trent P.J. & Gwyther L.P. (1981) Curriculum development for geriatric-gerontology training: a problem-solving approach. Gerontology and Geriatrics Education 2, 37– 43. P.T. Tuma & R. Reif (Eds) (1980) Problem-Solving and Education: Issues in Teaching and Research. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, New Jersey. Westcott M.R. & Ranzoni J.H. (1963) Correlates of intuitive thinking. Psychological Reports 12, 595– 613. Barrows H.S. & Mitchell D.L.M. (1975) An innovative course in undergraduate neuroscience: experiment in problem-based learning with 'Problem Boxes'. British Journal of Medical Education 9, 223– 30. Clarke R.M. (1978) Design and implementation of the curriculum in a new medical school. Programmed Learning and Educational Technology 16, 288– 95. Clarke R.M. (1978) Curricular innovation at a new medical school at Newcastle, Australia. Proceedings of the 1977 Conference of the Association for Medical Education in Europe. Medical Education 12, (Supp.) 53– 6. Clarke R.M. (1977) The new medical school at Newcastle, New South Wales. Lancet i, 434– 5. Clarke R.M. (1978) The new medical school at Newcastle, New South Wales. Medical Journal of Australia 1, 255– 6. Cutler P. (1979) Problem-Solving in Clinical Medicine: From Data to Diagnosis. Williams and Wilkins Co., Baltimore. Echt R. & Chan S.W. (1977) A new problem-orientated and student-centred curriculum at Michigan State University. Journal of Medical Education 52, 681– 3. Engel C.E. & Clarke R.M. (1979) Medical education with a difference. Programmed Learning and Educational Technology 16, 70– 87. Joorabchi B. (1979) The beginning doctor: a problem-based course for first-year medicine and dental students. Medical Education 13, 10– 13. Olson J.O. (1987) The McMaster Philosophy: a student's perspective on implementation. Medical Education 21, 293– 6. Wijnen W.H.F. & Schmidt H.G. (1979) Problem-based learning at the medical faculty in Maastricht. The Learner 7, 41– 4. Barrows H.S. (1985) How to Design a Problem-Based Curriculum for the Preclinical Years. Springer Publishing Company, New York. Bass G.M., Mather J.H. & Johnson P.E. (1981) New techniques in the construction of patient management problems. Medical Education 15, 150– 3. Brown G. & Tomlinson D. (1979) How to improve lecturing. Medical Teacher 1, 128– 35. Kantrowitz M., Kaufman A., Mennin S., Fülöp T. & Guilbert J-J. (1987) Innovative Tracks at Established Institutions for the Education of Health Personnel: An Experimental Approach to Change Relevant to Health Needs. Offset Publication No. 101. World Health Organisation, Geneva. A. Kaufman (ed.) (1985) Implementing Problem-Based Medical Education: Lessons from Successful Innovations. Springer Publishing Company, New York. Maddison D. (1980) The University of Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia: Developing a New Medical. In: Personnel for Health Care: Case Studies of Educational Programmes (ed. by F.M. Katz & T. Fülöp). Public Health Paper No. 71. World Health Organization, Geneva. Neame R.L.B. (1981) How to construct a problem-based course. Medical Teacher 3, 94– 9. Patterson J.A. (1986) Review: How to design a problem-based curriculum for the preclinical years. Studies in Higher Education 11, 210– 12. Seidl A. (1978) A strategy to teach conflict resolution. Journal of Nursing Education 17, 21– 8. Yeaw E.M.J. (1979) Problem-solving as a method of teaching strategies in class-room and clinical teaching. Journal of Nursing Education 18, 16– 22. Bashook P.G. (1976) A conceptual framework for measuring clinical problem-solving. Journal of Medical Education 51, 109– 114. Berner E.S., Lewis A.H. & Best W.R. (1974) A new approach to evaluating problem-solving in medical students. Journal of Medical Education 49, 666– 72. Engel C.E., Feletti G.I. & Leeder S.R. (1980) Assessment of medical students in a new curriculum. Assessment in Higher Education 