The Concept of Social Hierarchy in the Writings of St. Thomas Aquinas
1949; Taylor & Francis; Volume: 12; Issue: 1 Linguagem: Inglês
10.1111/j.1540-6563.1949.tb00099.x
ISSN1540-6563
Autores Tópico(s)Medieval Philosophy and Theology
ResumoClick to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Notes1. Quoted in Leo XIII, Encyclical Letter on the Restoration of Christian Philosophy, August 4, 1879.2. Pius X, Moto Proprio Doctoris Angelici, June 29, 1914.3. Vernon J. Bourke, Thomistic Bibliography, 1930‐1940 (Supplement to Volume 21, The Modern Schoolman, St. Louis, 1945).4. St. Thomas Aquinas, Summa Contra Gentiles (English Dominican translation, London, 1923‐1929, 4 vols.), Bk. III, ch. 97. Listed hereafter as Cont. Gent., III, 97.5. Cont. Gent., II, 95.6. Cont. Gent., III, 121.7. St. Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologica (English Dominican translation, London, 1912‐1925, 21 vols.), prima secundae, question 71, article 3, corpus. Listed hereafter as Sum. Theol., I‐II, q. 71, a. 2, c.8. Sum. Theol., II‐II (secunda secundae), q. 2, a. 3, c.9. Sum. Theol., I‐II, q. 63, a. 1, c.10. st. Thomas Aquinas, Commentarium In Libros IV Sentiarum (Vives ed., Paris, 1880), Bk. II, d. 32, q. 2, a. 3. Listed hereafter as Sent., II, d. 32, q. 2, a. 3.11. Cont. Gent., II, 81.12. Cont. Gent., III, 71.13. Sum. Theol., I (prima pars), q. 85, a. 7, c.14. Sum. Theol., I, q. 95, a. 3, c.15. Sum. Theol., I, q. 85, a. 7, c.16. Sum. Theol., II‐II, q. 188, a. 8, ad 5.17. Sum. Theol., I, q. 108, a. a, c.18. Cont. Gent., III, 78.19. Sum. Theol., I, q. 96, a. 3, sed contra. (Italics in the translation).20. Sum. Theol., I, q. 96, a. 4, c.21. Alexander D'Entrèves, The Medieval Contribution to Political Thought (Oxford University Press, 1959). 31.22. St. Thomas Aquinas, De Regimine Principum (English translation, On the Governance of Rulers, by Gerald B. Phelan, Toronto, 1935), Bk. I, ch. 2. Listed hereafter as De Reg., I, 2.23. De Reg., I, 12.24. De Reg., I, 6.25. Sum. Theol., II‐II, q. 63, a. 3, c.26. Sum. Theol., I, q. 108, a. 2, c.27. Sum. Theol., II‐II, q. 77, a. 4, c. The Angelic Doctor's repudiation of usury and his championing of the principle of "just price" are well known aspects of his economic doctrine. When these pronouncements are viewed, however, not from the standpoint of recent agitation against the abuses of capitalism, but rather in the context of their author's own time, it is apparent that they represent, at least in part, the effort of an established aristocracy, whose power was grounded in the land, to combat and confine an upstart group.28. De Reg., II, 3.29. ibid.30. Sum. Theol., II‐II, q. 57, a. 3. ad 3.31. Ibid.32. Sum. Theol., I‐II, q. 30, a. 3, c.33. Sent., II, d. 44, q. 1, a. 3, c.34. Sum. Theol., II‐II, q. 164, a. a, ad 3.35. Sum. Theol., III (Supple.), (tertia pars, Supplementum), q. 52, a. 1, ad 2. The third part of the Summa Theologica remained unfinished at the death of St. Thomas. Its completion, presumably from notes and instructions left by the master, was accomplished by a disciple, Reginald of Piperno, and is known as the Supplementum. In accordance with the practice of other students of the subject, I have treated the Supplementum as an integral part of the Summa and of St. Thomas' thought.36. Sum. Theol., II‐II, q. 57, a. 3, c.37. Cont. Gent., III, 81. (Italics in translation).38. De Reg., I, 1.39. Sent., IV, d. 36, q. 1, a. 2, c.40. Sum. Theol., III (Supple.), q. 52, a. 1, c.41. Sum. Theol., III (Supple.), q. 39, a. 3, c.42. De Reg., I, 14. (Italics in translation).43. Aristotle, The Politics (English translation by H. Rackham, London, 1932), Bk. III, ch. v.44. De Reg., I, 14.45. St. Thomas Aquinas, Commentarium In Libros Politicorum (Vives ed., Paris, 1880), Bk. I, ch. 10.46. Sum. Theol., I, q. 99, a. 2, ad 1.47. Cont. Gent., III, 1.48. Sum. Theol., III (Supple.), q. 62, a. 5, ad 5.49. Sum. Theol., I, q. 92, a. 1, c.50. Cont. Gent., IV, 11, Sum. Theol., II‐II, q. 26, a. 10, ad 1.51. Sum. Theol., III (Supple.), q. 62. a. 8, ad 1.52. Sum. Theol., II‐II, q. 32, a. 8, c.53. Sum. Theol., II‐II, q. 26, a. 10, c.54. Sum. Theol., I, q. 92, a. 1, ad s.55. Sum. Theol., III (Supple.), q. 39, a. 3, ad 4.56. Cont. Gent., IV, 76.57. Sum. Theol., III (Supple.), q. gg, a. 3, c.58. Sum. Theol., III (Supple.), q. 39, a. 1, ad 1.59. Sum. Theol., III (Supple.), q. 39, a. 5, c.60. Sum. Theol., III (Supple.), q. 39, a. 6, c.61. De Reg., I, 14.62. Sum. Theol., II‐II, q. 182, a. a, c. (Italics in translation).63. Sum. Theol., II‐II, q. 182, a. 1, c. (Italics in translation).64. Sum. Theol., II‐II, q. 188, a. 6, c.65. Sum. Theol., II‐II, q. 184, a. 7, c.66. Sum. Theol., I‐II, q. 73, a. 9, c67. Sum. Theol., III (Supple.), q. 65, a. 1, ad 8. (Italics in translation).68. Sum. Theol., II‐II, q. 61, a. 4, c.69. Sum Theol., II‐II, q. 62, a. 2, c.70. Sum. Theol., II‐II, q. 63, a. 3, c.71. Sum. Theol., III (Supple.), q. 89, a. 2, c.72. Sum. Theol., I, q. S3, a. 7, c.73. Sum. Theol., II‐II, q. 184, a. 7, c.74. De Reg., I, 9.75. Reg., I, 11.76. The extent to which the effort to modernize St. Thomas can distort both the significance of contemporary concepts and the significance of Thomistic viewpoints is Illustrated in the following quotation from a twentieth century Thomist who writes on the relationship between the political doctrine of St. Thomas and democracy: "He [St. Thomas] manages to view the subject of slavery democratically. He teaches that, absolutely, there is no natural cause why one should be a slave more than another. The strongest justification he offers for it is the one, which, if observed in this era of freedom, might have prevented the present social upheavals. He finds rationality in the system insofar as, by it, he who needs a guide gets one." Edward F. Murphy, St. Thomas' Political Doctrine and Democracy (Catholic University of America, Washington, D. C, 1921), 78.77. One of a small number of instances where St. Thomas relaxes the rigidity of an hierarchical structure to allow for individual variation and escape is exhibited in the following quotation: "The ecclesiastical hierarchy imitates the heavenly in some degree, but not by a perfect likeness. For in the heavenly hierarchy … the superiors are never enlightened by the inferiors, whereas in the ecclesiastical hierarchy, sometimes those who are nearer God in sanctity, are in the lowest grade, and are not conspicuous for science; and some also are eminent in one kind of science, and fail in another; and on that account superiors may be taught by inferiors."Sum. Theol., I, q. 106, a. 3, ad 1.78. Etienne Gilson, Le Thomisme (Strasbourg, 1919), 170.Additional informationNotes on contributorsKatherine ArchibaldDr. Archibald is an instructor in history at Stanford University. This paper is a revision of one read at the annual meeting of the Pacific Coast ranch of the American Historical Association at Seattle, Washington, December 29, 1948.
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