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Communities of Parasitoids Associated with Leafhoppers and Planthoppers in Europe

1987; Elsevier BV; Linguagem: Inglês

10.1016/s0065-2504(08)60248-2

2163-582X

N. Waloff, Mark A. Jervis,

Ecology and Vegetation Dynamics Studies

The chapter deals with the biology, systematics and taxonomy of the parasitoids, and with field studies and more general aspects of host specificity and population dynamics including the role of individual behavior, and also current knowledge of community structure. On the basis of the classification, the principal parasitoid groups associated with European Auchenorrhyncha consist of both types: Dryinidae, Pipunculidae and Strepsiptera are koinobionts, while Mymaridae are idiobionts. In addition to Mymaridae, other kinds of Hymenoptera parasitize the eggs of Auchenorrhyncha. All Dryinidae are parasitic in nymphs and adults of Auchenorrhyncha. The egg, nymphal and adult stages of leafhoppers, and planthoppers are contagiously distributed within the woodland canopy, or open-field habitat. The main characteristics of this order are discussed in the chapter. Pipunculidae and Dryinidae are themselves parasitized by a variety of Hymenoptera. Because of the difficulties associated with the identification of parasitoid larval stages to species level, no information has so far been obtained on multiple parasitism that is, simultaneous parasitism of the same host individual by two or more parasitoid species involving congeneric species. The chapter concludes with together information on a number of fundamental aspects of parasitoid biology and ecology.