55, 279– 93. Feletti G.I. (1980) Reliability and validity studies on modified essay questions. Journal of Medical Education 55, 933– 41. Feletti G.I. & Gillies A.H.B. (1982) Developing oral and written formats for evaluating clinical problem-solving by medical undergraduates. Journal of Medical Education 57, 874– 6. Feletti G.I., Saunders N.A. & Smith A.J. (1983) Comprehensive assessment of final-year medical student performance based on undergraduate programme objectives. Lancet ii, 34– 7. Fleisher D.S. & Schwenker J. (1987) Isomorphic patient management problems: a method of creating equivalent problem-solving tests. Medical Education 21, 207– 12. Goetz A.A., Peters M.J., Folse R., Beck A., Finch T. & Wavak P. (1979) Chart review skills: a dimension of clinical competence. Journal of Medical Education 54, 788. Goran M.J., Williamson J.W. & Gounella J.S. (1973) The validity of patient management problems. Journal of Medical Education 48, 171– 7. Graaff E de, Post G.J. & Drop M.J. (1987) Validation of a new measure of clinical problem-solving. Journal of Medical Education 21, 213– 18. Heifer R.E. & Slater C.H. (1971) Measuring the process of solving clinical diagnostic problems. British Journal of Medical Education 5, 48– 52. Joorabchi B. (1981) How to construct problem-solving MCQs. Medical Teacher 3, 9– 13. McGuire C.H. (1980) Assessment of problem-solving skills. I. Medical Teacher 2, 74– 9. McGuire C.H. (1980) Assessment of problem-solving skills. 2. Medical Teacher 2, 118– 22. McGuire C.H. & Babbott D. (1967) Simulation technique in the measurement of problem-solving skills. Journal of Educational Measurement 4, 1– 10. Newble D.I., Hoare J. & Baxter A. (1982) Patient management problems: issues of validity. Medical Education 16, 137– 42. Palva I.P. (1974) Measuring clinical problem-solving. British Journal of Medical Education 8, 52– 6. Rimoldi H.J.A. (1963) Rationale and applications of the test of diagnostic skills. Journal of Medical Education 38, 364– 8. Rogers J., Harden R.M., Murray T.S. & Dunn W.R. (1979) The use of latent image printing in problem-solving and self-assessment exercises. Journal of Audiovisual Media in Medicine 2, 27– 29. Schwabbauer M.L. (1975) Use of latent image technique to develop and evaluate problem-solving skills. American Journal of Medical Technology 41, 43– 8. Shahabin & Chawhan A.R. (1979) Student's reactions to a problem-based student-centred course. Medical Teacher 1, 394– 400. Tamblyn R.M., Barrows H.S. & Oliva G. (1980) An initial evaluation of learning units to facilitate problem-solving and self-directed study (Portable Problem Pack). Medical Education 14, 394– 400. Vella F. (1979) A problem-based examination for medical biochemistry. Biochemical Education 7, 53– 4. Bibliography Barrows H.S. (1979) The rationale and structure of problem-based learning. The Learner 7, 39– 41. Barrows H.S. (1986) A taxonomy of problem-based learning methods. Medical Education 20, 481– 6. Barrows H.S. & Tamblyn R.M. (1980) Problem-based Learning: An Approach to Medical Education. Springer Publishing Company, New York. Barrows H.S. & Feltovich P.J. (1987) The clinical reasoning process. Medical Education 21, 86– 91. Birch W. (1986) Towards a model for problem-based learning. Studies in Higher Education 11, 73– 82. Editorial (1981) Problem-solving. Medical Education 13, 395– 7. Editorial (1981) Problem-based learning. Medical Education 15, 1– 3. Engel C.E. (1982) Problem-based learning. In: The Medical Teacher (ed. by K.R. Cox & C.E. Ewan). Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh. Fraenkel G.J. (1978) McMaster revisted. British Medical Journal 2, 1972– 76. Gale J. (1981) Making medical education appropriate for medical practice: some prior considerations. Programmed Learning and Educational Technology 18, 161– 7. Hamad B. (1985) Problem-based education in Gezira, Sudan. Medical Education 19, 357– 63. Harden R.M., Sowden S. & Dunn W.R. (1984) Some educational strategies in curriculum development: the SPICES model. ASME Medical Education Booklet No. 18. Medical Education 18, 284– 97. Hely K. & Evangelista J. (1980) Problem-based learning in health personnel education. Trends in Curricula 11 (edited by R. Bandaranayake) 3, 15– 22. Hunt D.R. (1979) Patient management problems (PMPs). The Medical School of Australia, 27 January. 52– 3. Linn B.S. & Zeppa R. (1982) Going against the educational grain: can learning occur backward Journal of Medical Education 57, 325– 7. Mennin S.P. & Martinez-Burrola N. (1986) The cost of problem-based vs traditional medical education. Medical Education 20, 187– 94. Nasr K. (1979) Problem based or liberating education. The Learner 7, 37. Education Monograph (1973) MD Programme, Faculty of Medicine, McMaster University No. 4. Schmidt H.G. (1983) Problem-based learning: rationale and description. Medical Education 17, 11– 16. Shahabudin S.H. (1987) Content coverage in problem-based learning. Medical Education 21, 310– 13. Thompson D.G. & Williams R.G. (1985) Barriers to the acceptance of problem-based learning in medical schools. Studies in Higher Education 10, 199– 204. Yonke A. (1979) The art and science of good clinical teaching. Medical Education 13, 86– 90. Barrows H.S. (1972) The diagnostic (problem-solving) skill of the neurologist. Archives of Neurology 26, 273– 7. Barrows H.S., Norman G.R., Neufeld V.R. & Feightner J.W. (1982) The clinical reasoning of randomly selected physicians in general medical practice. Journal of Investigative Medicine 5, 49– 55. Benbassat J. & Cohen R. (1982) Clinical instruction and cognitive development of medical students. Lancet i, 95– 7. Boshuisen H.P.A. & Claessen H.F.A. (1982) Problems of research in medical problem-solving: some remarks on theory and method. Medical Education 16, 81– 7. Burke M.D. & Donald D.P. (1981) Systematic instruction in laboratory medicine: effects on the clinical problem solving performance of medical students. Human Pathology 12, 134– 44. Colby K.K., Almy T.P. & Zubkoff M. (1966) Problem-based learning of social sciences and humanities by fourth-year medical students. Journal of Medical Education 61, 413– 15. Connolly D.P. & Johnson P.E. (1980) The medical problem solving process. Human Pathology 11, 412– 19. Cutler P. (1979) Problem solving in clinical medicine: from data to diagnosis. Williams and Wilkin Co., Baltimore. Elstein A.S. & Bordage G. (1979) Psychology of clinical reasoning. In: Health Psychology: A Handbook. (ed. by S. Stone, F. Cohen and N. Adler). Jossey-Bass, San Francisco. Elstein A.S., Shulman L.S. & Sprafka S.A. (1978) Medical Problem Solving: An Analysis of Clinical Reasoning. Harvard University Press, Cambridge. Gale J. & Marsden P. (1982) Clinical problem-solving: the beginning of the process. Medical Education 16, 24– 5. Harasym P., Baumber J., Bryant H., Fundytus D., Preshaw A., Watanabe M. & Wyse G. (1980) An evaluation of the clinical problem-solving process using a simulation technique. Medical Education 14, 381– 6. Lamy M. (1976) Is problem-solving something that can be taught Bulletin of the American Lung Association 62, 8– 9. Levison D.A., Fawkes R.S., MacGillivray J.B. & Beck J.S. (1977) Problem-solving cases in the teaching of applied pathology. Medical Education 11, 21– 4. McGaghie W.C. (1980) Medical problem-solving: a reanalysis. Journal of Medical Education 55, 912– 21. McGuire C. (1987) Medical problem solving: a critique of the literature. Journal of Medical Education 60, 587– 95. McWhinney I.R. (1972) Problem-solving and decision making in primary medical practice. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine 65, 934– 8. Mayou R. (1978) Psychiatric decision making by medical students. British Journal of Psychiatry 132, 191– 4. Neufeld V.R. & Barrows H.S. (1974) The 'McMaster Philosophy': an approach to medical education. Journal of Medical Education 49, 1040– 50. Neufeld V.R., Norman G.R., Freightner J.W. & Barrows H.S. (1981) Clinical problem-solving by medical students: a cross-sectional and longitudinal analysis. Medical Education 15, 315– 22. Salmina N.G. & Sorhina (1982) Teaching a general approach to problem-solving. Programmed Learning and Educational Technology 19, 25– 30. Seidl A.H. & Dresem S. (1978) A strategy to teach conflict resolution. Journal of Nursing Education 17, 21– 8. Schoron M. (1967) Problem solving theory and the practice of clinical medicine. Canadian Medical Association Journal 97, 711– 16. Shahabudin S.H. (1983) Introducing problem-based learning in the UKM Medical School. Buletin Pendidkan Perubatan, pp. 2– 9. Smith D.H. & McWhinney I.R. (1975) Comparison of the diagnostic methods of family physicians and internists. Journal of Medical Education 50, 264– 70. Speedie S.M., Treffinger D.J. & Houtz J.C. (1976) Classification and evaluation of problem-solving tasks. Contemporary Educational Psychology 1, 52– 75. Trent P.J. & Gwyther L.P. (1981) Curriculum development for geriatric-gerontology training: a problem-solving approach. Gerontology and Geriatrics Education 2, 37– 43. P.T. Tuma & R. Reif (Eds) (1980) Problem-Solving and Education: Issues in Teaching and Research. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, New Jersey. Westcott M.R. & Ranzoni J.H. (1963) Correlates of intuitive thinking. Psychological Reports 12, 595– 613. Barrows H.S. & Mitchell D.L.M. (1975) An innovative course in undergraduate neuroscience: experiment in problem-based learning with 'Problem Boxes'. British Journal of Medical Education 9, 223– 30. Clarke R.M. (1978) Design and implementation of the curriculum in a new medical school. Programmed Learning and Educational Technology 16, 288– 95. Clarke R.M. (1978) Curricular innovation at a new medical school at Newcastle, Australia. Proceedings of the 1977 Conference of the Association for Medical Education in Europe. Medical Education 12, (Supp.) 53– 6. Clarke R.M. (1977) The new medical school at Newcastle, New South Wales. Lancet i, 434– 5. Clarke R.M. (1978) The new medical school at Newcastle, New South Wales. Medical Journal of Australia 1, 255– 6. Cutler P. (1979) Problem-Solving in Clinical Medicine: From Data to Diagnosis. Williams and Wilkins Co., Baltimore. Echt R. & Chan S.W. (1977) A new problem-orientated and student-centred curriculum at Michigan State University. Journal of Medical Education 52, 681– 3. Engel C.E. & Clarke R.M. (1979) Medical education with a difference. Programmed Learning and Educational Technology 16, 70– 87. Joorabchi B. (1979) The beginning doctor: a problem-based course for first-year medicine and dental students. Medical Education 13, 10– 13. Olson J.O. (1987) The McMaster Philosophy: a student's perspective on implementation. Medical Education 21, 293– 6. Wijnen W.H.F. & Schmidt H.G. (1979) Problem-based learning at the medical faculty in Maastricht. The Learner 7, 41– 4. Barrows H.S. (1985) How to Design a Problem-Based Curriculum for the Preclinical Years. Springer Publishing Company, New York. Bass G.M., Mather J.H. & Johnson P.E. (1981) New techniques in the construction of patient management problems. Medical Education 15, 150– 3. Brown G. & Tomlinson D. (1979) How to improve lecturing. Medical Teacher 1, 128– 35. Kantrowitz M., Kaufman A., Mennin S., Fülöp T. & Guilbert J-J. (1987) Innovative Tracks at Established Institutions for the Education of Health Personnel: An Experimental Approach to Change Relevant to Health Needs. Offset Publication No. 101. World Health Organisation, Geneva. A. Kaufman (ed.) (1985) Implementing Problem-Based Medical Education: Lessons from Successful Innovations. Springer Publishing Company, New York. Maddison D. (1980) The University of Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia: Developing a New Medical. In: Personnel for Health Care: Case Studies of Educational Programmes (ed. by F.M. Katz & T. Fülöp). Public Health Paper No. 71. World Health Organization, Geneva. Neame R.L.B. (1981) How to construct a problem-based course. Medical Teacher 3, 94– 9. Patterson J.A. (1986) Review: How to design a problem-based curriculum for the preclinical years. Studies in Higher Education 11, 210– 12. Seidl A. (1978) A strategy to teach conflict resolution. Journal of Nursing Education 17, 21– 8. Yeaw E.M.J. (1979) Problem-solving as a method of teaching strategies in class-room and clinical teaching. Journal of Nursing Education 18, 16– 22. Bashook P.G. (1976) A conceptual framework for measuring clinical problem-solving. Journal of Medical Education 51, 109– 114. Berner E.S., Lewis A.H. & Best W.R. (1974) A new approach to evaluating problem-solving in medical students. Journal of Medical Education 49, 666– 72. Engel C.E., Feletti G.I. & Leeder S.R. (1980) Assessment of medical students in a new curriculum. Assessment in Higher Education 55, 279– 93. Feletti G.I. (1980) Reliability and validity studies on modified essay questions. Journal of Medical Education 55, 933– 41. Feletti G.I. & Gillies A.H.B. (1982) Developing oral and written formats for evaluating clinical problem-solving by medical undergraduates. Journal of Medical Education 57, 874– 6. Feletti G.I., Saunders N.A. & Smith A.J. (1983) Comprehensive assessment of final-year medical student performance based on undergraduate programme objectives. Lancet ii, 34– 7. Fleisher D.S. & Schwenker J. (1987) Isomorphic patient management problems: a method of creating equivalent problem-solving tests. Medical Education 21, 207– 12. Goetz A.A., Peters M.J., Folse R., Beck A., Finch T. & Wavak P. (1979) Chart review skills: a dimension of clinical competence. Journal of Medical Education 54, 788. Goran M.J., Williamson J.W. & Gounella J.S. (1973) The validity of patient management problems. Journal of Medical Education 48, 171– 7. Graaff E de, Post G.J. & Drop M.J. (1987) Validation of a new measure of clinical problem-solving. Journal of Medical Education 21, 213– 18. Heifer R.E. & Slater C.H. (1971) Measuring the process of solving clinical diagnostic problems. British Journal of Medical Education 5, 48– 52. Joorabchi B. (1981) How to construct problem-solving MCQs. Medical Teacher 3, 9– 13. McGuire C.H. (1980) Assessment of problem-solving skills. I. Medical Teacher 2, 74– 9. McGuire C.H. (1980) Assessment of problem-solving skills. 2. Medical Teacher 2, 118– 22. McGuire C.H. & Babbott D. (1967) Simulation technique in the measurement of problem-solving skills. Journal of Educational Measurement 4, 1– 10. Newble D.I., Hoare J. & Baxter A. (1982) Patient management problems: issues of validity. Medical Education 16, 137– 42. Palva I.P. (1974) Measuring clinical problem-solving. British Journal of Medical Education 8, 52– 6. Rimoldi H.J.A. (1963) Rationale and applications of the test of diagnostic skills. Journal of Medical Education 38, 364– 8. Rogers J., Harden R.M., Murray T.S. & Dunn W.R. (1979) The use of latent image printing in problem-solving and self-assessment exercises. Journal of Audiovisual Media in Medicine 2, 27– 29. Schwabbauer M.L. (1975) Use of latent image technique to develop and evaluate problem-solving skills. American Journal of Medical Technology 41, 43– 8. Shahabin & Chawhan A.R. (1979) Student's reactions to a problem-based student-centred course. Medical Teacher 1, 394– 400. Tamblyn R.M., Barrows H.S. & Oliva G. (1980) An initial evaluation of learning units to facilitate problem-solving and self-directed study (Portable Problem Pack). Medical Education 14, 394– 400. Vella F. (1979) A problem-based examination for medical biochemistry. Biochemical Education 7, 53– 4. Citing Literature Volume23, Issue6November 1989Pages 542-558 ReferencesRelatedInformation
Referência(s)